Register of the Okhrana records
Finding aid prepared by Andrej Kobal and Sally DeBauche
Hoover Institution Archives
434 Galvez Mall
Stanford University
Stanford, CA, 94305-6010
(650) 723-3563
hooverarchives@stanford.edu
© 1964, 2016
Title: Okhrana records
Date (inclusive): 1883-1917
Collection Number: 26001
Contributing Institution:
Hoover Institution Archives
Language of Material:
Russian
Physical Description:
232 manuscript boxes, 86 card file boxes, 6 oversize boxes
(194.6 linear feet)
Abstract: Intelligence reports from agents in the field and
the Paris office, dispatches, circulars, headquarters studies, correspondence of
revolutionaries, and photographs, relating to activities of Russian revolutionists
abroad. Collection is available on microfilm (509 reels). Digital copies of select records also available at
https://digitalcollections.hoover.org.
Physical Location: Hoover Institution Archives
Creator:
Russia. Departament politsii. Zagranichnaia agentura
(Paris)
Access
The Hoover Institution Archives only allows access to
copies of audiovisual items. To
listen to sound recordings or to view videos or films during your visit, please
contact the Archives at least two working days before your arrival. We will then
advise you of the accessibility of the material you wish to see or hear. Please note
that not all audiovisual material is immediately accessible.
Publication Rights
For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Archives.
Preferred Citation
[Identification of item], Okhrana records, [Index number, Folder number], Hoover
Institution Archives.
Acquisition Information
Acquired by the Hoover Institution Archives in 1926.
Accruals
Materials may have been added to the collection since this finding aid was prepared.
To determine if this has occurred, find the collection in Stanford University's
online catalog at
http://searchworks.stanford.edu/. Materials have been added to the
collection if the number of boxes listed in the catalog is larger than the number of
boxes listed in this finding aid.
Alternate Forms Available
Related Collections
Vladimir A. Burtsev papers, Hoover Institution Archives
Vasilii A. Maklakov papers, Hoover Institution Archives
Aleksandr Pavlovich Martynov writings, Hoover Institution Archives
Boris Nicolaevsky papers, Hoover Institution Archives
Winifred V. Ramplee-Smith collection, Hoover Institution Archives
Russia. Posol'stvo (France) records, Hoover Institution Archives
Russian subject collection, Hoover Institution Archives
Viktor Nikolaevich Russiian typescript, Hoover Institution Archives
Historical Note
Russian Imperial Secret Police (Okhrana), Paris office.
Scope and Content of Collection
Intelligence reports from agents in the field and the Paris office, dispatches,
circulars, headquarters studies, correspondence of revolutionaries, and photographs,
relating to activities of Russian revolutionists abroad. Collection is available on
microfilm (509 reels).
Subjects and Indexing Terms
Russia. Okhrannyi͡a otdi͡elenīi͡a.
Revolutionaries--Russia.
Secret service--Russia.
Socialism--Russia.
Russia--History--Alexander III, 1881-1894.
Russia--History--Nicholas II, 1894-1917.
Boxes 1-3
I. History of the Okhrana
Scope and Contents note
The files of the Okhrana office in Paris don't contain statute books giving
the legal provision of the agency or printed materials on its establishment
and growth. The Special Corps of Gendarmes publications that comprise part
of this file, however, give frequent references to pertinent legislation.
The collection of annual
Vedomost' and
Obzor, large volumes covering the period
1887-1901, while intended for the purpose of briefing Okhrana personnel,
present the intelligence service by guberniia and illustrate the history of
the Okhrana within the empire. The yearly volumes of the
Vedomost' (Reports of the Findings of the
Imperial Gendarmerie Concerning Offenses Against the State) cover the period
from 1887-1897 (with volumes 1892-1894 bound together with the volumes of
the
Obzor). The
Obzor (Review of Important Findings of the Gendarmerie) covers
the years 1892-1901.
Another printed item included under this index is the 1894
Zapiska (a report on the political situation in
Poland), which gives Okhrana accounts by guberniia. A short history of the
Okhrana abroad is also given in the notes of principal agent Marcel
Bittard-Monin, while the small number of documents under this topic serve as
a sampling of early operations or as a reference to the laws concerning the
service.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 1-11
Vedomost' doznaniam, proizvodishimsia v
zhandarmskikh upravleniakh Imperii po gosudarstvennym
prestupleniam,
1887-1897
Index I, Folder 1
Volume XII,
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 4
Index I, Folder 2
Volume XIII,
1888
Access
Available on microfilm reel 4
Index I, Folder 3
Volume XIV,
1889
Access
Available on microfilm reel 4
Index I, Folder 4
Volume XV,
1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 4
Index I, Folder 5
Volume XVI,
1891
Access
Available on microfilm reel 4
Index I, Folder 6
Volume XVIII,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 6
Index I, Folder 7
Volume XIX,
1895
Access
Available on microfilm reel 6
Index I, Folder 8
Volume XX,
1896
Access
Available on microfilm reel 6
Index I, Folder 9
Volume XXI,
1897
Access
Available on microfilm reel 6
Obzor vaznieishikh doznanii, proizvodivshikhsia v
zhandarmskikh upravleniiakh Imperii, po gosudarstvennym
prestupleniiam
,
1892-1901
Index I, Folder 10
Volume XVII,
1892-1893
Access
Available on microfilm reel 10
Index I, Folder 11
Volume XVIII,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 10
Index I, Folder 12
Volumes XIX-XX,
1895-1896
Access
Available on microfilm reel 8
Index 1, Folder 13
Volume XXI,
1897
Access
Available on microfilm reel 8
Index I, Folder 14
Volume XXII-XXIII,
1898-1899
Access
Available on microfilm reel 8
Scope and Contents note
Includes appended alphabetical list of offenders.
Index I, Folder 15
Volume XXIV,
1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 9
Index I, Folder 16
Volume XXV,
1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 9
Index I, Folder 17
Memorandum of the French Minister of the Interior to the Minister
of Foreign Affairs,
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 18
Background information on French Minister Lockroy,
1873
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 19
Notes of principal non-Russian agent Marcel Bittard-Monin on the
history of the Okhrana in Paris
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 20
News item on a meeting of security chiefs in
Petersburg,
1913 July
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 21
References to the basic law of 1896 on the maintenance of Okhrana
personnel. Incoming dispatch,
1904 April 20
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 22
Incoming and circular letters,
1903, 1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 23
Zapiska. Printed report on the political
situation in Poland; Okhrana accounts by guberniias,
1895
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 24
Reference sheet: See IIc for
Obshchii
sostav upravlenii i chinov otdel'nago korpusa
zhandarmov
Boxes 4-10
II. History of Okhrana abroad
Box 4
a. Paris office
Scope and Contents note
The earliest document in this series is dated 1886, the year after Petr
Ivanovich Rachkovskii was sent to Paris as the representative of the
Ministry of Internal Affairs (M.V.D.), or several years after his
predecessor Petr Vasil'evich Korvin-Krukovskii (Pierre Newsky) was known
to have acted in the Okhrana capacity in France.
