Frederick Jackson Turner Papers mssTU
Finding aid prepared by Ray A. Billington.
The Huntington Library
© 2016
1151 Oxford Road
San Marino, California 91108
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Note
Finding aid last updated on June 20, 2024 by Kahlee Leingang.
Contributing Institution:
The Huntington Library
Title: Frederick Jackson Turner papers
Creator:
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 1861-1932
Identifier/Call Number: mssTU
Physical Description:
220.2 Linear Feet
(335 boxes, 1 oversize folder, 24 volumes, 3 tubes)
Date (inclusive): 1862-1963
Date (bulk): 1889-1932
Abstract: This collection contains the papers of
American professor and historian Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1932). Subjects covered:
Turner's education; family affairs; business affairs, particularly with his publisher Henry
Holt and Co.; ideas about the frontier, sectionalism, historical scholarship, professional
matters generally, and politics; Turner's activities and experiences at Johns Hopkins
University, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Harvard and the Huntington Library; teaching
career; work with the Harvard Commission on Western History; work with the Dictionary of
American biography project; and his role in the American Historical Association,
particularly the "Bancroft insurrection" of 1915.
Language of Material: The records are in
English.
Conditions Governing Access
Open to qualified researchers by prior application through the Reader Services Department.
For more information, contact Reader Services.
Conditions Governing Use
The Huntington Library does not require that researchers request permission to quote from
or publish images of this material, nor does it charge fees for such activities. The
responsibility for identifying the copyright holder, if there is one, and obtaining
necessary permissions rests with the researcher.
Preferred Citation
[Identification of item]. Frederick Jackson Turner papers, The Huntington Library, San
Marino, California.
Immediate Source of Acquisition
Acquired by legacy from Frederick Jackson Turner and by gift from various members of his
family, 1928-1965. Letters and copies of letters have also been contributed to the
collection by individuals with whom Turner corresponded (see letters in the collection
having to do with its establishment, in the years following Turner's death).
Biographical / Historical
American professor and historian Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1932) was born November 14,
1861, in Portage, Wisconsin, the son of Andrew Jackson Turner, a journalist, politician, and
local historian. After study at the University of Wisconsin and Johns Hopkins, Turner
embarked on a teaching career in American history, first at the University of Wisconsin
(1889-1910) and later at Harvard University (1910-1924). With the publication in 1893 of his
essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," containing his thesis that
American society owed its distinctive characteristics to experience with an undeveloped
frontier, he became a figure of national importance historically. Though he wrote little, he
was active in American Historical Association, and he was a guide and mentor to the future
historians who passed through his classroom. His final years were spent in research at the
Huntington Library in San Marino, California, where his activities became increasingly
curtailed as his health deteriorated. He died in Pasadena, California, on March 14,
1932.
Turner was married November 25, 1889, to Caroline Mae Sherwood of Chicago. They had three
children: two who died in childhood and Dorothy Kinsley (Turner) Main.
Scope and Contents
The following notes on the Turner papers were compiled after only a three-month examination
of those papers. Hence they make no pretense of completeness or accuracy. They are compiled
only to serve as a general guide to later users of the papers.
The following outline, or index, of the sections of this report that follow may make its
use easier:
1: Correspondence and Documents
Frederick Jackson Turner's correspondence, together with certain important documents, has
been expertly arranged in a series of flat boxes, each bearing a number, date, and
appropriate descriptive designation. Within each box the letters to and from Turner, or the
documents, have been placed in folders, each of which bears a descriptive title and date.
Arrangement within each box in chronological.
The correspondence an document boxes may be conveniently divided into several
categories:
General correspondence during Turner's life. This is contained
in Boxes 1 through 47. Included are letters written by and to Turner between the time of his
boyhood and his death on March 14, 1932. Three letters from Woodrow Wilson are present, see
descriptions for Boxes 3 and 9.
General correspondence, 1932-1956. This is contained in Boxes
48 through 52. Many of the letters in these boxes relate to the efforts of the Huntington
Library to assemble the Turner correspondence, to the publication of his posthumous books,
etc. A large number are extremely valuable for an understanding of Turner, for they were
written by friends and former students who frequently reminisced at length on his virtues.
Form of citation: TU Box 48, Correspondence, Apr.-June 10, 1932.
Biographical and Autobiographical Material. This is contained
in Box 53, a large flat box. Contained in this box are diplomas received by Turner,
certificates of membership in learned societies, honorary degrees, and the like. Box 62 also
has biographical and genealogical data.
Manuscripts and Documents. These are in Boxes 54 through 57,
covering the years 1877 to 1932. Materials have been placed in blue folders, each labeled
and dated, and arranged in chronological order. The boxes contain some of Turner's earliest
historical writings, notes for lectures and seminars, drafts of essays, etc., clippings, and
other personal data. For of citation: TU Box 54, Manuscripts & Documents, 1877-1900.
The Turner-Hooper correspondence. This is contained in eight
boxes, the first seven of which are devoted to letters between Turner and Mrs. William
Hooper (Mrs. Alice Forbes Perkins Hooper). Mrs. Hooper, a daughter of Charles Elliott
Perkins, president of the Burlington Railroad, and wife of William Hooper of a prominent New
England family, became acquainted with Turner when he first moved to Harvard University in
1910. She played a leading financial role in establishing the Harvard Commission on Western
History under his guidance. These initial contacts led to a lasting friendship, which
endured to the time of Turner's death. Hence this is a unique correspondence, in which he
discusses his political beliefs, his writing, his teaching, his reading, and the ordinary
events of the day with a frankness that he displayed to few others. The correspondence is
essential for biographical purposes, and reveals Turner at his witty best. The eighth box in
the series contains letters between Mrs. Hooper and Max Farrand concerning the disposition
of the letters after Turner's death. Her comments on Turner's character in these letters are
revealing. Form of citation: TU-H Box 1, Turner-Hooper Correspondence, 1910-1912. Also in
Turner-Hooper Correspondencs, Boxes A-D: correspondence from other people.
Turner Family letters These are now in Boxes A-K.
2: Manuscript Volumes
Included in the Turner papers are a number of items of importance which have been
separately preserved and catalogued. Notes on the contents of each of these volumes follow.
Citation is to: TU Volume 1, etc.
1.
TU Vol. 1, Red Book. This contains letters from students
and friends written to Turner a the time he left the University of Wisconsin to go to
Harvard. They were solicited by one of his former students, Professor James Alton James.
