Descriptive Summary
Administrative Information
Agency History
Scope and Content Note
Organization
Descriptive Summary
Title: American President Lines Records,
Date (inclusive): 1871-1995
Document Collection Number: HDC 279
Photograph Collection Number: P96-007
Creator:
American President Lines
Extent:
Approximately 575 linear feet total.
HDC 279: 501.61 linear feet.
P96-007: 60.1 linear feet, 85 motion picture reels, and 41 videocassettes.
SAFR-891: 1016 items.
Repository:
San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park (Calif.).
Historic Documents Department
Building E, Fort Mason, San Francisco, California 94123
Language:
English.
Administrative Information
Access Restrictions
Collection is open for research.
Usage Restrictions
The San Francisco Maritime NHP possesses physical property rights through ownership of
the materials. However, copyright may reside with the individual or corporate body
responsible for the creation of the materials, or with their heirs. It is the user's
responsibility to respect the provisions of the copyright law of the United States (Title
17, United States Code). Permission to reproduce or publish from this collection must be
secured by the user from the copyright holders.
Preferred Citation
[Item description], [Location within collection organization identified by Collection
Number/Series Number/File Unit Number/Item Number], American President Lines Records, San
Francisco Maritime National Historical Park.
Provenance
Documents in these records were created or collected by departments within American
President Lines (APL) and its predecessor and subsidiary organizations. No evidence has
been found of a records management program before the 1980s. The bulk of these records
were assembled and organized as the APL Historical Archives by the APL Archives. Before
the APL Archives was created, a variety of offices or individuals functioned as corporate
repositories. For many years, the General Passenger Department retained records as part
of its promotional and public relations activities. During the 1950s and 1960s, the
Research & Development Department used and retained historical material in the
preparation of research reports, many prepared by W. G. MacDonald, Assistant Passenger
Traffic Manager in San Francisco. MacDonald, who began his career with Dollar's Admiral
Oriental Line in 1924, also collected historical materials for a personal collection,
which he sold to the company in 1983.
Most of these records appear to have been held by their respective creators or by the
General Passenger Department until a corporate archives project was begun in 1979,
probably in conjunction with the inventory and appraisal of APL's corporate art
collection. Around 1981 the project was designated as the APL Archives, within the Office
Services Department. Pamela Petersen supervised the APL Archives until 1983, when Colette
Carey assumed the role.
In 1979 Pamela Petersen inventoried the archival records and produced the "APL Archives
Bibliography." This inventory was updated in 1981 as "APL Archives Description and
Arrangement". Both documents are found in Subgroup III, Series 5, Folder 2. W.G.
MacDonald inventoried the collection he sold to APL in 1983 (Subgroup IV, Subseries 11.2,
Folder 5). Neither the order nor the contents of the records transferred to San Francisco
Maritime NHP in 1995 corresponded to these inventories. Materials were boxed, moved, and
placed in storage between 1983 and 1995, and staff continued to use them. Some items were
borrowed but not returned or were removed by collectors within the company. To the extent
possible, the order of the records in the APL Archives has been reconstituted. Some
records simply have been lost, probably due to moves of the corporate headquarters (1961,
1976, 1984, and 1991).
Immediate Source of Acquisition
Douglas Fonda (1983 accession).
American President Lines (1995 accession).
Processing Information
Processed by Roberto Landazuri (1995 accession) and Richard Tooker (1983 accession).
Completed in
1998
Agency History
American President Lines, for many years the largest American shipping company in the
Pacific, was formed in 1938 from the remnants of the Dollar Steamship Company. Organized
in 1900, Dollar spent its first two decades in the transpacific trade as "essentially a
tramp operator, whose main cargoes were bulk, low-value merchandise not suitable for the
larger and faster passenger-cargo liners of the Pacific Mail Steamship Lines."
[1] Both APL and Dollar traced their
corporate origins to the famous Pacific Mail Steamship Company (PMSS) formed in 1848.