Only the dispatches concerning the growth and responsibilities of the
Okhrana office are included in this series. Of particular significance
is Rachkovskii's letter to Fragnan, chief of the Paris police,
explaining his position and responsibility as chief of the Okhrana
mission in Paris. A short draft on the history of the Paris Office and
activities prepared by a member of the 1917 commission which terminated
the Okhrana abroad is also included.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIa, Folder 1
Incoming and outgoing Okhrana dispatches concerning the
growth, responsibilities, and management of the Paris
office,
1886-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIa, Folder 2
Instructions for collecting military intelligence issued to
Manasevich-Manuilov,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIa, Folder 3
English translation of Rachkovskii's letter to Fragnan, Chief
of Police of Paris, explaining his position and responsibilities as
Okhrana chief in Paris,
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIa, Folder 4
Introductory draft on the history of the Paris Okhrana,
written for publication by a member of the revolutionary
investigative commission,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Scope and Contents note
Includes an English translation.
Reference: See IId for letter of instructions for the
reorganization of the Paris Agentura, 1913
Boxes 4-7
b. European and other outposts
General
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIb, Folder 1
Outgoing reports #1360 and #1361 on the organization of
surveillance according to new principles,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Scope and Contents note
Includes a list of agents by country.
Index IIb, Folder 2
Notes giving agents' names and spheres of operation by
countries and targets,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIb, Folder 3
Distribution of deep cover agents of military age by
countries,
1914 or
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIb, Folder 4
Incoming and outgoing dispatches,
1906-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIb, Folder 5
Reference: See operational card file by countries in
XIIIf(4)
Austria-Hungary
Scope and Contents note
Proposals were made for the establishment of a separate agentura in
Vienna, but no action was taken despite the fact that Russian
revolutionaries in Galicia and Trieste (as described in the case of
the transfer of large sums of money through a Ljubljana bank) called
for some local operations. The only permanent Okhrana agent resident
in Vienna was Hans Tuppinger. (See his file in IIIe, Folder
3)
Index IIb, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to operational tasks and placement
of agents,
1906-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Balkan Okhranka
Scope and Contents note
The Balkan Okhrana was subject to many changes, first with an office
in Romania reporting to Odessa, then changing the seat to Sofia and
reporting to the Paris Office. The organization developed into a
major network, with operatives in all the Balkan countries and
Vienna. The documents contained in this collection cover the period
from 1886 to 1906, when the Balkan Okhrana ceased as separate
unit.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 11-12
Index IIb, Folder 1
Incoming and outgoing dispatches concerning the Balkan
Okhranka (Bucharest and Sofia),
1886-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIb, Folder 2
Operational and intelligence reports by Okhranka chief
Vladimir Przhestiak (Tsitovskii) from Bucharest,
1902-1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 3
Letters from agent Melas,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 4
Letters from agent Alfredi in Romania,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 5
Letter on engaging agents on the Prut river
border,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 6
Names and addreses of four Balkan Okhranka
agents
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Germany
Scope and Contents note
Folder 4 contains only a small portion of the archive of the
Berlin Agentura, which existed as a completely separate
establishment attached to the imperial consulate from 1900 to 1904,
under the direction of Arkadii Garting. He reported directly to
Headquarters, but copies of all dispatches were also sent to the
Paris Office. Upon liquidation, the archives of the Berlin Agentura
were transferred to Paris. See particularly the separate sets of
Berlin dispatches of the period in the Outgoing and Incoming volumes
under XIIIb(1) and XIIIc(1). The dispatches and notes in this
collection pertain to the structure and functioning of the Berlin
Agentura, the agent problems after its closure, and a note relating
to non-Russian agent work in Germany in 1911. For agent activities
in Germany from 1905 to 1914, see folders on agents Neuhaus and
Woltz in IIIe, Folder 3, and in VIk.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 1
Dispatches concerning the Berlin Agentura and subsequent
Okhrana establishment in Germany,
1900-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 2
Letters written by agents or prospective agents after the
closing of the Berlin Agentura,
1905-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 3
Reports from an agent named Hengl,
1906-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 4
Note concerning non-Russian agents' work in
Germany,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 5
Reference: See reports of agents Neuhaus and Woltz from
1901-1905 in VIk
Index IIb, Folder 6
Reference: See Garting's first progress report, September
1/14, 1905, in IIa, Folder 1
Italy
Scope and Contents note
A separate agentura responsible to the Paris Office was recommended
in a 1909 dispatch. No action was taken, despite major operational
tasks along the Italian Riviera, where several of the more
prosperous revolutionaries had settled. Instead, the Paris Office
had a continuous rotation of networks of surveillance agents in the
area and operatives in contact with post offices and the police. In
1914, principal agent Invernizzi established a cover firm for
Italian Okhrana agents which was administered as a separate team
until the Okhrana's termination. (See also the folder in IIIg for
the cover firm in Italy and other folders on Invernizzi in IIIe and
VIk.)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 1
Outgoing dispatch to Headquarters recommending the
establishment of an agentura in Italy,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 2
Intelligence and operational reports submitted to Paris
Office by principal agent Invernizzi for his team operating in
Italy,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Scandinavia
Scope and Contents note
A separate agentura was proposed for Scandinavia in 1906 to
investigate arms shipments and clandestine routes. The proposal was
not accepted. Agent Sambain's missions to Scandinavia developed some
intelligence reporting equivalent to that of a permanent outpost.
See XIc(1).
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 1
Dispatches recommending agentura establishments in Sweden
and Norway,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Switzerland
Scope and Contents note
Folder 6 contains a small number of documents referring to other
European outposts. Two sets of reports from Switzerland reveal that
Bogdanov was a resident agent there in 1887 and Dmitriev in
1907-1908, each reporting directly to the Paris Office. Surveillance
agents, likewise, were at times resident operatives working closely
with local security officers, and at times engaging them as Okhrana
agents. See documents on agent Treichler in IIIe, Folder 3.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 1
Reports from agent Bogdanov to Chief Rachkovskii in
Paris,
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 2
Reports from agent Dmitriev,
1907-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
United States
Scope and Contents note
At times, a separate outpost was proposed for the United States, but
never successfully. The Paris Office was on record as having no
adequate coverage for revolutionaries in North America. There was
some correspondence with the consular offices in the United States
and reports were received from various Russian exiles. Extensive
coverage came only after the dispatch of George Patrick to New York
in 1912. (See folder on Patrick "Lucy" in IIIf.) The Investigation
Commission of 1917 traced 11 Okhrana secret agents in the United
States and Canada, according to a draft memo in this folder.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 1
Dispatch from Headquarters in St. Petersburg requesting
surveillance of revolutionary Govorukhin going to
America,
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 2
Okhrana agents in America, a roster compiled by the
Investigation Commission,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 3
Reference: See folder on agent Patrick (Lucy) in
IIIf
England
Scope and Contents note
The first request of Headquarters to dispatch Paris agents to London
came in 1890. Throughout the 1890s, there are records of resident
secret agents, both British and Russian, but they were essentially
only correspondents. At no time until 1912 did there appear anything
like a regular outpost. Intelligence requirements were covered by
individually engaged agents and by close liaison with Scotland Yard.
When Francis Powell became a principal agent in London, the
non-Russian agents came under his supervision, while Captains Dolgov
and Litvin served at various times as resident case officers for the
Russian secret operatives. During World War I, the Okhrana kept a
resident in Newcastle to monitor arriving and departing Russian
passengers.