Mounted in a red-colored book, they are normally in the form of holograph letters. Folders
in the correspondence boxes refer to each of these letters.
2.
TU Vol. II, Blue Book. When Turner retired from Harvard,
his friends and former students held a dinner in his honor. This was arranged by his
students in his seminar for 1923-1924. Letters and telegrams written by friends and former
students who could not attend have been arranged in a blue-covered book inscribed:
"Frederick Jackson Turner May 24, 1924." In the book also is an envelope holding newspaper
clippings dealing with his retirement.
3.
TU Vol. III (1 & 2), Commonplace Book. These consist
of two paper-bound notebooks in which Turner jotted down his thoughts, quotations that
appealed to him, rough drafts of orations, and miscellaneous items during the period
1883-1887 when he was a student and graduate student at the University of Wisconsin. This is
a valuable collection of materials which indicate his interests and the evolution of his
historical concepts.
4.
TU Vol. IV, A. J. Turner, History of Portage. A volume
prepared by Andrew Jackson Turner, Frederick J. Turner's father, entitled: "A History of
Portage, Wisconsin: A Talk to the local Women's Club." Typescript, 12 pp., fol. c.1900,
bound in hard covers.
5.
TU Vol. V, Letters of Condolence. Fifty-two letters of
condolence and appreciation addressed to Mrs. Frederick Jackson Turner between March 15,
1932 and November 22, 1932. Chronologically arranged in a portfolio, entitled: "Letters of
Condolence and Appreciation Addressed to Caroline Mae (Sherwood) Turner, on the death of Her
Husband, March 14, 1932."
6.
TU Vol. VI, Collection of Syllabuses. These include both
printed and manuscript syllabuses for period c. 1893 to 1909 on: English history (probably
prepared by Professor Allen), The Colonization of North America, and The History of the
West. Collected in hard-cover folder labeled: "Collection of Syllabuses: [c.1893-1909].
7.
TU Vol. VII, Bibliography of United States History.
Manuscript bibliography of United States history, 1865-1910, prepared by Turner for
his section of the Channing, Hart and Turner, Guide. Additions and corrections have been
made in Turner's hand, and by others.
8.
TU Vol. VIII, Dictionary of American Biography. Turner was
a leading instigator in the publication of the Dictionary of American Biography under the
sponsorship of the American Council of Learned Societies. This bound volume, collected by
Turner, contains most of his correspondence in connection with the project.
9.
TU Vol. IX, Town and Gown Club. A facsimile of a book
entitled "Golden Anniversary Town and Gown, 1878-1928." The Town and Gown Club was an active
organization in Madison, Wisconsin, to which Turner belonged. This book contains its records
and history during his years of membership. His name is listed, but there are no comments or
speeches by him recorded.
10.
TU Vol. X, Diary and Correspondence Relating to Children.
This volume contains several telegrams and letters received by the Turners at the
time of the birth of their first daughter, Dorothy Kinsey Turner, on September 1, 1890. It
also contains two diaries that Turner kept to record the day-by-day or week-by-week
development of his children. The first, describing Dorothy Kinsley Turner, covers the period
September 1, 1890 to September 1893. The second, a briefer document, is a diary of Allen
Jackson Turner, June 26, 1892 to October, 1892. Handwritten on cheap paper mostly by Mrs.
Turner.
11.
TU Vol. XI, Journal of Camping Trip. A diary kept by Mrs.
Frederick Jackson Turner during the summer of 1908 when the Turners camped with Mr. and Mrs.
C. R. Van Hise, apparently in the Lake Superior country. Mr. Van Hise was president of the
University of Wisconsin. Handwritten in pencil on small sheets of paper.
12.
TU Vol. XII, Household Account Book. Notebook containing
the household accounts, with notes of expenditures, of Mrs. Frederick Jackson Turner,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, for rent, food, etc. Covers parts of 1921 and 1922. Written in pen
in Mrs. Turner's hand.
13.
TU Vols. XIII-XVIII, Student Notebooks. Common notebooks
kept by Turner when he was a student at the University of Wisconsin. One bears notation:
"Prof. Allen Hist. of U.S. Fred. J. Turner, Feb. 17, 1883." The remainder are undated, but
presumably of the same period, and probably represent reading and lecture notes compiled in
Professor Allen's course or later during Turner's graduate school career at Madison. Two
notebooks marked "Am. History I 1492-1763," and "American History II 1763-1789," cover the
colonial period. Three more on the "Period of the Republic" deal with aspects of that story:
1) Foreign Relations to 1820, 2) Political history to the Civil War, and 3) The Slavery
Controversy to 1876. A final notebook covers the Civil War period, with heavy emphasis on
battles.
14.
TU Vol. XIX, Retiring Allowance Correspondence. Eighteen
letters bound in a folder by Turner concerning his allowance on retirement. Included is the
letter appointing him to his first teaching post in American history.
15.
TU Vol. XX, References on the History of the West. Three
copies of the Turner and Merk, List of References on the History of the West (1920 and
1922), heavily annotated by Turner.
3: File Drawers 1-22
These previously consisted of one bank of eighteen wooden, typewriter-size file drawers
and four steel file drawers, numbered consecutively from one to twenty-two; now housed in 91
upright holinger boxes, numbered 1-22 and subdivided in consecutive letters. They contain
the wide variety of materials accumulated by Professor Turner during his lifetime of reading
American history: reading notes, occasional lecture notes, student papers, clippings from
newspapers and magazines, maps that he prepared or found useful, offprints, magazine
articles, and sections of books torn apart to e inserted at appropriate spots. Reference
should be made to: TU File Drawer No. 1A, 1B, etc.
A rough and tentative list of the contents of the various drawers follows:
File Drawers 1 through 9. These contain materials noted above
dealing with the period from early Colonial times to 1850. Contents of the separate drawers
are as follows:
• File Drawer No. 1. New England, 1492-1659; Middle Colonies, 1492-1659, South, 1492-1659,
the West, 1492-1659; New England, 1660-1689; Middle Colonies, 1660-1689.
• File Drawer No. 2. South, 1660-1689; General, 1690-1763; Middle Atlantic, 1690-1763;
South, 1690-1763; New England, 1690-1763.
• File Drawer No. 3. South, 1690-1763; West, 1690-1763; Far West, 1690-1763; General,
1761-1782; New England, 1764-1782; Middle Atlantic, 1764-1782.