Pacific Mail dominated stateside transpacific trade from 1867 to 1915. The Southern
Pacific Railroad Company took control of the company in 1893. After the passage of the
Panama Canal Act of 1912 and the LaFollette Seamen's Act of 1915, Southern Pacific
Railroad began to liquidate the Pacific Mail fleet and withdraw from the transpacific
trade. International Mercantile Marine purchased four Pacific Mail transpacific steamers;
the remainder of the PMSS fleet and the company name were acquired by W.R. Grace &
Co. As a subsidiary of Grace, Pacific Mail continued to operate coastwise service under
its own house flag and purchased three new vessels with which it resumed transpacific
service (and, briefly, round-the-world service) between 1916 and 1921. Pacific Mail
Steamship Company officially ceased to exist in 1925 when Dollar acquired the company's
name, house flag and goodwill from Grace.
As PMSS withdrew from transpacific service, Dollar expanded steadily in a slow build-up
to the creation in 1924 of its own permanent round-the-world service. Dollar, and later
APL, based its claim to PMSS as a direct predecessor company on its assumption of the
"shell" of the old company--its name and its unused transpacific and round-the-world
routes. This service, along with profitable intercoastal cargo business, gave Dollar and
its American Mail Line (AML)
[2]
subsidiary a near monopoly on U.S. shipping in the Pacific Coast.
This dominance did not come without a price. As its debt grew through the 1930s, Dollar's
fortunes declined. In August 1938, faced with insurmountable debt and probable
foreclosure, the company entered into an agreement that its creditors felt was the best
alternative to bankruptcy. The U.S. Maritime Commission acquired the 93% stock interest
in the Dollar Line held by the Dollar family. As payment, the U.S. Maritime Commission
assumed all debts and personal obligations of the Dollar family in the line, began to pay
off the debts and to rebuild the deteriorated Dollar fleet. Based on this arrangement and
a large loan from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, the revitalized company,
renamed American President Lines (APL), played a significant part in the war effort of
the U.S. merchant marine during World War II. The end of the war coincided with the
repayment of the old Dollar Line's last creditors and with the initiation of the Dollar
Line Case, a lawsuit brought by the Dollar family in an attempt to force the government
to return the now profitable company to Dollar control. The litigation dragged on until
1952, when the government sold its stock in APL, keeping half of the proceeds and giving
the other half to the Dollar family.
APL returned to private ownership under APL Associates, a group of venture capitalists
headed by Ralph K. Davies, a former executive of Standard Oil of California. Davies had
been acquiring blocks of APL stock since 1944, and helped influence the 1947 appointment
of former Democratic National Committee treasurer George Killion as APL president. The
two men shaped the company's direction for nearly thirty years. Killion left APL in 1966,
and Davies was a major figure in the APL organization until his death in 1971. APL
Associates was originally formed as a holding company but was converted to a public
corporation through its 1956 merger with the Natomas Company, a mining organization.
Natomas was APL's parent company until 1983, and many of APL's chief executives were
selected from the Natomas ranks.
In 1947, when George Killion became president of APL, the company built its two flagships
of the postwar era: the PRESIDENT CLEVELAND (II) and PRESIDENT WILSON (II). These P2 type
vessels, each capable of carrying 550 passengers and some 194,000 cubic feet of cargo,
figured prominently in the company's promotions and corporate image. They are probably
the best-documented vessels in the current APL collection. Both vessels were retired
within six months of each other:
"The PRESIDENT CLEVELAND reached her
statutory retirement age late in 1972, and the PRESIDENT WILSON completed her last
voyage, a round-the-world cruise, in April 1973. This brought to an end the trans-Pacific
passenger ship service that had been carried on by the American President Lines and its
predecessors without interruption except during World War I and World War II since
1867."
[3]
Other issues figured prominently in APL's story during its first few decades. American
Mail Line (AML), the Dollar subsidiary with the first ships named for American
presidents, had suspended operations in June 1938 and gone into bankruptcy proceedings.
Tobacco magnate Richard J. Reynolds bought the Dollars' AML stock and invested additional
funds to rebuild the company. Reynolds sold his controlling share of the AML stock in
1951. In 1954 it was acquired by Ralph K. Davies. There were internal and legal
challenges to a merger of AML and APL, and the two companies were not truly consolidated
until 1973, when APL absorbed AML and the latter company officially ceased to exist.
