Register of the Stephen E. Herbits papers

Finding aid prepared by Aparna Mukherjee
Hoover Institution Library and Archives
© 1997
434 Galvez Mall
Stanford University
Stanford, CA 94305-6003
hoover-library-archives@stanford.edu


Title: Stephen E. Herbits papers
Date (inclusive): 1960-1993
Collection Number: 75065
Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives
Language of Material: English
Physical Description: 71 manuscript boxes, 1 oversize box, 1 envelope (31.1 Linear Feet)
Abstract: Correspondence, writings, reports, memoranda, notes, and printed matter, relating to proposals for an all-volunteer armed force, Congressional action on the proposals, and evaluation of the new volunteer system in operation. Digital copies of select records also available at https://digitalcollections.hoover.org. 
Creator: Herbits, Stephen E., 1942-
Physical Location: Hoover Institution Library & Archives

Access

The collection is open for research; materials must be requested in advance via our reservation system. If there are audiovisual or digital media material in the collection, they must be reformatted before providing access.

Use

For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives

Acquisition Information

Acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives in 1975.

Preferred Citation

[Identification of item], Stephen E. Herbits papers, [Box no., Folder no. or title], Hoover Institution Library & Archives.

Alternate Forms Available

Digital copies of select records also available at https://digitalcollections.hoover.org. 

Biographical Note

1942 Born
1967-1968 Staff member, Wednesday Group, House of Representatives, United States Congress
1969-1970 Commissioner, President's Commission on All Volunteer Armed Force
1970 Project Leader, Open Presidency Task Force Study of Progress on Achieving an All Volunteer Force
1971-1972 Staff Assistant to Senator Robert T. Stafford, Vermont, United States Congress
1973- Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower and Reserve Affairs), United States Government

Scope and Content of Collection

Correspondence, writings, reports, memoranda, notes, and printed matter, relating to proposals for an all-volunteer armed force, Congressional action on the proposals, and evaluation of the new volunteer system in operation. Digital copies of select records also available at https://digitalcollections.hoover.org. 

Subjects and Indexing Terms

Military service, Voluntary -- United States
Draft -- United States
United States -- Military policy
United States -- Armed Forces -- Recruiting, enlistment, etc.
United States. Department of Defense

 

CORRESPONDENCE 1967-1974

Scope and Contents

Letters arranged alphabetically by correspondent. Includes a few letters neither from nor to Stephen Herbits.
box 1, folder 1