• File Drawer No. 4. West, 1764-1782; General, 1783-1788; New England, 1783-1788; Middle
Atlantic, 1783-1788; West, 1783-1788.
• File Drawer No. 5. General, 1789-1818.
• File Drawer No. 6. General, 1789-1818 continued.
• File Drawer No. 7. New England, 1789-1818; Middle Atlantic, 1789-1818; South, 1789-1818;
West, 1789-1818; General, 1819-1829; New England, 1819-1829.
• File Drawer No. 8. Middle Atlantic, 1819-1829; South, 1818-1829; Middle West, 1819-1829;
Far West, 1818-1829; General, 1830-1850.
• File Drawer No. 9. General, 1830-1850, continued.
File drawer No. 10. This drawer, which is seemingly out of
sequence, was found to contain far more useful material than the earlier drawers.
Principally important are the lecture notes and completed lectures, especially those for the
History of Liberty series given at Harvard University shortly after World War I. In these
Turner reviewed many of his ideas concerning the nature of American society and its
political institutions, often dwelling on his frontier and sectionalism themes in doing so.
The drawer also contains notes for his lectures on political map studies, as well as a large
number of maps that he apparently used for illustrative purposes while lecturing. The
reading notes interspersed among these materials are largely for the 1830-1850 period.
File Drawers 11 and 12. In these Professor Turner returned to
his chronological sequence, as follows:
• File Drawer No. 11. New England, 1830-1850; Middle Atlantic, 1830-1850; South,
1830-1820; Middle West, 1830-1850; Far West, 1830-1850; General, 1851-1865.
• File Drawer No. 12. New England, 1851-1865; Middle Atlantic, 1851-1865; South,
1851-1865; Middle West, 1851-1865; Far West, 1851-1865.
File Drawer No. 13. This, too, is seemingly out of place, a
position probably explained by the fact that its contents were little used, and hence were
relegated to the lowest level. It contains nothing but the research notes accumulated by
Turner for his never-completed biography of George Rogers Clark.
File Drawer No. 14. This drawer, and File Drawer No. 15, are
the two most important for any student of Turner's historical concepts. Drawer No. 14 was
apparently that occasionally referred to by Turner in his correspondence as the
"Sectionalism" drawer; Drawer No. 15 he also sometimes designated as the "Frontier" drawer.
The division, however, is by no means exact, and both drawers contain extremely valuable
material on both subjects. In this drawer are the drafts, in various stages of completion,
of several of his articles on sectionalism, notes and manuscripts of speeches, fragments of
writing on the section, and the like. The materials have been placed in folders and many of
them labeled.
File Drawer No. 15. The contents of this drawer are even more
important than those of Drawer No. 14 for a study of Turner as historian. It contains drafts
of several of his articles, a number of speeches, essays in various stages of composition,
and a wide range of biographical materials. Most of the items have been placed in folders,
and labeled, many in the handwriting of Fulmer Mood. Any student with limited time available
would do well to begin with this drawer, proceed to File Drawer No. 14 and to File Drawer
10, and then spend such time as remained on the other drawers in this bank.
File Drawers 16 through 21. In these drawers Professor Turner
filed the results of his reading and research on the period since 1866. They contain the
usual items: reading notes, offprints, segments of books, articles, magazine clippings,
maps, student notes, student papers, and an unusually large number of newspaper clippings,
kept by Turner in his avid reading of contemporary events. Virtually the only material
prepared by Turner in these drawers is his reading notes, and the drafts, usually first or
second, of the sections that he prepared for the Channing, Hart and Turner Guide. There is
little of interest on his frontier or sectional concepts, but the drawers do illustrate his
catholic tastes, and his wide reading. Occasional research notes are buried midst the
clippings, together with maps and charts that he probably used in teaching. The material
emphasized in individual drawers is as follows:
• File Drawer No. 16. General, 1866 to present.
• File Drawer No. 17. General, 1866 to present.
• File Drawer No. 18. General, 1866 to present.
• File Drawer No. 19. General, 1866 to present.
• File Drawer No. 20. New England, 1866 to present; Middle Atlantic, 1866 to present;
South, 1866 to present; Middle West, 1866 to present. The bulk to the contents are in the
latter category. At rear a few miscellaneous items, including skyscraper book.
• File Drawer No. 21. The West, 1866 to present. In this drawer materials are arranged
topically, under railroads, mining, cattlemen, agrarian movements, and the like. Many of the
books and articles have been annotated or underlined by Turner, with his usual red pencil.
At the rear of the drawer are several folders marked "Miscellany" which contain a variety of
reading notes, bibliography, etc., dealing with an earlier period.
File Drawer No. 22. In this drawer are the lecture notes
apparently used by Professor Turner during his last teaching days at Harvard. The first
portion contains notes for a course that begins about 1860 and continues through
Reconstruction; the latter portion contains his notes for the second half of History 39,
spring semester, 1924. These cover the period 1880 to 1920. The notes for each lecture are
usually in rough form, with tables, maps and charts drawn by Turner to use as illustrative
material, and the like. In only a few instances are the lectures written out in complete
form.
4: File Drawers A-L
These previously consisted of one bank of twelve steel file drawers, typewriter paper
size, numbered consecutively A through L; now housed in 45 upright holinger boxes, numbered
A-L and subdivided in consecutive numbers. They contain (with one exception noted below) the
materials used by Professor Turner in writing his last book, The United States, 1830-1850.
Included are, in most instances, his reading notes, outlines and fragments in Turner's hand,
student theses, seminar reports, rough drafts of maps, charts, and elaborate tables and
statistical data on which the maps were based. Rough drafts of the various parts of chapters
are also to be found in some of the drawers.
A rough and tentative listing of the contents of the various drawers follows: (Cited as TU
File Drawer A1, A2... etc.)
File Drawer A. [In folders at the front of the drawer are the
correspondence between the Huntington Library and Henry Holt & Co. concerning the
publishing of the book, and the accounts of Merrill H. Crissey, Professor Turner's
secretary.] *All Holt correspondence has been placed in TU Box 63.* Then follow drafts of
the chapters, usually typed carbons heavily corrected in Turner's hand. Drafts of the
introduction and some other parts of chapters are in Turner's hand. Each chapter is
accompanied by a series of notes and memoranda by the editors, which admirably illustrate
the problems of posthumous publication.