The postwar era also saw much activity in APL's vessel replacement program. The first and
most notable new vessel class was the Mariner, designed by the U.S. Maritime Commission
as the successor to the Victory and C3 class vessels. After 1950, the Maritime
Administration (MARAD) administered the construction program. Of twenty-nine Mariners
MARAD sold to U.S. firms, eight were APL ships. The Mariners were the biggest freighters
in existence during the 1950s. APL modified the design to create the Master Mariner
class--three Master Mariners were built in 1965-1966--and also used the Mariner design as
the basis for their five Seamaster vessels built in 1967-1968. APL's Seamasters were
converted to full containerships in 1972.
For APL the 1950s were a period of expansive plans that didn't always come to fruition.
An atomic-powered ship was contemplated but never built. In 1958, APL planned to
construct the PRESIDENT WASHINGTON, a gigantic transpacific liner that would carry 1,450
passengers. It would have been the fourth largest liner built in the United States and
the largest operating from the West Coast. Despite meticulous planning and intensive
lobbying efforts, the company was unable to obtain a special appropriation from Congress
for the ship's construction differential subsidy, and the PRESIDENT WASHINGTON was never
built. The name was used in 1983 for a C9 containership.
Containerization was the major development with which the company coped in the 1950s,
1960s, and 1970s. APL had considered containerization since the mid-1950s. The idea of
containerization had its roots in the wartime expedient of shipping mixed cargoes in
palletized boxes, instead of traditional bulk form. In 1956, APL executives in the
operations and freight departments proposed a containerization plan to Ralph Davies, but
the plan was overshadowed by the ill-fated PRESIDENT WASHINGTON project. Following
Sea-Land's 1957 introduction of commercial container service, APL set up a
containerization group in its Operations Department. This group's round-the-world
fact-finding trip was an important step in APL's transition to container cargo
operations. The 1961 development of the Searacer class vessels was another tentative step
in the transition:
"Some hatches of the Searacers were fitted out for
containers, others conformed to traditional methods of stowage and off-loading. It was a
costly error to attempt a compromise design when it was clear that the industry was in a
state of such uncertainty. The Searacers, named the PRESIDENT LINCOLN (II) and the
PRESIDENT TYLER (III), never operated efficiently. Two systems of freight carriage that
were not compatible existed side by side on one vessel. They simply got in the other's
way, slowing down rather than speeding up the loading and unloading process."
[4]
Another interim technology related to containerization was the LASH (lighter aboard ship)
concept. Three such vessels--the C8s PRESIDENT GRANT (V), PRESIDENT HOOVER (III) and
PRESIDENT TYLER (IV)--were built for the company in 1971 and 1972. APL management was
split on the need for these vessels. Ralph Davies was committed to the fading passenger
service, while others were interested in moving toward full containerization. The
controversy led in 1968 to the resignation of Raymond W. Ickes, who had succeeded George
Killion as president of APL.
If APL did not lead the container revolution, it made other innovations that affected not
only its own survival but the direction of the industry as a whole. In the 1970s, APL
quickly adopted intermodalism, the movement of containers using mixed forms of
transportation (ships, trucks, and railcars). Intermodalism had become a standard element
in container service with Seatrain's 1971 introduction of the "landbridge"
concept--transcontinental shipping of containers via rail using specially chartered
flatcars, with the cargo remaining the responsibility of one company for the entire trip.
By 1984, APL had begun piling containers two high on its flatcars, an important
refinement called "double stacking" that signaled a shift in the company's market niche
from a strictly maritime base to a container base.