General

box 1, folder 2

Undated

box 1, folder 3

Allen, Dennis, 1972

box 1, folder 4

Anderson, Martin, 1972

box 1, folder 5

Bachman, Jerald G., 1972

box 1, folder 6

Bakst, M. Charles, 1967

box 1, folder 7

Beall, Thaddeus R., 1970-1971

box 1, folder 8

Bentley, Judy, 1971

box 1, folder 9

Blum, Albert A., 1967

box 1, folder 10

Bunch, James C., 1969

box 1, folder 11

Callard, David J., 1970

box 1, folder 12

Clay, James, 1967

box 1, folder 13

Clymer, Adam, 1971

box 1, folder 14

Dent, Frederick B., 1971

box 1, folder 15

Dingell, John D., 1970

box 1, folder 16

Downing, Thomas N., 1970

box 1, folder 17

Flym, John G. S., 1971

box 1, folder 18

Fortin, Joseph L., 1970

box 1, folder 19

Friedman, Milton, 1971

box 1, folder 20

Gallup, George, Jr., 1971

box 1, folder 21

Gates, Thomas, 1969

box 1, folder 22

Gerard, Robert J., 1973

box 1, folder 23

Hamilton, Fletcher, 1971

box 1, folder 24

Hechler, Ken, 1970

box 1, folder 25

Heisler, Stanley D., 1973

box 1, folder 26

Hilger, John R., 1968

box 1, folder 27

Hull, Hadlai A., 1972

box 1, folder 28

Johnson, Harold T., 1967

box 1, folder 29

Johnson, James E., 1972

box 1, folder 30

Johnston, Jerome, 1972

box 1, folder 31

Jonas, Charles Raper, 1970

box 1, folder 32

Kelley, Roger T., 1972-1973

box 1, folder 33

Kilpatrick, James J., 1971

box 1, folder 34

Koppelman, Charles, 1969

box 1, folder 35

Krizer, Louis, 1972

box 1, folder 36

Laird, Melvin R., 1972

box 1, folder 37

Levin, Al, 1968

box 1, folder 38

Lovenheim, David, 1967

box 1, folder 39

McCulloch, J. Huston, 1969

box 1, folder 40

McGee, Alexander, Jr., Mr. and Mrs., 1972

box 1, folder 41

McWilliams, Carey, 1971

box 1, folder 42

Marticelli, Joseph J., 1971

box 1, folder 43

Martin, Richard, 1972

box 1, folder 44

Meckling, William H., 1969

box 1, folder 45

Michelson, A. A., 1967

box 1, folder 46

Miller, James C., III, 1968

box 1, folder 47

Montague, Robert M., Jr., 1971-1973

box 1, folder 48

Moonan, Wendy, 1971

box 1, folder 49

Moskin, J. Robert, 1971

box 1, folder 50

Mudd, Roger, 1971

box 1, folder 51

Nathan, Richard P., 1968

box 1, folder 52

Nelson, Fred, 1972

box 2, folder 1

Newlon, Daniel, 1971

box 2, folder 2

Oi, Walter Y., 1967

box 2, folder 3

O'Konski, Chester T., 1969

box 2, folder 4

Powell, James, 1969

box 2, folder 5

Riper, Frank Van, 1971

box 2, folder 6

Rogers, Bernard W., 1971

box 2, folder 7

Rovere, Richard, 1971

box 2, folder 8

Sandberg, Michael, 1970

box 2, folder 9

Schelling, Thomas C., 1967

box 2, folder 10

Simons, Henry, 1971

box 2, folder 11

Smith, Donald A., 1967

box 2, folder 12

Snyder, E. K., 1972

box 2, folder 13

Snyder, Jack, 1974

box 2, folder 14

Spalding, Keith, 1968

box 2, folder 15

Stafford, Robert T., 1967-1973

box 2, folder 16

Steiger, William A., 1973

box 2, folder 17

Steponkus, Bill, 1967

box 2, folder 18

Stone, Dan, 1972

box 2, folder 19

Swift, Pamela, 1971

box 2, folder 20

The New Republic, 1971

box 2, folder 21

Welch, Peter, 1971

box 2, folder 22

Wool, Harold, 1967

box 2, folder 23

Woosley, James, 1971

 

OFFICE FILE 1967-1993

Scope and Contents

Biographical note, briefing notes, daily file, financial records, memoranda, notes, press release, printed matter, reading files, reports and schedule, relating to his office work and to the issue of organizing a union for the servicemen, arranged alphabetically by physical form. It also includes the work accomplished by the Commission on an All Volunteer Armed Force, of which Stephen Herbits was a member. See also DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FILE and SUBJECT FILE.
box 2, folder 24

Biographical note

box 2, folder 25

Briefing notes

box 2, folder 26

Daily file

box 2, folder 27

Financial records

 

Memoranda

box 2, folder 28

Undated

box 2, folder 29

1967 August-November

box 2, folder 30

1968 October

box 2, folder 31

1969 August

box 2, folder 32

1970 May

box 2, folder 33

1971 January-December

 

1972

box 2, folder 34

January-April

box 2, folder 35

May

box 3, folder 1

June-August

box 3, folder 2

September

box 3, folder 3

October

box 3, folder 4

November

 

1973

box 3, folder 5

January-February

box 3, folder 6

May-June

box 3, folder 7

July-August

box 3, folder 8

September-October

box 3, folder 9

November-December

 

1974

box 3, folder 10

January

box 3, folder 11

February-March

box 3, folder 12-13

Notes

box 4, folder 1-3

Notes

box 4, folder 4

Press release

box 4, folder 5

Printed matter

 

Reading files. Includes charts, clippings, correspondence, memoranda, minutes of meetings, notes, remarks and statements

box 4, folder 6-7

1969-1971

box 5, folder 1-3

1971-1973

 

Reports

box 5, folder 4

1972

 