File Drawer B. This contains the rough data and Turner's notes
for political developments during the period covered by the book. The large quantities of
statistical data gathered by Professor Turner as the basis for his analysis of elections and
for the maps of elections and congressional votes provide admirable evidence of the factual
basis for each of his generalizations. This evidence was too voluminous to be shown in
footnotes.
File Drawer C. The material contained in this drawer deals
largely with the public issues of the Jackson-Tyler administrations: nullification, the
tariff, the bank war, the independent treasury, foreign relations, etc. Included are many
copies of documents from archives in the United States and Europe, in addition to the usual
reading notes, seminar reports, offprints, etc.
File Drawer D. Included in this drawer are materials for the
later political history of the period 1830-1850. Reading notes, maps, seminar reports,
offprints, documents, etc. are supplemented by a few of Turner's rough-draft chapters
extending through the Polk Administration. The rear of the drawer contains materials not yet
reduced to written form when death intervened, extending the story to 1850.
File Drawer E. In this drawer are various drafts of the
manuscripts for the Lowell Institute Lectures that Turner delivered in Boston in 1918 on
"The United States and its Sections, 1830-1850." Because many pages of the lectures were
later removed to be incorporated in "the" book, most of the lectures are not complete.
Enough of them remain to indicate the scope and interpretation of the subject.
File Drawer F. This is devoted to materials for the chapter of
the North Central States, 1830-1850. In contains a draft of the chapter, as well as the
usual notes, maps, reading materials, etc. Specific items such as the effect of glaciation,
population movements, the cost of moving west, and the like, illustrate again the staggering
amount of evidence that underlay each generalization in the final draft.
File Drawer G. This is also devoted exclusively to materials on
the North Central States, with notes, memos, and manuscript drafts on such topics a
agriculture, transportation, business, banking,and the land system. These are a number of
preliminary drafts in Turner's hand of sections on canals, and other small parts of the
whole.
File Drawer H. In this drawer are comparable materials dealing
with the political and cultural history of the North Central States, 1830-1850.
File Drawer I. This drawer contains reading notes and similar
materials for the first five chapters of the book: the introduction, the United States in
1830, and the discussions of New England, the Middle Atlantic states, and the South Atlantic
states. In each case various drafts of the chapters or fragments of chapters are filed with
the other notes.
File Drawer J. In this are comparable materials for the
chapters on the South Central states and for Texas and the Far West. There are no drafts of
chapters included, but fragments of drafts are tucked in with the other materials.
File Drawer K. This is devoted to materials on the Far West
that formed a basis for the latter part of the Texas and Far West chapter. The usual reading
notes, theses, pamphlets, offprints, etc. deal with such subjects as Indians, trade,
settlement of Oregon, etc.
File Drawer L. Largely compiled after Turner's death, and
having little relation to the other materials in this bank of drawers, this drawer deals
largely with the preparation posthumously of Turner's book of essays on Sections in American
History. Included is the correspondence between the editors and Henry Holt & Co., the
publishers, a folder of permissions from prior publishers of the materials, copies of each
of the original essays sent to the publishers to be reproduced, and a variety of materials
on sectionalism that have no connection with the book: many maps by Turner, one manuscript
on sectionalism, jottings by Turner on the subject, offprints, articles, and similar
materials on the subject.
5. Contents of 3 x 5 Files
The following brief notes on the contents of the drawers are based only on a hurried
examination, and are tentative. They are designed only to provide some introduction to a 778
rather complex note-taking system. Citation: 3 x 5 File Drawer No. 1.
Drawer No. 1. Internal evidence (handwriting, a few scattered
dates, etc.) suggests that this drawer was compiled and used in the 1890's and to about
1904. It contains bibliographical notes and brief reading notes on the social and economic
history of the United States, and was perhaps compiled in connection with Professor Turner's
course on that subject, given at the University of Wisconsin. A number of notes suggest the
type of reading that he was doing at the time of the preparation of the "Frontier" essay. At
the rear of the drawer is a section on "Immigration" apparently of the same period. This was
possible collected when he was preparing the articles on immigration for the Chicago
Record-Herald, August-October, 1901.
Drawer No. 2. This drawer was also probably compiled during
Turner's early teaching career. Material has been added later, however, distinguished by a
later handwriting and differing paper types. Most of the cards contain bibliographical or
reading notes, with the emphasis on sovereignty and nationalism. The Revolutionary Period
receives most attention, but early social compacts are included as well as some later
periods. Probably these notes were connected with Turner's course on American Constitutional
History, given at Wisconsin.
Drawer No. 3. A calendar prepared by Turner of three
collections of manuscripts in the Library of Congress: the James Monroe, John Quincy Adams,
and Albert Gallatin papers. Individual cards, arranged chronologically, describe each
manuscript item.
Drawer No. 4. A similar compilation and abstracting of the
papers of James Barbour, Rufus King, and George Clinton, with a chronological arrangement
employed under the heading of each individual. The latter portion of this drawer also
contains a series of bibliography cards on American newspapers, and others on American
public figures in the period 1820-1850.
Drawer No. 5. This drawer contains a bibliography for the
period 1820-1830. Arrangement is topical, with headings under "Gazetteers," "Newspapers,"
etc.
Drawer No. 6. A chronological file of the period 1820-1830.
Cards are arranged by year, and sometimes even by month within the yearly division. Most of
the cards contain brief notes on research, dealing with all of the public issues of the day.
(Note: for the probable use of this material by Turner in his writing, see note on his
methodology, below, immediately after the description of Drawer No. 21).
Drawer No. 7. This drawer contains research and bibliographical
notes for the period 1820-1830, as does Drawer No. 6. Those in this drawer are, for the most
part, arranged by subject, and deal largely with social, economic, and political events
during the decade.
Drawer No. 8. In this drawer Turner has arranged his
biographical notes on which he based his essay on "The Children of the Pioneers." The first
card in the box has a brief note in Turner's hand suggesting the method that he was to
follow. The drawer is especially interesting in revealing the staggering amount of detailed
work that underlay his statements.
Drawer No. 9. Internal evidence suggests that this drawer, and
those that follow, were for the most part arranged by Turner in his Harvard period. This
drawer contains bibliographical material and brief research notes on the period from the
Civil War to the 1880's, largely during the Grant and Hayes Administrations. Within each
presidential administration, material is arranged under topical headings: "labor," "tariff,"
etc.
Drawer No. 10. The contents of this drawer are comparable to
those for Drawer No. 9, but for the period of the Harrison and Cleveland Administrations.