Among the voluminous papers in this collection, Folder 2 contains
mostly reports from the 1890s. The names of British people in the
service of the Okhrana are in Folder 4. The folders containing
agent Powell's dispatches discuss operational problems in London,
instructions, monthly statements of accounts, and other
materials.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 12-16
Index IIb, Folder 1
Dispatches on the placement of agents in
London,
1890-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 2
Reports from London agents, including Farce, on Burtsev,
anarchists, Free Russia, and other early revolutionary
groups,
1891-1902
Access
Available on microfilm reels 12-14
Index IIb, Folder 3
French translation of news items attacking the Okhrana
establishment in London,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 4
Names of British in the service of the
Okhrana,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 5
Letters from principal agent Francis Powell concerning
operational problems in London,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 6
Letters from Chief Krasil'nikov to case officer Anton
Ivanovich Litvin in London,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Operational and intelligence reports from case officer
Litvin in London to Chief Krasil'nikov in Paris
Index IIb, Folder 7
1915 April-September
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 8
1915 October-December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 9
1916 January-April
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 10
1916 May-November
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 11
Financial statements, expense accounts, and receipts
pertaining to operations of case officer Litvin in
London,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 15
London office (Powell and others) monthly statements of
accounts, receipts, and bills,
1906-1917
Index IIb, Folder 12
1906-1915 June
Access
Available on microfilm reel 15
Index IIb, Folder 13
1915 July-December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 15
Index IIb, Folder 14
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 15
Index IIb, Folder 15
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 16
Index IIb, Folder 16
Receipts of individual British agents,
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 16
Index IIb, Folder 17
Letters of instructions from Bittard-Monin to Powell in
London,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 16
Box 7
c. Official rosters and other publications
Scope and Contents note
The three volumes filed under this index are the only printed reference
materials found in the Okhrana files. They include a book on the
structure, administration, and ranks of the Corps of Gendarmes, lists of
officers associated with the Okhrana abroad, and a book on rail
facilities with a chapter on passenger regulations, including provisions
on state security.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 16-18
Index IIc, Folder 1
Obshchii sostav upravelnii i chinov otdel'nago
korpusa zhandarmov
, St. Petersburg,
1903 July 20
Access
Available on microfilm reel 16
Index IIc, Folder 2
Ezhegodnik Ministerstva Inostrannykh
Del
,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 16
Index IIc, Folder 3
Ukazatel' zheleznodorozhnykh, parokhodnykh i
drugikh passazhirskikh soobshchenii
,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reels 17-18
Box 8
d. Reorganization of 1913
Scope and Contents note
The radical reorganization in 1913 of the Okhrana abroad affected mostly
non-Russian agent networks. Revolutionary counterintelligence under
Burtsev was never in a position to expose the identities of Russian
secret agents more than one at a time, since these agents operated alone
and unknown to each other. Non-Russian agents, however, usually worked
in teams, so each one often knew his colleagues. Thus, when any
non-Russian agent went "sour," there was the immediate danger he would
betray Okhrana agents to the revolutionaries. These non-Russian agents
were predominantly mercenary; some earned money from the revolutionaries
after they had lost their income from the Okhrana.
In 1913 Burtsev's office was able to furnish releases to the Paris press
listing the names and affiliations of most of the Okhrana's non-Russian
agents. Propaganda against the Okhrana abroad led to parliamentary
interpellations and general public condemnation of the "ruthless tsarist
police" in France, England, Italy, and elsewhere. The Okhrana was forced
to reorganize. It made public announcements of complete dissolution and
went through the motions of dismissing all non-Russian agents, whether
exposed to the public or not.
In the meantime, however, the Okhrana set up a cover firm in France to
absorb the better operatives and set up agents in Italy, England, and
elsewhere on a different, more secure administrative footing. The
dispatches in this collection contain some exhaustive analysis of the
operational problems as interpreted by the Paris Chief Krasil'nikov and
comments received from all top officials at Headquarters.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 1
Dispatch from Headquarters discussing problems prior to
reorganization,
1913 September
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 2
Memorandum from Chief Beletskii at Headquarters stating the
difficulties of the Paris Okhrana and the need for
changes,
1913 September 27
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 3
Telegrams and other notes regarding trips and meetings to
discuss the reorganization,
1913 September-October
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 4
Krasil'nikov's analysis of Paris Office investigation units;
basis of proposed reorganization,
1913 September 9
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 5
Outgoing dispatches to Headquarters on the proposed structure
of the reorganized agentura abroad,
1913 August
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 6
Dispatch from Broetskii with recommendations for a cover firm
to replace the direct contracting of investigation
agents,
1913 September 18
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 7
Letter of instructions from Headquarters on the
reorganization,
1913 December 31
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 8
Statement signed by twenty Headquarters officials informed
about the change in addressing communications to the Paris
Okhrana,
1913 October 23
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 9
Incoming and outgoing communications pertaining to the
reorganization and final accounting,
1913 September - 1914
February
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 10
Dispatch from Beletskii on changes required in the agentura's
investigation structure,
1913 November 23
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 11
Letter from agent Henri Durin in response to Sushkov's
inquiries regarding dismissal and subsequent rehiring of French
agents,
1913 November 17
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 12
Reference: See Broetskii's memorandum of October 1913 for
estimates of the budget of the reorganized investigation units in
IVa
Boxes 8-9
e. Wartime Okhrana
Scope and Contents note
As noted in many dispatches, Okhrana activities were limited to
collecting information on subversives at home and abroad, with a
prohibition on collecting military intelligence. When World War I broke
out, however, the Okhrana's interests were spontaneously directed to
counterespionage against Germany and Austria and soon after to gathering
political, economic, sociological, and military information on the
Central Powers. When Allied intelligence was centralized in Paris, the
Okhrana office there became one of its sources of information, with the
Russian military mission in Paris as the channel of communication.
The original purpose of the Okhrana was neglected during the war due to a
lack of personnel and the loss of many communication lines. Many of the
non-Russian agents were drafted into Allied military service and all
contacts with the experienced detectives in Berlin (Neuhaus) and Vienna
(Tuppinger) were terminated. Some of the Russian secret agents were
exempted from military service, but they, too, had to be spared for
intelligence in connection with the war effort.
Like many other government and Allied agencies, the Okhrana moved to
Bordeaux after the threat of German advance into Paris. Only a skeleton
crew with a few files was left at rue de Grenelle. Krasil'nikov's
dispatch to Headquarters stated that his office would be at Bordeaux,
with outposts remaining in Paris, London, and Bern.
Of particular interest are Headquarters circulars on the threat of
internal revolutions and instructions regarding the Okhrana in wartime.