1973

box 5, folder 5

May

box 5, folder 6

September. Report was prepared by Stephen Herbits, John Johnston and Andy Uscher

box 5, folder 7

1977

box 5, folder 8

Schedule

 

Subject file

 

Commission on an All Volunteer Armed Force

box 6, folder 1

General

box 6, folder 2

Budget records

box 6, folder 3

Charts

box 6, folder 4

Comments

 

Correspondence

box 6, folder 5

Undated

box 6, folder 6

1969

box 6, folder 7

1970

box 6, folder 8

1971

 

Memoranda

box 6, folder 9

Undated

box 6, folder 10

1969

box 6, folder 11

1970

box 6, folder 12

1971-1972

 

Minutes of meetings

box 6, folder 13

Undated

 

1969

box 6, folder 14

May-October

box 6, folder 15

November-December

box 6, folder 16

1970 January

box 6, folder 17

Newsletters

box 7, folder 1

Notes

box 7, folder 2

Press conference

box 7, folder 3

Press release. It mentions Stephen Herbits as the youngest member of the Commission

box 7, folder 4

Printed matter

 

Remarks

box 7, folder 5

Undated

box 7, folder 6

1969

 

Reports

box 7, folder 7

General

 

Drafts

box 7, folder 8-9

1969 December

box 7, folder 10

1970

box 8, folder 1

Printed copy

box 8, folder 2

Statements

box 8, folder 3-5

Writing by others, 1969-1971

 

Unionization in the armed forces

box 8, folder 6-8

General

box 8, folder 9

Correspondence

 

Memoranda

box 8, folder 10

Undated

 

1976

box 9, folder 1

February-April

box 9, folder 2

June

box 9, folder 3

July-December

box 9, folder 4

Printed matter

box 9, folder 5

Reports

 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FILE 1964-1974

Scope and Contents

Budget, bulletins, charts and graphs, clippings, compensation and benefit records, correspondence, court proceedings, enlistment records, health records, housing records, interviews, memoranda, minutes of meetings, news briefings and press conferences, newsletters, notes, pamphlets, press release, printed matter, programs, proposals, reading files, remarks, reports, schedule, statements, telegrams and television news reports, relating to the Department of Defense in general and the army, marine corps and navy in particular, arranged alphabetically by physical form. It also includes records dealing specifically with the questions of the draft, selective service system and with the publication of the book "How to End the Draft: The Case for an All Volunteer Army." See also OFFICE FILE and SUBJECT FILE.
 

General

box 9, folder 6-8

General

box 9, folder 9

Budget records

box 9, folder 10

Charts

box 9, folder 11

Clippings

box 9, folder 12

Correspondence

box 10, folder 1

Memoranda

box 10, folder 2

Notes

box 10, folder 3

Printed matter

box 10, folder 4

Programs

box 10, folder 5

Reading files 1973-1974. Includes charts, clippings, correspondence, memoranda, minutes of meetings, notes, remarks and statements

 

Reports

box 10, folder 6

1965-1974

box 10, folder 7

1975-1977

 

Subject file. Women in defense forces

box 10, folder 8

General

box 10, folder 9

Charts

box 10, folder 10

Clippings

box 10, folder 11

Memoranda

box 10, folder 12

Minutes of meetings

box 10, folder 13

Newsletters

box 10, folder 14

Printed matter

box 10, folder 15

Reports

box 10, folder 16

Writings by others

box 10, folder 17

Writing by others

 

Air Force

box 11, folder 1

General

box 11, folder 2

Budget records

box 11, folder 3

Charts

box 11, folder 4

Clippings

box 11, folder 5

Correspondence

box 11, folder 6

Enlistment records

box 11, folder 7

Housing records

box 11, folder 8

Memoranda

box 11, folder 9

Pamphlet

box 11, folder 10

Recruitment records

 

Reports

box 11, folder 11

1968-1970

box 11, folder 12

1972 May

box 11, folder 13

1974 February

box 11, folder 14

Telegrams

box 11, folder 15

Writing by others

box 11, folder 16

Miscellany

 

