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From the time of their arrival during the Gold Rush, the Chinese experienced discrimination and often overt racism, and finally, exclusion from further immigration. Legislation was used against Chinese immigrants as early as the1850 Foreign Miners' License Tax. In 1854, the California State Supreme Court categorized Chinese with blacks and Indians, denying them there right to testify against white men in courts of law. During the 1870s, an economic downturn resulted in serious unemployment, and led to heightened outcries against Asian immigrants. The Chinese often became the scapegoats for business owners who paid them low wages. This willingness to work for lower wages along with the productivity of the Chinese workers ignited the ire of white labor in California. Racist labor union leaders directed their actions and the anger of unemployed workers at the Chinese, blaming them for depressed wages and lack of jobs, and accusing them of being morally corrupt. Denis Kearney, head of the Workingmen's Party of California, led this inflammatory battle against the Chinese. As a consequence of this hostility, local and statewide restrictions continued to be enforced against the Chinese. Eventually, the United States government passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, barring Chinese laborers from immigrating for ten years. Only officials, teachers, students, merchants, and travelers were allowed to enter the United States. The Chinese currently in the United States were barred from naturalization. China, as the home country for these immigrants, was unable to exert any influence on American policy. This law stood until it was repealed in 1943.

In 1905, construction of an immigration station on Angel Island began in the area known as China Cove. Surrounded by public controversy from its inception, the station began operation in 1910. Anticipated as the "Ellis Island of the West," it was designed to handle European immigrants who were anticipated to arrive in California once the Panama Canal was opened. Instead, the majority of immigrants to America via the West Coast were from Asia. Like their European counterparts entering at New York City, they hoped to escape the economic or political hardships of their homelands. On Ellis Island, immigrants were processed within hours or days. On Angel Island, immigrants spent weeks or months - this facility functioned primarily as a detention center. Beginning with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, a series of restrictive laws prohibited the immigration of certain nationalities and social classes of Asians. Although all Asians were affected, the greatest impact was on the Chinese. In fact, more than 70 percent of the immigrants detained on Angel Island were Chinese.

Materials in this section are drawn from the collections of The Bancroft Library and the California Historical Society.

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