Several issues on account of the war are covered, including positive
intelligence tasks and running agents into Germany from Switzerland, the
work of the revolutionaries for Germany, and the attempted mutiny of the
SS Askold in Toulon.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 19-20
Index IIe, Folder 1
Headquarters circulars on the internal revolutionary threat
in Russia during wartime,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 2
Headquarters circulars on reorganization and changes in the
Okhrana during wartime,
1914-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 3
Headquarters circulars on subversive groups (Jewish Bund,
Social Democrats, etc.) and on individual revolutionary activities
in wartime,
1914-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 5
Outgoing report from Krasil'nikov to Petersburg re: wartime
reorganization of the Okhrana with headquarters in Bordeaux and
outposts in Paris, Bern and London. Assignment of case
officers,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 6
Dispatches and notes in connection with moving the Okhrana
office from Paris to Bordeaux and back to Paris; costs, inventory of
furnishings, transfer of intelligence records,
1914 August - 1915
March
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 7
Telegrams from Krasil'nikov in Bordeaux,
1914 August-December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 8
Outgoing dispatches referring to the war and to
revolutionaries as targets in time of war,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 9
Deciphered telegrams concerning personnel needs in time of
war,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 10
Headquarters circulars on the position of agents who are
subject to military service,
1914 August-September
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 11
Dispatches and telegrams concerning agents exempt from
military duty; operational difficulties due to the removal of
agents; transfer of Counselor Iosefovich,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 12
Names of French agents remaining in the service of the
Okhrana,
1914 October
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 13
Communications obliging Okhrana officials for contributions
for the war effort,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 14
Statements of the French Ministry of War on Russian
volunteers killed in action,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 15
Records on individual Russian subjects evading military
service,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 16
Positive intelligence reports from Okhrana agents in
Germany,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See also report on Paris Okhrana agent in Germany, 1916, in VIIc.
Index IIe, Folder 17
Dispatches and reports from agent "Lebuk" (Sanvelov) to the
Russian military attaché in Switzerland,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 18
Wartime reports of agent "Amerikanets" (Popov) concerning
political situations, the Balkans, etc. Report on the German Social
Democratic Party,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 19
Investigation reports and notes concerning an attempted
mutiny on the Russian cruiser
Askold in
Toulon harbor,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See also XXIVk.
Index IIe, Folder 20
Letters from Krasil'nikov to Litvin analyzing his work as
chief of the London agentura from 1915-1916; and reports from
Litvin,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 21
Reports from principal agent Francis Powell in
London,
1914-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See also folder on Francis Powell in VIk.
Index IIe, Folder 22
Wire informing of the arrest of Henry Bint, principal agent
in Switzerland running operations into Germany,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See also IIIe and VIk.
Index IIe, Folder 23
List and notes on German spies in Switzerland,
1915-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
For complete Okhrana lists and records of operation, see VIIIb.
Index IIe, Folder 24
Debriefing report in French by an agent who toured
Germany,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See VIIIc.
Index IIe, Folder 25
Telegram concerning the effort to engage Danish Count
Holstein for agent work,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See VIIIb, Folder 3.
Index IIe, Folder 26
Clippings from French, German, and English newspapers on the
crisis in Russia and an anticipated separate peace between Russia
and Germany,
1916-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 27
Letter from French Army General Staff concerning
Chapirov,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See VIIIc and Vb.
Index IIe, Folder 28
Wires concerning the full name of the new director of
police,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 29
Draft and part of report on the anarcho-communist plan to
murder the Russian military attaché in America,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 30
Outgoing dispatch reporting on the disloyalty of the Russian
Supply Mission in London with a report from Litvin,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 31
Wire from Izvolskii concerning the acceptance of Russian
émigrés in the Russian army,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 32
German propaganda article for Russian prisoners of war and
copy of
Russkii vestnik, no.
26,
1915, 1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 33
Dispatch on the pro-German Socialist Congress at The Hague
and report on the German Social Democratic Party,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 34
Reports in French on conferences of Russian
nationalities,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 35
Note to Vissarionov about a resolution to send a unit of the
Okhrana abroad,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 36
Headquarters circular on Malinovskii's activities in
Germany,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 37
Chief Krasil'nikov's notes of instructions to principal agent
Bittard-Monin,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 38
Letters from Bittard-Monin with instructions to his
agents,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 39
Report on ex-Colonel Oberuchev's work for the
Germans,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 40
Report on the placement of an agent in Sweden,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 41
Various notes on the evacuation of Russian citizens, their
return to Russia, etc.,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 42
Report on Russian anarchists in Chicago in the service of the
Germans,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 43
Outgoing dispatches,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Boxes 9-10
f. Termination of the Okhrana
Scope and Contents note
The Provisional Government of 1917 dispatched a commission to Paris to
investigate Okhrana activities soon after the February Revolution. The
head of this commission, Evgenii Rapp, and several of its members were
revolutionaries that had been surveilled by the Okhrana in Paris. Many
of their investigation papers remain with the Okhrana files. The
commission's aim, at least during their first months in Paris, was to
uncover all Russian secret agents or "provocateurs" engaged to penetrate
revolutionary groups.
After the October Revolution, the commission changed its purpose. The
notes of its investigations show that the interest turned toward
uncovering Okhrana operations against Germany. It may be assumed that
this change came on the instructions of the Bolshevik regime, interested
in having such materials on hand at Brest-Litovsk.
This series contains the protocols for interrogating Chief Krasil'nikov
and important staff agents (case officers) and employees. Some of the
materials show Valerian Agafonov's assembly of materials on secret
agents, which was later reproduced (in many passages verbatim) in his
book
Zagranichnaia Okhranka, "Kniga,"
Petrograd, 1918. Also included in this collection are a series of long
memoranda written by Ianishevskii of the Russian Embassy in Rome
concerning the Polish movement for independence, which he submitted to
the commission for review.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 20-21
Index IIf, Folder 1
Blank letterheads of the Ministry of Justice
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 2
Blank letterheads of the Okhrana
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 3
Krasil'nikov's explanatory letter on finances for the
Provisional Government,
1917 September 9
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 4
Instructions and rules of the Commission,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 5
Protocol on the transfer of archives and office
inventory,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 6
Final accounting of Paris Okhrana expenditures for
January-March,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 7
Background report on Evgenii Rapp, chairman of the Commission
and letter appointing Rapp,
1910, 1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 8
Statement on members of the Commission,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 9
Leaflets and bulletins published by the Commission and
collaborating revolutionaries,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 10
Protocols of the interrogation of Krasil'nikov, Lustig,
Likhovskii, and Mel'nikov,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 11
Letters to the Commission from various émigrés used in the
investigation: accusations, self-defense, etc.,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 12
Letters and other papers connected with the investigation of
"Valerian," Burtsev's assistant, and his connection with the
Okhrana,
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 13
Papers on the investigation of Aaron A. R.
Taratuta,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 14
Individual reports of the Commission on the investigation of
Okhrana agents Isaak Abramov, Evsei Brontman, Efim Simkov-Brut,
Vakman, Demetrashvili, Iakov Zhitomirskii, Aleksei Savinkov, "Kozel
Sanvelov," Aleksei Staal, Albert Orlov, and Il'ia
Chir'ev,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 15
Statements on other individuals investigated by the
Commission,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 16
Commission's compilation of the names of Okhrana agents and
their locations,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 17
Draft of the Commission's protocol on agents in
America,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 18
Report on the Commission's work in Switzerland,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 19
Letters from Bint to Rapp and Mel'nikov offering his service
to the Commission,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 20
Letters to and from the Commission after the closing of the
Okhrana,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 21
Memoranda by Ianishevskii on the Polish movement and
statement by Girs concerning Ianishevskii at the Russian Embassy in
Rome,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 22
Notation on the numbers of incoming dispatches for 1916 which
were missing when the Commission took over,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
General note
Most of these numbers have been located when the files were
organized, 1962-1964.