Army

box 11, folder 17-20

General

box 12, folder 1-4

Budget records

box 12, folder 5

Bulletins

box 12, folder 6

Charts and graphs

box 12, folder 7

Clippings

box 13, folder 1-6

Clippings

box 14, folder 1

Clippings

box 14, folder 2-4

Compensation and benefit records

box 14, folder 5

Contract

 

Correspondence

box 14, folder 6-7

Undated

box 14, folder 8

1966

box 14, folder 9

1967

box 14, folder 10

1968

box 14, folder 11

1969

box 14, folder 12

1970

 

1971

box 15, folder 1

January-February

box 15, folder 2

March-April

box 15, folder 3

May-July

box 15, folder 4

August-December

 

1972

box 15, folder 5

January-July

box 15, folder 6

August-September

box 16, folder 1

October-December

 

1973

box 16, folder 2

January-April

box 16, folder 3

May-October

box 16, folder 4

1974 January-June

box 16, folder 5

Court proceedings

box 16, folder 6-7

Enlistment, recruitment and retention records

box 17, folder 1

Enlistment, recruitment and retention records

box 17, folder 2

Handbook

box 17, folder 3

Health records

box 17, folder 4

Housing records

box 17, folder 5

Interviews

box 17, folder 6

Manual

 

Memoranda

box 17, folder 7

Undated

box 17, folder 8

1966

box 17, folder 9

1967

box 17, folder 10

1968

box 18, folder 1

1969

 

1970

box 18, folder 2

January-June

box 18, folder 3

July-November

box 18, folder 4

December

 

1971

box 19, folder 1

January-February

box 19, folder 2

March-April

box 19, folder 3

May-June

box 19, folder 4

July-December

box 19, folder 5

1971-1972

 

1972

box 19, folder 6

January-March

box 20, folder 1

April-August

box 20, folder 2

September-December

 

1973

box 20, folder 3

January-May

box 20, folder 4

June-December

box 20, folder 5

1974

 

Minutes of meeetings

box 20, folder 6

Undated

box 20, folder 7

1969-1970

 

1971

box 21, folder 1

January-July

box 21, folder 2

August-November

box 21, folder 3

1972-1973

box 21, folder 4

1974

 

News briefings and press conferences

box 21, folder 5

Undated

box 21, folder 6

1964-1971

box 21, folder 7

1972-1973

box 21, folder 8

Newsletters

box 21, folder 9

Notes

box 22, folder 1-5

Notes

box 23, folder 1

Pamphlets

box 23, folder 2

Poll records

box 23, folder 3

Press logs

 

Press release

box 23, folder 4

Undated

box 23, folder 5

1965-1966

box 23, folder 6

1967-1969

box 23, folder 7

1970-1971

box 23, folder 8

1972-1973

box 23, folder 9-11

Printed matter

box 24

Printed matter

box 25

Printed matter

box 26

Printed matter

box 27

Printed matter

box 28

Printed matter

box 29

Printed matter

box 30

Printed matter

box 31

Printed matter

box 32

Printed matter

box 33, folder 1-2

Programs

box 33, folder 3

Proposals

 

Reading files. Includes charts, clippings, correspondence, memoranda, minutes of meetings, notes, remarks and statements

box 33, folder 4

General

 

1972

box 33, folder 5

February-May

box 34, folder 1

June-August

box 34, folder 2

September-October

box 34, folder 3

November

box 34, folder 4

November-December

 

1973

box 35, folder 1

January-February

box 35, folder 2

March-April

box 35, folder 3

May

box 35, folder 4

May-June

box 36, folder 1

June-July

box 36, folder 2

July-August

box 36, folder 3

August

box 36, folder 4-5

September-October

box 36, folder 6

November-December

 

1974

box 37, folder 1

January

box 37, folder 2

February. Includes background information about Stephen E. Herbits

box 37, folder 3

January-February

 

Remarks

box 37, folder 4

Undated

box 37, folder 5

1964

box 37, folder 6

1966

box 37, folder 7

1968

box 37, folder 8

1970

box 38, folder 1

1971

box 38, folder 2

1972

box 38, folder 3

1973

 

Reports

box 38, folder 4

Undated

box 38, folder 5

1957

box 39, folder 1

1960-1965

box 39, folder 2

1966

box 39, folder 3

1967

box 39, folder 4

1968

 

