Descriptive Summary
Access
Publication Rights
Preferred Citation
Acquisition Information
Accruals
Park History
Scope and Content of Collection
Indexing Terms
Related Material at California State Parks
Additional Information
Descriptive Summary
Title: Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park Photographic Collection
Dates: 1848-2015
Bulk Dates: 1947-1949, 1959, 1985-1988, 1998-2015
Collection number: Consult repository
Creator:
California State Parks
Collector:
California State Parks
Collection Size:
1,327 images
Repository:
Photographic Archives.
California State Parks
Abstract: The Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park Photographic Collection contains 1,327 cataloged images that date from 1848
through 2015. Images depict the property as a Gold Rush-era mining settlement, a Historic Landmark District, and a state park.
Physical location: For current information on the physical location of these materials, please consult the Guide to the California State Parks
Photographic Archives, available online.
Languages:
Languages represented in the collection:
English
Access
Collection is open for research by appointment.
Publication Rights
Property rights reside with the repository. Copyrights are retained by the creators of the records. For permission to reproduce
or to publish, please contact the Head Curator of the California State Parks Photographic Archives.
Preferred Citation
[Identification of item including photographer and date when available], Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park Photographic
Collection, [Catalog number], California State Parks Photographic Archives, McClellan, California
Acquisition Information
Images donated by private parties, generated by California State Parks staff, and transferred from Marshall Gold Discovery
State Historic Park at various dates.
Accruals
Further accruals are expected.
Park History
Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park contains roughly 576 acres of natural, cultural, and historical resources. Located
in El Dorado County, the park is situated in the Coloma Valley, transected by both California State Route 49 and the South
Fork of the American River, and encompasses the census-designated place of Coloma. The park is accessible by car via California
State Route 49 and Cold Springs and Mount Murphy roads.
For thousands of years prior to the nineteenth-century mass migration of gold-seekers into the region, the area containing
the present-day park was home to the Nisenan and foothill Miwok, who called present-day Coloma, “
Cullumah.” Establishing village settlements along the streams and tributaries that drained into the American, Consumnes, Bear, and
Yuba rivers, the original inhabitants subsisted on freshwater fish, waterfowl, elk, deer, and other small game as well as
acorns, seeds, and local fruits. Having lost a substantial portion of their population in the 1833 malaria outbreak, the Nisenan
people suffered their greatest losses when gold-prospectors flooded into their territory after 1848, importing diseases and
alcohol, waging violent attacks, driving off game, and destroying natural resources. Today, the surviving Nisenan live on
the Nevada County Rancheria and work diligently to preserve their lifeways for future generations.
In the fall of 1847, James W. Marshall, having partnered earlier with John A. Sutter—founder of “New Helvetia” (present-day
Sacramento)—began construction of a lumber mill at Coloma. At the site, Marshall employed a labor force consisting of local
Indians and members of the U.S. Army Mormon Battalion. On January 24, 1848, while inspecting the diggings along the American
River shoreline, Marshall discovered shiny flecks in the tailrace, a discovery that ultimately turned out to be gold. Urging
secrecy, Marshall shared the news with Sutter, who soon bragged to Californio General Mariano Vallejo and Mormon elder Sam
Brannan, who then trumpeted the news throughout the city of San Francisco. The seaside city quickly saw the mass exodus of
its able-bodied male population to the diggings. With news of the gold strike reaching all the way to Washington, D.C., thousands
of American prospectors—with even more coming from around the world—embarked on one of history’s largest human migrations.
The California Gold Rush had begun.
By July 1848, the area around Coloma saw its population quickly rise to 4,000. Following gold prospectors, merchants, doctors,
lawyers, gamblers, saloonkeepers, ministers, and other service purveyors from around the globe arrived in the former mill
camp. But as the local placer mines gave out and successive strikes were made further and further away from town, Coloma’s
population steadily declined. By 1857, most of the miners—except for the Chinese—had left Coloma, restoring the sleepy community’s
peaceful atmosphere and redirecting economic focus back to agriculture and transportation.
Between 1860 and 1900, fruit orchards, vineyards, and a winery slowed—but could not stop—Coloma’s steady decline. Though the
area’s terrain, climate, and repurposed system of ditches and canals supported local agriculture, pest infestations and rising
competition from other, more productive regions of California compelled the demise of the Coloma wine industry. Concurrently,
the downtown business district steadily deteriorated during this period, with Main Street comprising no more than a dozen
standing structures by 1900. From the turn of the twentieth century through World War II, Coloma was a quiet rural community
centered around fruit ranching, with a local population not numbering more than a few hundred.
In May 1890, five years after James Marshall’s death, the Native Sons of the Golden West, Placerville Parlor No. 9, erected
a monument to commemorate the “Discoverer of Gold”: a statue of Marshall pointing to the place of discovery on the South Fork
of the American River. This historic monument was the first of its kind in California. One year earlier, the State of California
had acquired roughly 15 acres for this purpose, naming and classifying the property “James W. Marshall State Historic Monument.”