Dramatic changes came in the early 1970s. The company suspended ocean liner passenger
service in 1973 and accelerated the trend to containerization. It placed three new
Pacesetter containerships in service and took final delivery on three converted Master
Mariner ships with increased container capacity. In 1973, round-the-world break bulk
service was suspended and replaced by full container service to Southeast Asia, India,
Pakistan and Sri Lanka. A fourth Pacesetter containership entered service in 1974,
bringing the fleet to 15 full containerships and five container/break bulk ships. In 1973
APL also moved its home port/terminal from San Francisco to Oakland. Corporate
headquarters remained in San Francisco until 1976, when executive offices at 1950
Franklin Street in Oakland became the company's headquarters. In 1976, because of
increased activity in intermodal shipments by the landbridge concept, APL discontinued
its Atlantic/Straits service (New York to the Philippines via the Panama Canal.) It moved
the five ships thus freed up to serve in transpacific operations. "Although APL
prematurely rushed to claim that the all-water route across the Panama Canal was
obsolete, there was no doubt that double-stacked trains had tremendously changed the
nature of ocean transportation and affected the railroads as well."
[5]
In the late 1970s APL intensified its focus on Pacific Basin business. In 1977, with
"feeder" operations and changes in cargo flows shifting importance toward its
transpacific routes, APL finally suspended its round-the-world services and redeployed
all its vessels to the Pacific market. In the same year, Natomas executive W. Bruce
Seaton began a fifteen-year tenure as president of APL. Seaton instituted cost-cutting
measures in the ocean transportation segment of the business, cutting back some routes
and building the larger, more economical C9 containerships. Acknowledging the importance
of the land-based areas of the container business, Seaton also presided over the creation
of two subsidiaries (American President Intermodal Company, Ltd. and American President
Domestic Transportation Company, Ltd.) to operate and manage these important segments of
APL's business. Another significant development during this period was the company's
computer network, which continues to affect safety, operating efficiency, traffic,
customs clearance, container yard and terminal control, equipment tracking, preplanning
and a variety of other logistical issues.
In 1983, as a result of the hostile takeover of Natomas Company by Diamond Shamrock
Corporation, APL was spun off and established as American President Companies, Ltd.
(APC), an independent company and the only U.S. steamship company with shares publicly
traded in the stock market. Following the spin-off, APC took measures to avoid the
ever-present threat of a hostile takeover, first under the stewardship of Bruce Seaton
and, from January 1992, under Seaton's successor John M. Lillie. These measures included
unifying operations, refocusing marketing emphases, and considerable management
restructuring in all phases of the business. The most notable initiative taken among
APL's maritime operations during Lillie's tenure was a major vessel construction program
that upgraded the fleet to include five new C11 class containerships.
Restructuring, which continued after John Lillie's resignation in October 1995, revealed
changes in the company's direction. The naming of two longtime executives as
President/Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board--28-year veteran Timothy J.
Rhein and Joji Hayashi (an APL employee since 1964), respectively--indicated a
decentralization of the management structure. This approach carried over into the
company's world view of its markets. APC refined its corporate mission to give all
transport modes equal status:
"American President Companies, Ltd.
provides container transportation and related services in Asia, the Americas, Europe and
the Middle East through an intermodal system combining ocean, rail and truck
transportation.... Our vision is to be one of the very best containerized surface
transportation companies in the world."
[6]
Under Rhein's and Hayashi's executive direction, cost reducing measures at all levels
marked the company's reorganization efforts. APC restructured operations and management
along twelve market lines that recognized the primacy of routes between North America and
Asia. Another major development begun in 1995 was APC's formation of strategic alliances
with competitors like Orient Overseas Container Line, Mitsui OSK Lines, Ltd., Matson
Navigation Company, Inc., Nedlloyd Lines B.V. and Malaysian International Shipping
Corporation BHD. Soon after, in early 1996 the company announced its intention to stop
using Bay Area ports, citing economic factors. The APL eagle has not completely
disappeared from San Francisco Bay; APL containers continue to be a worldwide presence on
the vessels of many other shipping lines.
On April 13, 1997, the company announced the proposed sale of American President Lines to
Singapore's Neptune Orient Lines for $825 million in cash. As in the spin-off from
Diamond Shamrock, the company retained its separate corporate name and its Oakland
headquarter offices. In announcing the epochal deal, President and CEO Timothy Rhein
continued to look forward: "The future of the shipping industry belongs to those who have
a global vision, and the strategy and critical mass to realize that vision."