1969

box 40, folder 1

January

box 40, folder 2

March-December

 

1970

box 40, folder 3

February-May

box 41, folder 1

June-July

box 41, folder 2

August-October

box 41, folder 3

November-December

 

1971

box 42, folder 1

January-February

box 42, folder 2

April-May

box 42, folder 3

June

box 43, folder 1

July-October

box 43, folder 2

November

box 43, folder 3

December

box 44, folder 1-2

December

 

1972

box 44, folder 3

January

box 44, folder 4-6

February

box 45, folder 1

March

box 45, folder 2-3

April

box 45, folder 4

May

box 45, folder 5

June

box 46, folder 1

July

box 46, folder 2

August

box 46, folder 3-4

November

box 47, folder 1

November

 

1973

box 47, folder 2

January-February

box 47, folder 3

March

box 47, folder 4

April

box 47, folder 5

May-June

box 47, folder 6

September

box 48, folder 1

December

 

1974

box 48, folder 2

January

box 48, folder 3

February

box 48, folder 4

August

box 48, folder 5

1976 December

box 48, folder 6

1977 September

box 48, folder 7

Schedule

 

Statements

box 48, folder 8

Undated

box 49, folder 1

Undated

box 49, folder 2

1966

box 49, folder 3

1967-1970

box 49, folder 4

1971-1973

 

Subject file

 

Draft system

box 49, folder 5-7

General

box 50, folder 1

General

box 50, folder 2

Charts

box 50, folder 3

Memoranda

box 50, folder 4

Messages

box 50, folder 5

Minutes of meetings

box 50, folder 6

Newsletters

box 50, folder 7

Notes

box 50, folder 8

Pamphlets

box 50, folder 9

Press conferences

box 50, folder 10

Press release

box 50, folder 11

Printed matter

box 50, folder 12

Proposal

box 50, folder 13

Remarks

box 50, folder 14

Statements

box 50, folder 15

Surveys

 

"How to end the draft: The Case for an All Volunteer Army". Stephen Herbits provided the authors, Congressmen Frank J. Horton, Richard S. Schweiker, Garner E. Shriver, Robert T. Stafford and Charles W. Whalen, Jr., with research and editorial assistance for writing this book

 

Correspondence

box 51, folder 1

General

box 51, folder 2

National Press, Inc.

box 51, folder 3-4

Drafts. Typescripts

box 51, folder 5

Master copy

box 51, folder 6

Memoranda

box 51, folder 7-8

Notes

box 52, folder 1

Press release

box 52, folder 2

Printed copy

box 52, folder 3

Publicity file

box 52, folder 4-5

Reading files

box 52, folder 6

Statements

 

Selective Service System

box 52, folder 7-8

General

box 52, folder 9

Briefing notes

box 52, folder 10

Budget records

box 52, folder 11

Bulletins

 

Correspondence

box 52, folder 12

Undated

box 52, folder 13

1966-1967

box 52, folder 14

1968-1971

box 52, folder 15

1972-1973

box 52, folder 16

Executive order

 

Memoranda

box 53, folder 1

Undated

box 53, folder 2

1966-1974

box 53, folder 3

Messages

box 53, folder 4

Newsletters

box 53, folder 5

Pamphlets

box 53, folder 6

Press release

box 53, folder 7

Printed matter

box 53, folder 8

Programs

box 53, folder 9

Remarks

 

Reports

box 53, folder 10

Undated

box 53, folder 11

1953-1959

box 53, folder 12

1966

box 53, folder 13

1967

box 53, folder 14

1970

 

Statements

box 53, folder 15

Undated

box 53, folder 16

1966-1968

box 53, folder 17

Telegrams

box 53, folder 18

Writings by others

box 54, folder 1

Surveys

box 54, folder 2

Telegrams

box 54, folder 3

Television news reports

 

Writing by others

box 54, folder 4-5

Unidentified

box 54, folder 6

A-B

box 55, folder 1

C

box 55, folder 2

Ea-Ef

box 55, folder 3

F-J

box 56, folder 1

Ke

box 56, folder 2

Kr-L

box 56, folder 3

M-N

box 56, folder 4

O-Sta

box 56, folder 5

Ste-V

box 57, folder 1

W

box 57, folder 2-3

Miscellany

 