Boxes 10-26
III. Organization and structure
Box 10
a. Policy and functional responsibility
Scope and Contents note
This series documents Headquarters policy concerning the status, official
position, and approved activities of the Okhrana establishments abroad.
No specific memorandum or order from Headquarters to the chief of the
Paris center defines in full the position and authorized activities, but
the documents included under this topic give some insight into the
structure and workings of the establishment abroad. Until 1909,
dispatches from Headquarters were addressed directly to the chief of the
Paris Office or to the "Director of the Agentura Abroad"
(Zaveduiushchemu zagranichnoi agenturoi). After the downfall of Garting
as Paris chief, when the revolutionaries exposed him as a provocateur
and he was sentenced by the French court for criminal acts in 1890,
Headquarters made it a rule to address official dispatches with the
preamble: "To the representative of the Ministry of Internal Affairs,
delegated abroad for liaison with local authorities and Russian
embassies and consulates." Headquarters did not fully adhere to its own
ruling, but demanded that all other Okhrana agencies in Russia use the
specifically prescribed title in addressing communications to the Paris
Office.
As a matter of policy, Headquarters insisted on designating Okhrana
missions abroad as agencies representing not only the M.V.D. of Russia,
concerned with subversives threatening terror of the existing law and
order, but of all other monarchic or bourgeois countries as well.
Despite this expressed policy of limiting the Okhrana abroad to
counter-intelligence against the revolutionaries, its functions spread
beyond this pronounced purpose. Thus, before and especially during the
Russo-Japanese War, the Okhrana abroad assisted their military
counterparts until Headquarters issued a definite order forbidding
military intelligence and espionage.
Soon after the outbreak of war, despite the fact that the files contain
no instructions to that effect, the Okhrana abroad was soon involved in
counter-intelligence and counter-espionage against Germany, Austria,
Hungary, and Turkey. It also mounted political and economic intelligence
operations against the Central Powers. (See the folder on the wartime
Okhrana under Index Number IIe.)
The folder under this heading (IIIa) also contains Headquarters rules on
the position of the Okhrana in emergency situations, such as the
internal upheavals of 1905 and their aftermath.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 1
Incoming dispatches from headquarters containing instructions
on policy and functional responsibility of the Paris
Okhrana,
1887-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 2
Orders from Headquarters regarding military intelligence and
espionage,
1906-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 3
Letter from Paris to the Russian Mission in Switzerland on
the functional limits of the Okhrana,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 4
Incoming dispatches from Garting in Berlin on
responsibilities, agent assignments, and funds,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 5
Emergency statutes of the Okhrana,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 6
Dispatches concerning the proposal from Headquarters to place
staff agent Lt. Col. Erhardt in charge of the Paris
office,
1911-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 7
English translations of Rachkovskii's letter to the Chief of
Police in Paris explaining his position and
responsibilities,
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 8
Letter of authority for Krasil'nikov in connection with
Poincaré's travel to Russia,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 9
Andreev's report on the status of the Okhrana abroad after
Garting's departure,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 10
Positions of officials -- statement of pay,
1913 December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 11
Draft of dispatch by Titular Counselor Mel'nikov,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 12
Note on incognito arrival of Headquarters Chief
"Wolf,"
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 13
Instructions from headquarters requiring separate dispatch
for each intelligence or operational item,
1906-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Boxes 11-12
b. Okhrana chiefs and case officers
Scope and Contents note
Okhrana chiefs in Paris were accorded a permanent tenure of office after
the assignment of Petr Ivanovich Rachkovskii in 1885 as the
representative of the M.V.D. Petr Korvin-Krukovskii (Pierre Newsky)
before him (1883-1885) did not develop an "agentura" but introduced
agent operations against subversive elements abroad. Thus, the formal
establishment of the Paris Okhrana came only after the arrival of
Rachkovskii with instructions to be an overt representative of the
M.V.D. The succession of Okhrana chiefs in Paris was as follows: Petr
Ivanovich Rachkovskii (January 1885-November 1902); Leonid
Aleksandrovich Rataev (November 1902-August 1905); Arkadii Mikhailovich
Garting (August 1905-January 1909); Captain Andreev (February-November
1909); and Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Krasil'nikov (November 1909-March
1917).
The folders on the officers running the Paris Office are supplemented by
separate folders in XIIb containing planning and operational material
under the four consecutive chiefs in Paris -- Rachkovskii, Rataev,
Garting, and Krasil'nikov.
Materials on all leading case officers are included under this Index
number. The case officers, agents in the Paris office who handled deep
cover agents abroad, were predominantly gendarme officers whose ranks
ranged from Captain to Colonel, with years of Okhrana operations
experience in Russia.
While the Paris Office took care of the administrative problems, such as
funds and communications, the relations of the Paris Office with case
officers was strictly under cover, not known to French Sûreté or
Scotland Yard, despite the close liaison frequently maintained with
these organizations.
With the exception of Mikhail Barkov, one of the earlier case officers
handling agents of the Berlin agentura, the officers were assigned from
the very beginning as supervisors of operations and agents. Barkov
became a case officer after serving as a secret agent and his charges as
case officer were non-Russian agents. Permanent officials of the Paris
Office likewise occasionally became case officers, such as Bobrov,
Molchanov, Mel'nikov, and Sushkov. Ivan Fedorovich Manasevich-Manuilov,
a staff agent assigned by Headquarters for political action in Paris
(influencing the press, developing diplomatic contacts, etc.), served at
times as a case officer with his own agents, as in the case of acquiring
and deciphering the Japanese code in 1905. (See folder in VIIIa.)
Access
Available on microfilm reels 22-25
Index IIIb, Folder 1
Two letters by Korvin-Krukovskii, the Paris Okhrana
predecessor of Rachkovskii; and dispatches dealing with
administrative matters and personal problems of Paris chiefs and
staff agents,
1888-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 2
Papers pertaining to Rachkovskii, Paris Chief from
1885-1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
General note
See also his file in XIIb.
Index IIIb, Folder 3
Dispatch to Garting in Berlin instructing him to see Rataev
(Paris Chief from 1902-1905),
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
General note
See also XIIb.
Index IIIb, Folder 4
Letter from Garting ("Artek") requesting his conversion from
Judaism,
1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 5
Dispatch on the termination of pension and other papers on or
by Chief Garting,
1903, 1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
General note
See also XIIb.
Index IIIb, Folder 6
Papers pertaining to Krasil'nikov's position as chief of the
Paris Okhrana (from 1910-1917),
1912-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 7
Dispatches concerning the assignment and responsibilities of
staff officials and case officers,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 8
Notes and dispatches of Acting Chief Captain
Andreev,
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 9
Letter from case officer Aleksei D. Arbuzov to
Krasil'nikov,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 10
Mikhail Barkov, case officer,
1894-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 11
Mikhail Bobrov, temporary case officer,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 12
Captain Dolgov, case officer,
1909-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reels 22-23
Index IIIb, Folders 13-18
Lt. Col. Erhardt, staff agent in charge of secret
agents,
1910-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 23
Index IIIb, Folder 19-20
Lt. Col. von Kotten, staff agent in charge of secret
agents,
1910, 1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 23
Scope and Contents note
Includes his Okhrana service records from Moscow and medical
statement after the attack on his life.