Bibliographical information and brief reading notes are arranged topically.
Drawer No. 11. Bibliographical and reading notes, arranged
topically, for the period since 1900.
Drawer No. 12. This contains a variety of material, largely
bibliographic. Included, moving from the front to the rear of the drawer, are: a topical
bibliography for the period 1865-1910, a bibliography on economic history, largely in this
period, a bibliography on immigration and racial groups, apparently compiled later than that
in Drawer No. 1; a small packet of cards held by a clip containing notes that appear to be
related to Turner's early research and thought on sectionalism; and a miscellaneous
bibliography dealing largely with the period 1865-1900.
Note: The remaining drawers in the file were those used by Turner in writing his United
States, 1830-1850. Their purpose will be made clear only after reading the following note on
Turner's methodology and writing techniques. This was sent by Merrill H. Crissey, his
secretary, to Avery Craven, on July 5, 1932, and is in TU Box 49, Correspondence, June
11-Dec., 1933:
"Throughout the dictated portion of the book (including all the chapters on Presidential
Administrations), the procedure, in the case of each chapter, was, first, to make a
chronological card file of the raw material. Earlier researches had yielded a mass of notes,
partly on cards (3" x 5", white), partly on paper. The former were at once put into a
pasteboard-box file, by date; the latter were transferred to cards, which likewise went into
the file. Additional cards were then prepared; material for these came from both secondary
works (general histories and biographies --for a skeleton of events --and special studies
deemed valuable for a particular phase of the narrative) and sources (principally the
writings of political leaders, the debates in Congress, and contemporary journals). Guide
cards, in color, were used for the years and months. Subject tabs (improved from gummed
manila paper) were affixed to note cards bearing on topics or events of chief importance.
This arrangement of notes made it easy to bring together material on any outstanding subject
an d facilitated correlations. The file of notes was supplemented by sectional tabulations
of Presidential-election votes and important votes in Congress."
Mr. Crissey goes on to explain that Turner dictated from these notes, with the first draft
recorded in triple-space; the resulting manuscript was then corrected and revised in several
more versions.
The following listing of the contents of drawers used in the compilation of this book uses
the words employed by Turner in labeling each of the cardboard boxes from which the notes
were transferred to the metal file cases:
Drawer No. 13. "Correlation 1827-35."
Drawer No. 14. "Campaign 1836 and Topics."
Drawer No. 15. "1836 by States."
Drawer No. 16. "1837."
Drawer No. 17. "1838, 1839, 1840."
Drawer No. 18. "1841-1843."
Drawer No. 19. "Administration of James K. Polk, 1845-1849." In
addition to the research notes referred to in Mr. Crissey's note above, the drawers of this
series contain occasional small maps drawn by Turner, usually of congressional votes.
6: Black Boxes Nos. 1-14
The materials in these fourteen black boxes were apparently arranged by Mr. Merrill h.
Crissey, Professor Turner's secretary, either before or after Turner's death. They consist
of offprints, clippings from magazines and newspapers, pamphlets, small booklets, and an
occasional student paper. Many of the items have been heavily underlined or annotated by
Turner, and are valuable in indicating the nature of his historical reading and thinking.
The items are numbered throughout, in Mr. Crissey's hand, from 1 to 298; the numbers that
follow the drawer numbers below refer to this classification. Suggested form of citation: TU
Black Box No. 1 (1-25), Item 1.
Box No. 1 (1-25) Material dealing with the origin and outbreak
of the Civil War. In some instances heavily annotated and with side comments by Turner.
Box No. 2 (26-40) Continuation of materials on the Civil War.
In addition to the usual offprints, clippings, pamphlets, etc., this box contains three
student papers prepared in Turner's courses.
Box No. 3 (41-64) A continuation of Civil War materials, with
emphasis on military events. one student paper, from Turner's Harvard period, is
included.
Box No. 4 (65-83) Largely magazine clippings, but with a few
additional items, dealing with the military history of the Civil War. Greatest emphasis is
on the Battle of Gettysburg.
Box No. 5 (84-100) A continuation of materials on the military
history of the Civil War, with later battles emphasized.
Box No. 6 (101-110) Materials dealing with diplomatic aspects
of the Civil War.
Box No. 7 (111-138) Reprints, pamphlets, clippings and the like
concerning the early phases of Reconstruction, and particularly the administration of Andrew
Johnson.
Box No. 8 (139-159) A continuation of materials of
reconstruction, with some also on the purchase of Alaska.
Box No. 9 (160-168) Miscellaneous materials, having little
relationship to contents of earlier boxes. Two items deserve special mention. One is a
series of pages clipped from the 1890 census report containing the well-known passage on the
closing of the frontier, underlined by Turner. The other is an 1891 advance sheet on the
1890 census, dealing with the spread of population between 1790-1890. (Items 163 and
164).
Box No. 10 (169-206) Pamphlets, magazine articles, and
newspaper clippings on technological developments and especially on the depletion of natural
resources in relation to growing population needs. Source materials for Clark University
address.
Box No. 11 (207-228) Materials dealing with political history
after Reconstruction, and emphasizing the Progressive Period. The last items are on labor
and immigration history and policies for the period.
Box No. 12 (229-249) Materials on labor are continued from the
last box; this box also contains items on the South in the twentieth century. Newspaper
clippings are more numerous than in many earlier boxes.
Box No. 13 (250-274) Beginning with a few items on the South,
this box also contains some materials on the Pacific Northwest and the northern Great
Plains. A few items deal with foreign policy in the twentieth century.
Box No. 14 (275-298) Clippings predominate in this box, on
politics in the 1880's and 1920's.
7: Miscellaneous
The following items are included in the collection of Turner papers:
Maps. Maps drawn or used by Turner are in two filing-case size
drawers. These include many political maps ofir others of a like nature used to illustrate
his sectionalism concept. Note: In addition to the maps in these two drawers, hundreds of
others are scattered through the large file drawers containing his research and reading
notes.
Student Thesis. One large file drawer contains a number of
theses prepared in Turner's classes and seminars. These have been arranged alphabetically
and labeled by Merrill H. Crissey, Mr. Turner's secretary. They have also been dated where
this is possible. Note: Many other theses, term papers, and seminar reports prepared in
Professor Turner's classes are scattered through File Drawers 1-22 and A-L.