In 1924, an unusually low water level exposed portions of the foundation of Sutter’s original sawmill. That same year, the
site was marked with a stone monolith by the Society of California Pioneers, later designated a State Historical Landmark
in 1942, and commemorated with a plaque by the Native Sons and Native Daughters Historic Landmarks Committees at the centennial
celebration in 1948. Upon granting the site state landmark status, the State renamed and reclassified the property “Gold Discovery
Site State Park,” later changed to “Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park” in 1963. In 1961, Coloma was designated a
National Historic Landmark District and listed in the National Register of Historic Places five years later.
California State Parks, coordinating with the Gold Discovery Park Association, preserves and interprets numerous historical,
natural, and cultural resources at Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park. In addition to the monuments, the park also
features a 2015 reconstruction of Sutter’s Mill. Also included are numerous restored buildings in the former boom town of
Coloma, various houses and cabins belonging to historic residents, and a grinding bedrock mortar used by the region’s indigenous
population. The park also includes the Gold Discovery Museum, a network of hiking trails, and various picnicking areas. The
park hosts numerous living history events throughout the year, including “Gold Rush Live” and the Gold Panning Championships,
is open Monday through Sunday, and is day use only.
Scope and Content of Collection
The Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park Photographic Collection spans the years circa 1848 through 2015, with the
bulk of the collection covering the years 1947-1949, 1959, 1985-1988, and 1998-2015. There is a total of 1,327 cataloged images,
including 722 photographic prints, scans, and negatives, 421 35mm slides, and 184 born-digital images. Photographs originated
primarily from California State Parks staff.
The collection mainly depicts the built and natural features of the park’s landscape at various times, the bulk of which date
from 1947 to the present. Images include the Gold Discovery and James Marshall monuments, various views of the South Fork
of the American River, park signage, and the reconstructed Sutter’s Mill. Within the Coloma Historic Landmark District, images
feature exterior views of the Wah Hop, Man Lee, Bekeart, and Bell stores, the Blacksmith shop, the stamp mill, Marshall and
Miner’s cabins, the Thompson, Borland, and Pappini houses, the Pioneer Cemetery, St. John’s Catholic Church, the Independent
Order of Odd Fellows Hall, the Coloma Jail ruins, and the park museum and visitor center. Interior views of the Thompson House
also feature attendant period furnishings, and interior shots of the museum include a variety of exhibits and displays.
The collection also documents a number of events held and projects undertaken at the park. Contemporary images include excavations
of the original Sutter’s sawmill foundations performed in 1947 and 1970, the 1948 centennial celebration of Marshall’s gold
discovery, the 1958 excavation of the Wah Hop store, the 1961 museum dedication, the replication and dedication of Sutter’s
mill (ca. 1964-1968), “Gold Discovery Days” held in 1975, various interpretive programs conducted in 1987 and 1988, the 1990
centennial dedication of the Marshall Monument, the 1995 “Gold Panning Championships,” living history activities held in 2007,
and deferred maintenance programs conducted in 2009.
The collection also features landscape and aerial views of the park unit. Images include the community of Coloma, the reconstructed
Sutter’s Mill, and the South Fork of the American River.
The collection also features a number of historic, nineteenth-century images. Included are scanned engravings, maps, documents,
drawings, reprinted photographs, blueprints, lithographs, postcards, paintings, and portraits. Images depict Sutter’s original
sawmill, the town of Coloma, maps of the American River and the Mother Lode region, pan-ethnic miners and gold mines, advertisements
for Coloma’s businesses, the old Sierra Nevada Hotel, portraits of James Wilson Marshall, and the dedication of his monument
in 1890.
Indexing Terms
The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in
the library's online public access catalog.
American River, South Fork (Calif.)
California. Department of Parks and Recreation
California--Gold discoveries
Chinese--California--History--19th century.
Coloma (Calif.)
Cultural resources
El Dorado County (Calif.)
Gold mines and mining--California--El Dorado County--History--19th century.
Marshall, James Wilson, 1810-1885
Mother Lode (Calif.)
National Historic Landmarks Program (U.S.)
National Register of Historic Places
Native Sons of the Golden West
Nisenan Indians
Placer mining--California--El Dorado County--History.
Society of California Pioneers
Sutter, John Augustus, 1803-1880
Related Material at California State Parks
Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park Collection
Related Material at Other Repositories
El Dorado County, California Gold Rush Papers, University of the Pacific: HOlt-Atherton Department of Special Collections
George Johnson Reminiscences and Papers Chiefly Concerning Coloma, California and its Inhabitants, UC Berkeley: Bancroft Library
Gold Discovery in California Materials, UC Berkeley: Bancroft Library
Gold Discovery Letters, Society of California Pioneers
James W. Marshall Papers, California State Library: California History Room
Photographs of Coloma and Kelsey, California [Graphic], UC Berkeley: Bancroft Library
William G. Clark Copybook, Coloma, California State Library: California History Room
Additional Information