Index IIIb, Folder 21
Captain Likhovskii,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 23
Index IIIb, Folders 22-23
Captain Anton Ivanovich Litvin, staff agent, case officer for
London operations,
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 23-24
Index IIIb, Folders 24-26
Lt. Col. Lustig, staff agent,
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 24
Index IIIb, Folder 27
Lt. Col. Martynov, staff agent,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 24
Index IIIb, Folders 28-29
Captain Rek ("S. Repin"), staff officer and deputy to Lt.
Colonel Erhardt,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reels 24-25
Index IIIb, Folder 30
Ivan F. Manasevich-Manuilov, staff agent,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Boxes 12-13
c. Officials and clerical personnel
Scope and Contents note
Like their chiefs, the employees assigned to the Paris Office by
Headquarters usually enjoyed a long, permanent tenure as in the cases of
Mel'nikov, Chashnikov, Molchanov, and Bobrov. Each had his specifically
assigned duties relative to the official rank of "gubernskii sekretar'"
or the equivalent. Permanency of tenure was enhanced by language and
area requirements. Long years of service abroad made the officials good
linguists, the main qualification for translators of raw reports from
non-Russian agents. When an official wanted to marry a foreign national,
the spouse had to have a security check, and approval had to be granted
by the Okhrana Director in St. Petersburg (as in Mel'nikov's case).
The employees received bonuses for Christmas and other holidays as well
as sick pay. They were also awarded medals for long term service or
other distinctions. When under suspicion with regard to loyalty, they
were placed under watch and surveillance (see folder 14 on Sushkov).
Access
Available on microfilm reels 25-27
Index IIIc, Folder 1
Dispatches and other notes related to permanent officials and
clerks of the Paris Okhrana office,
1890-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folders 2-3
Mikhail Bobrov, secretary,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folder 4
Nikolai N. Chashnikov, for many years clerk, then pensioner
of Paris Okhrana,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folder 5
Mariia Fedorova, correspondence clerk,
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folder 6
Leontii Gol'shman, clerk,
1916-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folder 7
Iu. Iozefovich, in charge of accounts,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folder 8
Georgii Kozhanov, clerk,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folders 9-12
Ivan Semenovich Mel'nikov, in charge of records,
1907-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reels 25-26
Index IIIc, Folder 13
Ivan M. Molchanov, administrative officer,
1907-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 26
Index IIIc, Folders 14-17
Boris Sushkov, deputy to the Paris chief,
1908-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 26
Index IIIc, Folders 18-19
Nikolai Volokhovskii, Paris Okhrana secretary,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Index IIIc, Folder 20
Aleksandr Konstantinov Il'in, registry clerk,
1907, 1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Boxes 13-14
d. Use of diplomatic and other status
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana developed a policy against the use of diplomatic, consular,
or military attaché covers for its office personnel or Russian agents
abroad. It expressly forbade non-Russian agents from making any
allusions to Russian diplomatic missions abroad and permitted them, only
in exceptional cases, to admit connection with the Russian special
police of the M.V.D.
The documents contained herein pertain mostly to agent and case officer
Mikhail Nikolaevich Barkov, operating in Germany under the cover of a
consular officer in Berlin. As distinct from the Paris center, the
Berlin agentura was housed in the office of the consulate, as set up by
Arkadii Garting in 1901. When Garting left in 1905, the Berlin agentura
was officially terminated and its files transferred to the Paris center.
However, Barkov, Garting's chief deputy in Berlin, remained in the
consulate there to continue under that cover as case officer for the
non-Russian agents in Germany.
Diplomatic and consular offices were also used as cover for Okhrana
operatives in the Balkan countries. (See the folders in IIb on the
Balkan Okhranka.) In other countries of Europe, Okhrana operatives found
operational support and exchanged information. However, this
relationship was not formalized and was dependent mostly upon personal
contact between the principals of the Okhrana with the chiefs of the
diplomatic and consular missions. (See folders under Index Number
Vg.)
Access
Available on microfilm reels 27-28
Index IIId, Folder 1
Note on the disposal of the papers of agent Mikhail
Nikolaevich Barkov, engaged under consular cover in
Berlin
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Index IIId, Folder 2
Barkov's passport, bankbook, police certificate, and
photographs
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Index IIId, Folder 3
Barkov's notebooks with addresses of his subordinate and
cooperating agents, official and other contacts in Germany and
Denmark, and the names and locations of revolutionaries
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Index IIId, Folder 4
Letters, telegrams, and notes from agent Barkov's folder re:
personal affairs and intelligence matters,
1889-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Index IIId, Folder 5
Letters containing operational and intelligence information,
mostly from Barkov in Berlin to Garting in Paris,
1906-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Index IIId, Folder 6
Letters from agent Barkov,
undated
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIId, Folder 7
French and German newspaper clippings, kept by agent Barkov,
on Russian espionage in Germany, and on terrorists,
1904-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIId, Folder 8
Receipts,
1904-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIId, Folder 9
Reference: See also file Vg, "Relations with missions
abroad"
Boxes 14-20
e. Investigation agents and teams - French and other
European
Scope and Contents note
The collection of non-Russian agent rosters compiled under No. 1 of this
index ranges from 1905, when Chief Garting greatly expanded the use of
French and other Western detectives for investigation work, to 1913,
when all non-Russian agents were publicly dismissed. Most of the rosters
were maintained by the Okhrana's principal non-Russian agent in Paris,
Marcel Bittard-Monin. His rosters and lists were compiled for
bookkeeping purposes and also as operational guides. Some rosters
contain agent groups by areas, others by target or investigation as
assigned. Much of this roster compilation entailed notations on changes
of operational schemes: an agent assigned one week with a team in the
Italian Riviera may be sent the following week to track a terrorist in
Germany and the next week to protect a high dignitary. Thus, the rosters
with all the entered notations were subject to constant amendments, and
an overall review of the Okhrana's agent teams can be possible only by
the study of the rosters through the entire period covered.
The long list of folders on individual non-Russian agents, collected
under No. 3 of this index, represents the bulk of this group of
documents. 122 dossiers are arranged in alphabetical order; records may
contain one note on the agent or a hundred. This collection of agent
dossiers was started by Marcel Bittard-Monin in his office at Rue Chomel
in Paris. His original folders on subordinate agents have been retained;
each contains the uniform table of information on the first page of the
dossier's hard cover, giving the agent's full name, origin, age,
background, record of service, and decorations. The contents of each
dossier also include, where available, papers on the agent's
recruitment, evaluation, effectiveness, security breaches, promotion,
dismissal, pension, etc. (Records of actual agent accomplishments,
problems in handling him, and intelligence reports may also be found
under VId, VIj, or VIk.)
Bittard-Monin's folders in this collection and the folders containing
instructions to subordinate agents constitute another significant
section under this topic (IIIe). Folder 8 contains Monin's
intelligence and operational communications concerning a major
investigation in Italy in 1911, while Folder 9 holds Monin's
instructions from his Paris office to 53 subordinate agents and team
leaders in all parts of France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and
England, all of them subject to frequent change of locale and even
country.