Lantern Slides. The lantern slides used by Turner in his
teaching and lectures are collected in nine special boxes. These are apparently exactly as
they were left by Turner, with one box containing slides for the lecture given at Pasadena,
probably untouched since the lecture was given. Many of the slides are of political maps,
elections, congressional votes, etc., prepared by Turner.
Ephemera. Miscellaneous materials having only a remote
connection to Turner's career as teacher or scholar have been assembled in a flat cardboard
box labeled "Ephemera." Most of these are of little value to the student. Included are many
of the advertisements and similar material received through the mails after his death.
8: Index cards
These index cards consist of typewritten and handwritten notes regarding Turner and
Western history.
Processing Information
This finding aid was updated in 2022 by Melissa Haley as part of the American Presidential
Papers Project with enhanced description of the presidential material present.
In June 2024, oversize rolled maps originally located in box 69 were separted into boxes
69-71. The maps are numbered and a print out of the key is included in each box.
Arrangement
There are roughly eight sections in this collection: 1) Correspondence and Documents, 2)
Manuscript Volumes, 3) File Drawers 1-22, 4) File Drawers A-L, 5) 3 x 5 File Drawers 1-19,
6) Black Boxes 1-14, 7) Miscellaneous, 8) Index cards
Subjects and Indexing Terms
Frontier and pioneer life--United States
Frontier thesis
Historians--United States--19th century
Historians--United States--20th century
Sectionalism (United States)
United States--History--19th century
United States--Politics and government--19th century
West (U.S.)--History--19th century
Clippings (information artifacts)--United States
Ephemera--United States
Essays--United States
Lantern slides--United States
Lectures--United States
Letters (correspondence)--United States
Manuscripts for publication--United States
Maps--United States
Photographs--United States
Research notes--United States
Speeches--United States
Turner, Frederick Jackson,
1861-1932--Archives
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 1861-1932--Frontier in
American history
American Historical Association
Harvard University
Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery
Johns Hopkins
University
University of Wisconsin--Madison
Wilson, Woodrow,
1856-1924
1: Correspondence and Documents
1877-1963
Abstract: General correspondence during
Turner's life is contained in Boxes 1 through 52. Biographical and Autobiographical
material is contained in Box 53. Manuscripts and Documents are in Boxes 54 through 57.
Also in this series is the Turner-Hooper correspondence, which is contained in 8
boxes.
General correspondence
1879/1963
Physical Description:
60 boxes
Box 1
General correspondence
(1879-1894)
Box 2
General correspondence
(1895-1899)
Box 3
General correspondence
(1900-1902)
Scope and Contents
Folder 28 contains two typescript letters signed from Woodrow Wilson, Princeton,
New Jersey, to Frederick Jackson Turner dated 1900 March 10 (2 pages) and 1900 April
4 (3 pages).
Box 4
General correspondence
(1903-1904)
Box 5
General correspondence
(1905, Jan.-May)
Box 5A
General correspondence
(1905, June-Dec.)
Box 6
General correspondence
(1906, Jan.-Feb.)
Box 6A
General correspondence
(1906, Mar.-May)
Box 7
General correspondence
(1906, Apr.-Dec.)
Box 8
General correspondence
(1907, Jan.-Mar)
Box 9
General correspondence
(1907, Apr.-June)
Scope and Contents
Folder 51 contains typescript letter signed from Woodrow Wilson, Princeton, New
Jersey, to Frederick Jackson Turner, 1907 June 17 (1 page).
Box 9A
General correspondence
(1907, July-Dec.)
Box 10
General correspondence
(1908, Jan.-Apr.)
Box 11
General correspondence
(1908, May-Dec.)
Box 12
General correspondence
(1909, Jan.-Sep.)
Box 13
General correspondence
(1909, Oct.-Dec.)
Box 14
General correspondence
(1910, Jan.-May)
Box 15
General correspondence
(1910, June-Dec.)
Box 16
General correspondence
(1911, Jan.-Dec.)
Box 17
General correspondence
(1912, Jan-May)
Box 18
General correspondence
(1912, June-Dec.)
Box 19
General correspondence
(1913, Jan.-May)
Box 20
General correspondence
(1913, June-Oct.)
Box 20A
General correspondence
(1913, Nov.-Dec.)
Box 21
General correspondence
(1914, (Jan.-July)
Box 22
General correspondence
(1914, Aug.-Dec.)
Box 23
General correspondence
(1915, Jan.-Feb.)
Box 24
General correspondence
(1915, Mar.-May)
Box 25
General correspondence
(1915, June-Dec.)
Box 26
General correspondence
(1916, Jan.-Dec.)
Box 27
General correspondence
(1917, Jan.-Dec.)
Box 28
General correspondence
(1918, Jan.-Dec.)
Box 29
General correspondence
(1919, Jan.-Dec.)
Box 30
General correspondence
(1920, Jan.-Dec.)
Box 31
General correspondence
(1921 & 1922, Jan.-Mar)
Box 31A
General correspondence
(1922, Apr.-Dec.)
Box 32
General correspondence
(1923, Jan.-Dec.)
Box 33
General correspondence
(1924, Jan.-Dec.)
Box 34
General correspondence
(1925, Jan.-Dec.)
Box 34A
General correspondence
(1925, July-Dec.)
Box 35
General correspondence
(1926, Jan.-June)
Box 35A
General correspondence
(1926, July-Dec.)
Box 36
General correspondence
(1927, Jan.-June)
Box 37
General correspondence
(1927, July-Dec.)
Box 38
General correspondence
(1928, Jan.-Mar.)
Box 39
General correspondence
(1928, Apr.-Aug.)
Box 40
General correspondence
(1928, Sep.-Dec.)
Box 41
General correspondence
(1929, Jan.-Apr.)
Box 42
General correspondence
(1929, May-Dec.)
Box 43
General correspondence
(1930, Jan.-Feb.)
Box 44
General correspondence
(1930, Mar.-June)
Box 44A
General correspondence
(1930, July-Dec.)
Box 45
General correspondence
(1931, Jan.-June)
Box 46
General correspondence
(1931, July-Dec.)
Box 47
General correspondence
(1932, Jan.-Mar.)
Box 48
General correspondence
(1932, Apr.-June 10)
Box 49
General correspondence
(1932, June 11-Dec.)
Box 50
General correspondence
(1933, Jan.-Apr.)
Box 50A
General correspondence
(1933, May-Dec.)
Box 51
General correspondence
(1934, Jan.-Dec.)
