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Guide to the PAET Flight Project Collection,
1966-1971
AFS8000.5-PAET
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Title: PAET Flight Project Collection
Date (inclusive): 1966-1971
Collection Number: AFS8000.5-PAET
Creator:
Ames Research Center
Extent:
Number of containers: 14
Volume: .35 cubic feet, 13 film reels
Volume: .35 cubic feet, 13 film reels
Repository:
Ames Research Center,
Ames History Office
Moffett Field, California 94035
Abstract: This collection consists of two binders and thirteen film reels of material related to the Planetary Atmosphere Experiments
Test (PAET) Project. The first binder, which was compiled by PAET Project Manager David E. Reese, primarily contains logistical
documents for the flight, including pre-flight test data sheets and reliability and quality assurance reports. The second
binder contains photographs detailing the PAET vehicle and payload instruments. Thirteen film reels capture various flight
stages of the PAET probe, including, probe launch, drop test, and splashdown
Language:
English
Collection is open for research.
Copyright does not apply to United States government records. For non-government
material, researcher must contact the original creator.
NASA Ames History Office, NASA Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, California. AFS8000.5-PAET, PAET Flight Project Collection,
[Container number]: [Folder number]. [Identification of item]. [Date, if available].
NASA ARC. AFS8000.5-PAET, [Container number]: [Folder number]. [Identification of item]. [Date, if available].
Alternate Form of Materials Available
A selection of images, documents, and film reels from this collection have been digitized and are available upon request.
Transferred by Robert E. Sly on February 19, 2008 (2008-004), Diane Farrar and Larry Lasher on October 11, 2005 (2005-19,
and Charles Sobeck on October 24, 2005 (2005-24).
By 1970, NASA had established a planetary exploration program for future missions to Mars, Venus, Saturn and Jupiter. One
of the primary objectives of these interplanetary missions was to gain a better understanding of atmospheric properties on
other planets, but the methods and instrumentation necessary to achieve this end had to first be tested. The idea that an
entry probe could be used to determine the structure and characteristics of a planet's atmosphere was put forth by Ames planetary
scientist Alvin Seiff. The PAET project was the first time Seiff's conception of probe technology was tested.
The aim of the PAET project was to expand on the understanding of atmospheric structure by taking measurements of atmospheric
effects on spacecraft specifically during planetary entry. Included in the instrument package were accelerometers, radiometers,
pressure sensors and temperature sensors, all of which were collectively employed to determine pressure, temperature, stagnation
pressure, density changes with different altitudes, mean molecular weight in the atmosphere and water vapor. A mass spectrometer
was employed for the purpose of effectively determining gas species.
Most instruments, as well as the body of the PAET spacecraft were designed, fabricated and tested at Ames. The craft consisted
of the entry vehicle and the entry vehicle separation system for a combined weight of 296 pounds. The entry vehicle consisted
of a blunt shaped forebody and a honeycomb shaped afterbody. It was 36 inches in diameter and 25.2 inches long. Before launch
the aerodynamic shape of the spacecraft was studied with tests in the NASA Ames Hypervelocity Free Flight Tunnel.
Launch took place on June 20, 1971 at Wallops Island, and the craft's flight from liftoff to splashdown totaled just over
13 minutes with a peak altitude of 400 kilometers and entry trajectory commencing at nearly 250 kilometers. Data was collected
primarily at the MSFN in Bermuda near impact, but the MSFN Tracking Ship USNS Vanguard and three telemetry ships were also
employed to provide stored telemetry data gathered during radio signal blackout.
Participants and analysts involved with PAET determined that the instruments and techniques being tested were largely successful.
Measurements taken of atmospheric structure, temperature profile and mole fractions of major gases were all deemed accurate
and satisfactory. The one conspicuous problem was an apparent blocking of the hole at the nose of the craft through which
the mass spectrometer was to take gas samples. It was concluded that the PAET succeeded in supporting forthcoming missions
to Mars, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn with the respective Viking, Pioneer Venus, Galileo and the Cassini-Huygens projects.
The Planetary Atmosphere Experiments Test Project was part of a program directed from the Entry Technology Office of the Office
of Advanced Research and Technology (OART) at NASA Headquarters. The PAET Project team at headquarters was led by Warren A.
Guild and J. Levine. OART tasked project management to Ames Research Center, with David E. Reese as project manager. The Scout
Launch Vehicle was managed by Paul E. Goozh from the Office of Launch Vehicle and Propulsion Programs of the Office of Space
Science and Applications, and R. D. English from Langley Research Center. Goddard Space Flight Center managed the test tracking
and communications on behalf of NASA's Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. OART technical associates for the science
investigations were J. E. Greene (atmospheric structure and radiometer), and Dr. Robert F. Fellows (mass spectrometer). Principal
investigators for the experiment packages were Simon C. Sommer (Ames) and Hasso B. Niemann (Goddard) for atmosphere structure,
Ellis E. Whiting (Ames) for radiometric composition experiment, and N. Spencer (Goddard) for the mass spectrometer.
NASA Ames History Office, NASA Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, California. AFS1380.39A, Ames Astrogram. "Ames PAET Launch
Set for June 16," p. 1, vol. 13, no. 17, June 10, 1971.
NASA Ames History Office, NASA Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, California. AFS1380.39A, Ames Astrogram. "PAET Staff Enjoys
Success," pp.1-2, vol. 13, no.19, July 8, 1971.
"Planetary Atmosphere Experiments Test (PAET) Press Kit" (Document ID 19710021556), NASA, accessed September 2012 from http://ntrs.nasa.gov/
Seiff, Alvin, David E. Reese, Simon C. Sommer, Donn B. Kirk, Ellis E. Whiting and Hasso
B. Niemann. "PAET, An Entry Probe Experiment in the Earth's Atmosphere."
Icarus 18, no. 4 (1972): 525-563.
The following terms may be used to index this collection.
Ames Research Center
Flight Tests
Planetary Atmosphere Experiements Test
Atmospheric Composition
Atmospheric Structure Instrument
Wallops Island (Va.). NASA Wallops Flight Center
Subjects and Indexing Terms
Reese, David E.
The PAET Flight Project Collection consist of two binders and thirteen 16mm film reels. The first binder (folders 1-12) contains
documents relating to the pre-flight tests conducted before the PAET vehicle's flight, the data sheets related to its design
and trajectory, as well as its communications. The Prelaunch Operations folder provides special instructions for the integration,
test and launch activities specific to the PAET, and can be utilized as a supplemental overview of the purpose of the collected
data included in this binder. Also included in the first binder is a folder of photographs of the spacecraft and the instruments
contained therein.
Binder two (folders 13-15) consists of additional photographs. Folder 13 is made up of shadowgraph images of the re-entry
vehicle as well as photos of the engineering model and internal design. Folder 14 contains engineering verification photos
of the accelerometer, pressure sensors and other instruments used in the PAET. Folder 15 includes photographs of the flight
model and its separation system, the launch itself and finally a group photo of the PAET staff.
The film footage shows the PAET vehicle's launch from Wallops Island, Virginia, drop testing, and splashdown. The bulk of
the footage captures the launch vehicle's takeoff, recorded from several camera locations. Drop test footage captures the
probe's descent from various angles and heights. Splashdown footage shows various team members onboard the recovery ship watching
the probe re-entry and splash down northeast of Bermuda.
Arrangement of the PAET Flight Project Collection
Original order was maintained for the entire collection. All contents were removed from their binders and placed in protective
housing. Contents are arranged by function, and by format in the case of photographs. The accrued set of film reels are arranged
by the creator's given reel numbers and then in alphabetical order.