Some of the folders give specific information on the method of assigning
investigation teams in the south of France, Switzerland, or northern
Italy; others show the distribution and placement of agents on tasks
insuring proper security for traveling imperial personages. Where the
agent was completely stationary, as in the case of Treichler, a Swiss
police official (see Folder 15), the operational and intelligence
documents likewise reveal their methods.
Long-term non-Russian agents sent on investigation and surveillance jobs
were given a simple cipher for encoding and decoding messages. This was
in addition to instructions on code words and "double talk" terms used
for sensitive passages in telegrams and written messages. (A card with
the printed cipher is in Folder 10. For samples of various ways of
encoding messages, see the reports of non-Russian agents under VIj and
VIk.) Records indicate that Bittard-Monin enjoyed a high degree of
confidence on the part of his employer, Paris Okhrana Chief
Krasil'nikov. Folder 21 contains Monin's communications to him, while
Krasil'nikov's notes and directives to Monin may be found in XIIb.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 28-38
Rosters of non-Russian agents: investigators, detectives, and
surveillance personnel engaged by the Okhrana abroad,
1905-1913
Index IIIe, Folder 1a
Rosters giving the names of agents, their pay, and their
expenses when Garting took over as Chief of the Paris
Okhrana,
1905-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 1b
Names and addresses of the principal investigation
agents,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 1c
Book listing the agents who were directed by Marcel
Bittard-Monin,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 1d
Book of agents, surnames only,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 1e
Lists of names and locations of agents with their targets
and pay,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 1f
Book of names and addresses of the agents,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 1g
Book of agents with a two page background on
each,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 2
Réglements généraux. 5 folios of
detailed monthly accounting on the money received from Krasil'nikov;
includes signatures of agents for money received,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Agent dossiers,
1887-1914
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Aebersold-Berthold
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Jean Aebersold, Aubert, Auby, Bades, Barlet,
Aime Barthes, Bauer, and Armand Berthold.
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Bittard-Couvrat
Access
Available on microfilm reel 29
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Marcel Bittard-Monin, Bocquet, Marius
Boniol, Pierre Bouteillier, Charles de Breyne, Alfred Brunner,
Charlotte Bullier, Luigi Capusso, E. Caumeau, Rene Cazayus,
Charles Charlet, Coquelin, Raoul Corrot, Cotta, and Couvrat.
Index IIIe, Folder 3
David-Fontaine
Access
Available on microfilm reel 30
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Etienne David, Deguerre, Dejour, Charles
Delangle, Emile Demaille, Jules Decluseaux, Desvernine,
Alexandre Ditchescoulo, Auguste Dore, Berthe Drouchot, Dupont,
Durafour, Robert Durand, Henri Durin, Gabriel Dussaussois, E.
Farce, J. Fehrenbach, Fernand Feuger, Fleury, and Madame
Fontaine (Dedienne).
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Fontana-Hébrais
Access
Available on microfilm reel 31
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Jean Louis Fontana, Arturo Frumento,
Gaudinot, Georges, Luigi Giani, Georges Franéois Godard, René
Gottlieb, Groussot, Paul Hamard, Halphen, Jules Hansen, and
Hébrais.
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Hennequin-Lavallée
Access
Available on microfilm reel 32
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Edmond Hennequin, W. Henninger, Charles
Henry, Eugéne Invernizzi, Jacquet, Oscar Jaton, Georges and
Raoul Jollivet, Robert Kaspar, Alexander Kerr, Lacoste, Laizier,
Bernard Laurent, and Pierre Lavallée.
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Leblanc-Leroy
Access
Available on microfilm reel 33
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Nicholas Leblanc, Eugéne Lecointe, A.
Legrand, Lemand, Georges Léon, Francesco Leone, and Maurice
Leroy.
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Leuthold-Richard
Access
Available on microfilm reel 34
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on A. Leuthold, Eugéne Lévęque, Alexandre
Lodie, Léon Magadieu, Heinrich Neuhaus, Léon Otte, Henri Ozanne,
Francesco Pavesi, Pernet, J.P. Pertinac, Petry, August Pouchot,
Francis Powell, Powells, Preneron, Raphael, L. Raymond, Ernest
Riant, and Gabrielle Richard.
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Rime-Woltz
Access
Available on microfilm reel 36
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Georges Rime, Robert Riot, Jean Robail,
Adolphe Roselli, Anatole Rougeaux, Rubrick, Albert Sambain,
Alphonse Sauvard, Edouard Marius Schmidelin, Sérose, Strasen
(Thomsen), Ernest Tarissan, Paul Tellier, René Thomas, Michael
Thompson, Michael Thorpe, Mme. Tiercelin, Treichler, Hans
Tuppinger, Vincenzo Vizzardelli, Maurice Vogt, and Karl
Woltz.
Index IIIe, Folder 4
Headquarters circulars relating to foreign and investigation
agents,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 35
Index IIIe, Folder 5
Paris Okhrana circulars to agents regarding their status,
cover, salaries, etc.,
1910-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 35
Index IIIe, Folder 6
Dispatches on the assignment of non-Russian agents, the
defection of Leroy, difficulties of investigation, and proposed
changes,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 35
Index IIIe, Folder 7
Letters and telegrams of instruction from Chief Krasil'nikov
to Bittard-Monin,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 35
Index IIIe, Folder 8
Marcel Bittard-Monin, in charge of the Okhrana's non-Russian
agents; communications of a special team of agents dispatched to
Italy in August 1911 for a major investigation task on the Socialist
Revolutionaries,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 35
Index IIIe, Folder 9
Collected instructions from Bittard-Monin's office in Paris
to his subordinate agents,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reels 35 and 37
Scope and Contents note
Includes instructions to Jean Aebersold, Barlet, Aime Barthes, Armand
Berthold, Henry Bint,Marius Boniol, Pierre Bouteillier, Buckland,
Rene Cazayus, Charles Charlet, Etienne David, Charles Delangle,
Berthe Drouchot, Henri Durin, Gabriel Dussaussois, E. Farce, Fernand
Feuger, Fleury, Jean Louis Fontana, Arturo Frumento, Gottlieb-Godard
team, Paul Hamard-Fontaine, Edmond Hennequin, Charles Henry, Eugéne
Invernizzi, Oscar Jaton, Georges Jollivet, Mme. Langbard, Bernard
Laurent, Georges Léon, A. Leuthold, Eugéne Lévęque, Alexandre Lodie,
Heinrich Neuhaus, Léon Otte, Palfrene, August Pouchot, Francis
Powell, Preneron, Gabrielle Richard, C. Rigault, Georges Rime
(Coussonnet), Robert Riot, Adolphe Roselli, Anatole Rougeaux, Albert
Sambain, Alphonse Sauvard, Michael Thorpe, Mme. Tiercelin,
Treichler, Hans Tuppinger, Vincenzo Vizzardelli, Maurice Vogt, and
Karl Woltz.