Box 52
General correspondence
(1935-1963)
Biographical and Autobiographical Material
1907-1933
Physical Description:
1 boxes
Box 53
Biographical and Autobiographical Material
1907-1933
Manuscripts and Documents
1877/1932
Physical Description:
4 boxes
Box 54
Manuscripts and Documents
(1877-1933)
Box 55
Manuscripts and Documents
(1900-1910)
Box 56
Manuscripts and Documents
(1911-1926)
Box 57
Manuscripts and Documents
(1927-1955)
Diaries, Ephemera, Maps, Photographs, and other material
Physical Description:
7 boxes
Box 58A
Maps. Note: There is an additional box of maps found in Series
7
Box 58C
Photographs: May include boyhood pictures of Turner, his family, and
friends, as well as pictures taken during his teaching career
Box 59
Ephemera. Note: There is an additional box of ephemera found in Series
7
(1880-1928)
Box 60
Ephemera: Fragmentary letters and newspaper clippings
(1929-1947)
Box 61
Business papers, receipts, etc.
Box 62
Pocket diary pages, scrapbook kept by Turner, genealogical data, and
miscellaneous sketches
Henry Holt & Company correspondence
Physical Description:
1 boxes
Box 63
Henry Holt & Company correspondence
Turner Family letters
Physical Description:
11 boxes
Box A
Turner Family letters
(1862-1887, May)
Box B
Turner Family letters
(1887, June-Dec.)
Box C
Turner Family letters
(1888, Jan.-Sep.)
Box D
Turner Family letters
(1888, Oct.-1889, July)
Box E
Turner Family letters
(1889, Aug.-1893)
Box F
Turner Family letters
(1894-1904)
Box G
Turner Family letters
(1905-1910)
Box H
Turner Family letters
(1911-1913)
Box I
Turner Family letters
(1914-1921)
Box J
Turner Family letters
(1922-1926)
Box K
Turner Family letters
(1927-1939)
Turner-Hooper and other correspondence
Physical Description:
15 boxes
Box 1
Turner-Hooper correspondence
(1910-1912)
Box 2
Turner-Hooper correspondence
(1913-1914)
Box 3
Turner-Hooper correspondence
(1915-1917, June)
Box 4
Turner-Hooper correspondence
(1917, July-1919)
Box 5
Turner-Hooper correspondence
(1920-1924)
Box 6
Turner-Hooper correspondence
(1925-1926)
Box 7
Turner-Hooper correspondence
(1927-1929)
Box 8
Turner-Hooper correspondence
(1930-1944)
Box 9
Turner-Hooper correspondence: Typewritten copies of originals in Boxes
1-4
(1910-1918)
Box 10
Turner-Hooper correspondence: Typewritten copies of originals in Boxes
5-8
(1920-1944)
2: Manuscript Volumes
1883-1932
Physical Description:
20 Volumes
TU Vol. 1
Physical Description: Red Book
TU Vol. 2
(1923-1924)
Physical Description: Blue Book
TU Vol. 3 (1 & 2): Commonplace Book
(1883-1887)
Physical Description: Two paper-bound
notebooks
TU Vol. 4: A.J. Turner, History of Portage
[approximately 1900]-
Physical Description: Bound in hard covers
TU Vol. 5: Letters of Condolence
(1932)
Physical Description: In a portfolio
Volume 6
TU Vol. 6: Collection of Syllabuses
[approximately 1893]
Physical Description: Hard-cover folder
TU Vol. 7: Bibliography of United States
TU Vol. 8: Dictionary of American Biography
Physical Description: Bound volume
TU Vol. 9: Town and Gown Club
Physical Description: Facsimile
TU Vol. 10: Diary and Correspondence Relating to Children
(1890-1893)
Physical Description: Handwritten on cheap
paper
TU Vol. 11: Journal of a Camping Trip
(1908)
Physical Description: Handwritten in pencil on small
sheets of paper
TU Vol. 12: Household Account Book
(1921-1922)
Physical Description: Written in pen
TU Vols. 13-18: Student Notebooks
[approx. 1880s]
TU Vol. 19: Retiring Allowance correspondence
Physical Description: Letters bound in a
folder
TU Vol. 20: References on the History of the West
(1920 and 1922)
Physical Description: Three copies
Box 67
Volumes 21-22
Scope and Contents
Materials related to property ownership.
Box 68
Volume 23
Scope and Contents
Harvard Notes - History of West
File Drawers 1-9
Physical Description:
42 boxes
Box 1 A-E
New England, 1492-1659; Middle Colonies, 1492-1659, South, 1492-1659, the
West, 1492-1659; New England, 1660-1689; Middle Colonies, 1660-1689
Box 2 A-E
South, 1660-1689; General, 1690-1763; Middle Atlantic, 1690-1763; South,
1690-1763; New England, 1690-1763
Box 3A-D
South, 1690-1763; West, 1690-1763; Far West, 1690-1763; General, 1761-1782;
New England, 1764-1782; Middle Atlantic, 1764-1782
Box 4 A-E
West, 1764-1782; General, 1783-1788; New England, 1783-1788; Middle
Atlantic, 1783-1788; West, 1783-1788
Box 6 A-E
General, 1789-1818 continued
Box 7 A-E
New England, 1789-1818; Middle Atlantic, 1789-1818; South, 1789-1818; West,
1789-1818; General, 1819-1829; New England, 1819-1829
Box 8 A-D
Middle Atlantic, 1819-1829; South, 1818-1829; Middle West, 1819-1829; Far
West, 1818-1829; General, 1830-1850
Box 9 A-D
General, 1830-1850, continued
File Drawer 10
Physical Description:
4 boxes
Abstract: Lecture notes and completed
lectures
Box 10 A-D
Principally important are the lecture notes and completed lectures,
especially those for the History of Liberty series given at Harvard University
shortly after World War I
File Drawers 11-12
Physical Description:
7 boxes
Box 11 A-D
New England, 1830-1850; Middle Atlantic, 1830-1850; South, 1830-1820;
Middle West, 1830-1850; Far West, 1830-1850; General, 1851-1865
Box 12 A-C
New England, 1851-1865; Middle Atlantic, 1851-1865; South, 1851-1865;
Middle West, 1851-1865; Far West, 1851-1865
File Drawer 13
Physical Description:
4 boxes
Box 13 A-D
Research notes accumulated by Turner for his never-completed biography of
George Rogers Clark
File Drawers 14-15
Physical Description:
9 boxes
File Drawers 16-21
Physical Description:
22 boxes
Box 20 A-C
New England, 1866 to present; Middle Atlantic, 1866 to present; South, 1866
to present; Middle West, 1866 to present. The bulk to the contents are in the latter
category. At rear a few miscellaneous items, including skyscraper book
Box 21 A-C
The West, 1866 to present. In this drawer materials are arranged topically,
under railroads, mining, cattlemen, agrarian movements, and the like. Many of the
books and articles have been annotated or underlined by Turner, with his usual red
pencil. At the rear of the drawer are several folders marked "Miscellany" which
contain a variety of reading notes, bibliography, etc., dealing with an earlier
period
File Drawer 22
Physical Description:
3 boxes
Box A 1-5
[In folders at the front of the drawer are the correspondence between the
Huntington Library and Henry Holt & Co. concerning the publishing of the book, and
the accounts of Merrill H. Crissey, Professor Turner's secretary.] *All Holt
correspondence has been placed in TU Box 63.* Then follow drafts of the chapters,
usually typed carbons heavily corrected in Turner's hand. Drafts of the introduction
and some other parts of chapters are in Turner's hand. Each chapter is accompanied by
a series of notes and memoranda by the editors, which admirably illustrate the
problems of posthumous publication
Box B 1-5
This contains the rough data and Turner's notes for political developments
during the period covered by the book. The large quantities of statistical data
gathered by Professor Turner as the basis for his analysis of elections and for the
maps of elections and congressional votes provide admirable evidence of the factual
basis for each of his generalizations. This evidence was too voluminous to be shown in
footnotes
Box C 1-5
The material contained in this drawer deals largely with the public issues of
the Jackson-Tyler administrations: nullification, the tariff, the bank war, the
independent treasury, foreign relations, etc. Included are many copies of documents
from archives in the United States and Europe, in addition to the usual reading notes,
seminar reports, offprints, etc.