[7]
But for the most telling aspect of APC's reorganization prior to the Neptune Orient
merger, one must look to the launching of the company's fifth C11 in January 1996. Like
her four sister ships, the APL PHILIPPINES was built overseas for reasons of
cost-effectiveness and overall convenience (two of the C11s were built in Germany, three
in Korea). Significantly, because of this foreign construction, none of these ships was
christened with the name of a U.S. president. Thus, as American President Lines entered
the 21st century--and its sixtieth year of continuous operation--it reasserted the
significance of its transpacific routes but abandoned the tradition of American president
ship names, simultaneously strengthening and relinquishing its ties with the past.
Endnotes
-
1.
Rene de la
Pedraja,
A Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Merchant Marine and Shipping
Industry
(Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press, 1994),
178.
- 2.Formerly known as the Admiral Oriental Mail Line, AML was formed out of the 1922
merger of the Admiral Line with Dollar. The first five "President" ships were 535s
operated by AML.
-
3.
John Niven,
The American President Lines and its Forebears 1848-1984
(Newark:
University of Delaware Press, 1987),
239.
-
4.
Niven,
211.
-
5.
de la
Pedraja,
44.
-
6.
American
President Companies,
"Vision Statement" (http://www.apl.com/acrobat/ANNLREPT/vision.pdf,
June
1996).
-
7.
Kenneth Howe,
"Shipping Giant APL Being Sold Overseas,"
San Francisco Chronicle,
14 April 1997,
A1,
A11.
Scope and Content Note
Collection Summary: Approximately 575 linear feet including folders of textual materials,
ledgers and logbooks, oversize folders of textual or graphic material, scrapbooks,
photographic prints in standard and oversize formats, negatives, transparencies, motion
picture film, audiotape and objects. The collection is comprised of two large
acquisitions. The first portion, accessioned in 1983 and processed in 1987, consists of
approximately 308 linear feet of logbooks and other corporate documents (bulk 1927-1943).
The second portion (bulk 1938-1988), with which this finding aid is primarily concerned,
was transferred from American President Lines (APL) to the San Francisco Maritime NHP
Historic Documents Department in February 1995.
Scope: These records document operations, administration, promotion, and corporate
history of American President Lines and some of its subsidiaries. Also included are some
original documents created by its predecessor companies--Dollar Line and Pacific Mail
Steamship Company (PMSS)--and subject files of information about them compiled by the APL
Archives.
Organization
Materials in the 1995 accession have been organized into three collections: textual
records and marine architectural drawings, visual materials, and artifacts. Although a
number of images remain interfiled with the textual records (particularly in the company
and ship subject files in boxes 292-315), the bulk of the photographs have been placed in
photograph collection P96-007. Container lists for both collections should be consulted
to locate all photographs. Photographs in the textual records have not been
cross-referenced with photographs in P96-007. The first two collections were organized
into eleven subgroups with separate series. The series arrangement follows as closely as
possible the original order created by the succession of repositories within APL
eventually consolidated as the APL Historical Archives by the APL Archives. The series of
logbooks received in 1983 were integrated into the subgroup of operating records.
HDC 279. Textual and Marine Architectural Drawings, 1906-1995.
- I. Operating Records, 1924-1981, 334.7 linear feet.
- II. Corporate
Publications, 1906-1995, 12.68 linear feet.
- III. Subject Files, 1909-1988,
26.32 linear feet.
- IV. Department Files, 1922-1988, 37.38 linear
feet.
- V. American Mail Line, 1927-1976, 1.36 linear feet.
- VI.
Niven Files, 1982-1984, 3.3 linear feet.
- VII. Marine Architectural Drawings,
1906-1958, 85.21 linear feet.
P96-007. Photographs, Motion
Pictures, and Videorecordings, c.1930-c.1980.
- I. Alfred T. Palmer
Collection, c.1930-c.1965, 44.14 linear feet.
- II. Non-Palmer Images,
c.1956-c.1980, 15.96 linear feet.
- III. Bowen Scrapbooks, 1972-1988, 0.66
linear feet.
- IV. Audiovisual Materials, c.1950-c.1980, 85 motion picture
reels (approximately 69,595 feet) plus 41 videocassettes and one audiotape.
SAFR-891. Objects, 1922-1988.
- I. Objects, 1922-1988,
1016 items.