Guide to the Chinese in California Virtual Collection

Chinese and Westward Expansion

Scope and Content Note

While the west coast of North America was known to the

Chinese

, in particular those working as sailors, before the Gold Rush, our story begins in 1850, as the documentation from the Gold Rush provides the starting point with which to build a more substantial narrative. Most

Chinese

immigrants entered California through the port of San Francisco. From San Francisco and other ports, many sought their fortunes in other parts of California. The

Chinese

formed part of the diverse gathering of peoples from throughout the world who contributed to the economic and population explosion that characterized the early history of the state of California. The

Chinese

who emigrated to the United States at this time were part of a larger exodus from southeast China searching for better economic opportunities and fleeing a situation of political corruption and decline. Most immigrants came from the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong (Canton) Province.

Chinese

immigrants proved to be productive and resourceful contributors to a multitude of industries and businesses. The initial group of

Chinese

argonauts sought their livelihood in the gold mines, calling California Gam Saan or Gold Mountain. For the mining industry, they built many of the flumes and roads, allowing for easier access and processing of the minerals being extracted.

Chinese

immigrants faced discrimination immediately upon arrival in California. In mining, they were forced to work older claims, or to work for others. In the 1850s, the United States Constitution reserved the right of naturalization for white immigrants to this country. Thus,

Chinese

immigrants lived at the whim of local governments with some allowed to become naturalized citizens, but most not. Without this right, it was difficult to pursue livelihoods. For example,

Chinese

immigrants were unable to own land or file mining claims. Also in the 1850s, the California legislature passed a law taxing all foreign miners. Although stated in general terms, it was enforced chiefly against the Mexicans and the

Chinese

through 1870. This discrimination occurred in spite of the fact that the

Chinese

often contributed the crucial labor necessary to the mining enterprise.

Discriminatory legislation forced many

Chinese

out of the gold fields and into low-paying, menial, and often arduous jobs. In many cases, they took on the most dangerous and least desirable components of work available. They worked on reclaiming marshes in the Central Valley so that the land could become agriculturally productive. They built the stone bridges and fences, constructed roads, and excavated storage areas for the wine industry in Napa and Sonoma counties. The most impressive construction feat of

Chinese

Americans was their work on the western section of the transcontinental railroad.

Chinese

- American workers laid much of the tracks for the Central Pacific Railroad through the foothills and over the high Sierra Nevada, much of which involved hazardous work with explosives to tunnel through the hills. Their speed, dexterity, and outright perseverance, often in brutally cold temperatures and heavy snow through two record breaking winters, is a testimony to their outstanding achievements and contributions to opening up the West.

Materials in this section are drawn from the collections of The Bancroft Library and the California Historical Society.

The Bancroft Library

BANC PIC 1905.17144--PIC Photographs from the Burckhalter Family collection [graphic] ca. 1896-ca. 1939

Scope and Content Note

Photographs of a ferry in the San Francisco Bay (showing

Chinese

passengers)

Subjects and Indexing Terms

Chinese

-- California -- San Francisco -- Photographs.

Emigration and immigration -- Pictorial works.

Ferries -- Photographs.

BANC PIC 1905.17144:15--A [ Chinese passengers on ferry]

Container List