Box D 1-5
Included in this drawer are materials for the later political history of the
period 1830-1850. Reading notes, maps, seminar reports, offprints, documents, etc. are
supplemented by a few of Turner's rough-draft chapters extending through the Polk
Administration. The rear of the drawer contains materials not yet reduced to written
form when death intervened, extending the story to 1850
Box E 1-3
In this drawer are various drafts of the manuscripts for the Lowell Institute
Lectures that Turner delivered in Boston in 1918 on "The United States and its
Sections, 1830-1850." Because many pages of the lectures were later removed to be
incorporated in "the" book, most of the lectures are not complete. Enough of them
remain to indicate the scope and interpretation of the subject
Box F 1-4
This is devoted to materials for the chapter of the North Central States,
1830-1850. In contains a draft of the chapter, as well as the usual notes, maps,
reading materials, etc. Specific items such as the effect of glaciation, population
movements, the cost of moving west, and the like, illustrate again the staggering
amount of evidence that underlay each generalization in the final draft
Box G 1-5
This is also devoted exclusively to materials on the North Central States,
with notes, memos, and manuscript drafts on such topics a agriculture, transportation,
business, banking,and the land system. These are a number of preliminary drafts in
Turner's hand of sections on canals, and other small parts of the whole
Box H 1-5
In this drawer are comparable materials dealing with the political and
cultural history of the North Central States, 1830-1850
Box I 1-5
This drawer contains reading notes and similar materials for the first five
chapters of the book: the introduction, the United States in 1830, and the discussions
of New England, the Middle Atlantic states, and the South Atlantic states. In each
case various drafts of the chapters or fragments of chapters are filed with the other
notes
Box J 1-5
In this are comparable materials for the chapters on the South Central states
and for Texas and the Far West. There are no drafts of chapters included, but
fragments of drafts are tucked in with the other materials
Box K 1-5
This is devoted to materials on the Far West that formed a basis for the
latter part of the Texas and Far West chapter. The usual reading notes, theses,
pamphlets, offprints, etc. deal with such subjects as Indians, trade, settlement of
Oregon, etc.
Box L 1-4
Largely compiled after Turner's death, and having little relation to the
other materials in this bank of drawers, this drawer deals largely with the
preparation posthumously of Turner's book of essays on Sections in American History.
Included is the correspondence between the editors and Henry Holt & Co., the
publishers, a folder of permissions from prior publishers of the materials, copies of
each of the original essays sent to the publishers to be reproduced, and a variety of
materials on sectionalism that have no connection with the book: many maps by Turner,
one manuscript on sectionalism, jottings by Turner on the subject, offprints,
articles, and similar materials on the subject
5: Contents of 3 x 5 Files
Maps
Physical Description:
1 boxes
Turner Students' Papers
Physical Description:
5 boxes
Lantern Slides
Physical Description:
15 boxes
Box 4
Lantern Slides
(1850-1890)
Box 9
Lantern Slides: United States Part A
(1830-1850)
Box 10
Lantern Slides: United States Part B
(1830-1850)
Box 15
Lantern Slides. Note: Some slides are broken
Ephemera
Physical Description:
1 unit
(2 boxes, 1 oversize folder, and 1 volume)
Box 1
Ephemera
Scope and Contents
Empty cigar box. Transferred from C. Cherbosque, Jan. 1997
Box FAC 1337
Littlefield, Henry M. "Textbooks, Determinism and Turner: The Westward
Movement in Secondary School, History and Geography, 1830-1960
FAC 1337
Volume 24
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 1861-1932. The Frontier in American
History
HM 55672
Scope and Contents
Gift of Mrs. Homer D. Crotty
Box 1
Index cards: Miscellaneous Notes
Box 2
Index cards: Frontier Notes
Box 3
Index cards: Frontier Image #1
Box 4
Index cards: Frontier Image #1 and 2
Box 5
Index cards: Frontier Image #2 and Turner Chronological
Box 6
Index cards: Turner Chronological
Box 7
Index cards: Turner Chronological
Box 8
Index cards: Turner Chronological
Box 9
Index cards: Turner Chronological and Westward Expansion Reading
Notes
Box 10
Index cards: Westward Expansion Reading Notes
Box 11
Index cards: Westward Expansion Reading Notes and Far Western Frontier
Reading Notes
Box 12
Index cards: Far Western Frontier Reading Notes
Box 13
Index cards: Far Western Frontier Reading Notes and Lecture Notes
Intellectual History Frontier History
Box 14
Index cards: Lecture Notes Intellectual History Frontier History
Box 15
Index cards: Far Western Frontier Chapters 9-14