Marine Corps

box 57, folder 4

General

box 57, folder 5

Charts

box 57, folder 6

Clippings

box 57, folder 7

Correspondence

box 57, folder 8

Memoranda

box 57, folder 9

Pamphlets

box 57, folder 10

Printed matter

box 57, folder 11

Reports

 

Navy

box 57, folder 12

General

box 57, folder 13

Charts

box 57, folder 14

Clippings

box 57, folder 15

Correspondence

box 57, folder 16

Handbook

box 57, folder 17

Memoranda

box 57, folder 18

Minutes of meetings

box 57, folder 19

Notes

box 57, folder 20

Printed matter

box 57, folder 21

Programs

box 57, folder 22

Remarks

box 58, folder 1

Reports

box 58, folder 2

Statements

box 58, folder 3

Telegrams

box 58, folder 4

Writings by others

 

SUBJECT FILE 1966-1974

Scope and Contents

Bills and amendments, clippings, correspondence, hearings and testimonies, interviews, memoranda, newsletters, notes, press release, printed matter, remarks, reports, statements, status reports and miscellany, relating to the United States Congress and to the executive departments of the government, arranged alphabetically by physical form.
 

United States - Politics and government

 

Congress

box 58, folder 5

General

box 58, folder 6

Bills and amendments

box 58, folder 7

Correspondence

 

Hearings and testimonies

box 58, folder 8

Undated

box 58, folder 9

1966

box 58, folder 10

1971

box 59, folder 1

1972-1973

box 59, folder 2

Membership lists

box 59, folder 3

Memoranda

box 59, folder 4

Notes

box 59, folder 5

Press release

box 59, folder 6

Remarks

box 59, folder 7

Reports. One was prepared by Stephen Herbits

 

Statements

box 59, folder 8

Undated

box 59, folder 9

1969-1970

box 59, folder 10

1971

box 59, folder 11

1972

box 60, folder 1

1973

box 60, folder 2

1974

box 60, folder 3

Status reports

box 60, folder 4

Voting records

box 60, folder 5

Miscellany

 

Nixon administration

 

Elections

box 60, folder 6

General

box 60, folder 7

Clippings

box 60, folder 8

Newsletters

box 60, folder 9

Notes

box 60, folder 10

Statements

 

Domestic policy

box 60, folder 11

General

box 60, folder 12

Clippings

box 60, folder 13

Correspondence

box 60, folder 14

Newsletters

box 60, folder 15

Printed matter

box 60, folder 16

Remarks

box 60, folder 17

Reports

box 60, folder 18

Miscellany

 

Foreign policy

box 60, folder 19

General

box 60, folder 20

Clippings

box 60, folder 21

Correspondence

box 60, folder 22

Interviews

box 60, folder 23

Memoranda

box 60, folder 24

Newsletter

box 60, folder 25

Printed matter

box 60, folder 26

Writings by others

 

OVERSIZE MATERIALS 1960-1976

General

See also DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FILE

Scope and Contents

Charts, newsletters, printed matter relating to the Department of Defense, the army and the Congress arranged alphabetically by physical form. It also includes uncorrected advance proof of a book about the volunteer army. See also DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FILE.
box 61, folder 1

Charts, 1960-1972

box 61, folder 2

Newsletters, 1967-1976

box 61, folder 3-4

Printed matter, 1960-1971

box 61, folder 5

Marmion, Harry A., "The Case Against a Volunteer Army", 1971. Uncorrected advance proof

 

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

Scope and Contents note

Material not yet described.
box 61

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

box 62

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

box 63

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

box 64

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

box 65

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

box 66

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

box 67

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

box 68

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

box 69

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

box 70

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

box 71

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

box 72

INCREMENTAL MATERIAL

 

DECLASSIFIED U.S. GOVERNMENT RECORDS 1970-1972

box 72

2011 September release of records 1970-1972

Scope and Contents note

Memos, working papers, etc., primarily relating to the military draft, volunteer military service, and the military budget
 

2018 release of declassified records 1977

 

PHOTOGRAPHS undated

envelope A

1 print depicting Byron V. Pepitone, acting director, National Selective Service undated