Index IIIe, Folder 10
Formal assignment of investigation teams along the Italian
Riviera,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 37
Index IIIe, Folder 11
Reports from Bittard-Monin's special team sent to investigate
Burtsev's journey to and activities in Italy,
1912 November
Access
Available on microfilm reel 37
Index IIIe, Folder 12
Monthly accounts of the cover agency directed by agent Eugene
Invernizzi in Italy,
1915-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 37
Index IIIe, Folder 13
Instructions from Bittard-Monin to agent Invernizzi
concerning the establishment of a private bureau serving the Okhrana
in Italy; termination of the service in Rome,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 14
Reports and accounts of the investigation agency for
Invernizzi's team in Italy,
1913-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 15
Operational and intelligence reports from Swiss police
officer William Treichler's team in Switzerland,
1911-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 16
Reports on the organization of surveillance on the occasion
of the Tsar's visit to Berlin,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
General note
For similar organization of teams, see XVd.
Index IIIe, Folder 17
Reports and letters of Maurice Vogt and his team in southern
France,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 18
Cipher given to investigation agents for
communications,
1912-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 19
Notes concerning Bittard-Monin's accounts with the
banks,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 20
Copies of telegrams sent by Bittard-Monin to Chief
Krasil'nikov,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 21
Notes and drafts of communications by
Bittard-Monin,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 23
Reference: See Bittard-Monin's manuscript, "La Confédération
générale du travail," 1914, in XVIIs
Index IIIe, Folder 24
Reference: For reports from Charlotte Bullier and Burtsev's
letters to her, see XVIId
Boxes 21-25
f. Deep cover agents
Scope and Contents note
Folder 1 of this series contains abstracts on 215 Okhrana deep cover
agents. This version in English was prepared in 1962, before the files
were organized, and is therefore incomplete, useful only as a guide for
further study on Russian agents operating in Europe. As part of this
compilation in English, Folder 38 contains some 550 index cards, kept in
a 3" x 5" file. These cards are not for reference purposes to other
folders, but handy for identification. In alphabetical order according
to all true and assumed names, each card gives the equivalent name or
names used by the agent, by the Okhrana for cover or security purposes,
or by the revolutionaries among whom the agent operated.
Folder 5 contains abstracts, with information on the Okhrana's secret
agents, prepared by Valerian Agafonov, member of the Investigation
Commission sent to Paris in 1917 by the Provisional Government. It is
sketchy, but of significance, since it served as a basis for Agafonov's
book,
Zagranichnaia Okhranka, published in
St. Petersburg in 1918.
Folders 9 through 36 contain, in alphabetical order, documents on
139 secret agents, assigned abroad by Headquarters or by provincial
Okhrana offices in Russia, with or without the approval of Headquarters
?i.e., all Russian agents for whose operations abroad the Paris center
or its staff agents were administratively responsible. Pertinent papers
on many of these agents are missing. Some records contain only a name,
code name, or alias or some reference to operational communications. It
is possible that many of these records were removed by Agafonov or other
members of the 1917 Commission for personal or official uses.
A number of papers pertaining to this group of agents are also located
under Index Numbers XIa and Xlb, which contain documents on double
agents and penetration agents. In a sense, the great majority of the
Okhrana's secret operatives were penetration agents. The criterion for
engaging them was usually their ability to attain and keep access to
revolutionary groups. Unless the individual had good prospects to join
the revolutionaries and work with them, he was not considered for
employment.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 38-48
Typed abstracts in English on 215 deep cover agents
(sekretnie sotrudniki)
Index IIIf, Folder 1a
A-K
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIf, Folder 1b
L-Z
Access
Available on microfilm reel 39
Index IIIf, Folders 2a-2b
Four alphabetical lists of secret agents
Index IIIf, Folder 3a
a. Alphabetical by pseudonyms and true names
only
Access
Available on microfilm reel 39
Index IIIf, Folder 3b
b. Names and identifying data (Investigation Commission
worksheet),
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 39
Index IIIf, Folder 3c
c. Galley proof of the above list
Access
Available on microfilm reel 39
Index IIIf, Folder 3d
d. Agent code names and abbreviations for
messages
Access
Available on microfilm reel 39
Index IIIf, Folder 4
Photographs of secret agents
Access
Available on microfilm reel 39
Index IIIf, Folder 5
Typed abstracts on 49 secret agents,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Scope and Contents note
Apparently by Agafonov in 1917, since all these texts appeared
verbatim in his book
Zagranichnaia Okhranka, 1918.
Index IIIf, Folder 6
Worksheets on the assignment of secret agents,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 7
Dispatches regarding the exemption of secret agents from
military service,
1908, 1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 8
Dispatches concerning secret agents, referring to two or more
persons, on general matters,
1902-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Deep cover agents by name
Scope and Contents note
Includes dispatches, correspondence, intelligence reports, telegrams,
photographs, Headquarters circulars, notes, and clippings.
Index IIIf, Folder 9
Abramov, code name "Maksim," pseudonym
"Krivtsov,"
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 9
Abramov, Isaak Leontievich, pseudonym "Germain" or
"Zhermen," "Isaev," "Charpentier,"
1907-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Scope and Contents note
Includes 3 case reports about him and 60 intelligence reports by
him.
Index IIIf, Folder 9
Acket, A. G.,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 9
Albaum (also Elbaum), Kalman Khaimov, code name
"Corpulent,"
1910-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 9
Alberti, Genrikh Genrikhov,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 9
"Alfredi," true name not established,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 9
Ankerman, Wulf Zalmanov, code names "Belii" and
"Fayvel-Tokar',"
1909-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Baikovskii, Nikolai, code name "Guichon,"
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Barkov, Mikhail,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Beitner, Lev Dmitriev, aliases "Levushka," "Moskvich,"
"Kraftov," and "Kyung,"
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
"Belov," code name only
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
"Belozerskaia," code name only
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
"Blits, Aleksandr," code name only
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Blokhin, Vasilii Grigorievich, pseudonym "Bartenev," code
name "Eniseiskii," revolutionary alias "Sibiriak,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Blum (Bloom), code names "Rakhmetov" and
"Lomov"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Briandinskii, Matvei, pseudonyms "Krapotkin," "Viatkin"
and "O. duPerrier,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Brodski, Boleslaw,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Brontman, E. Gershkovich, code names "Niel," "Permiak,"
"Khitrii," and aliases "Naum," "Tovarishch Sasha," "Aleksandr
Etr,"
1911-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Brzozowski, Stanislaw Valentevich, code names "Maevski"
and "Poniatovski,"
1909-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 11
Chinekova, Khaia,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 11
Chizhikov, Boris (Berko), code name "Iost," pseudonym
"Neudorf,"
1902-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 11
Cielecki, Alexandre,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 12
Demetrashvili, Andrei Gavrilovich, code names "Skoss,"
"Maloross," and "Ross,"
1913-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 12
Dlikman (Glikman), Movsha Mordkov, code name
"Ballet,"
1907-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 12
Dobroskokov,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 13
Dolin, Ventsion Moiseev-Moshkov, code names "Lenin,"
"Aleksandrov," "Sharl'," "Polonski," passport names Heichsberg
and Eisenberg,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Scope and Contents note
Includes notes and reports on his work abroad and in Russia as a
double agent for the Germans.
Index IIIf, Folder 13
Dorozhko, Fedor, code names "Moliere" and
"Clermont,"
1907-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 13
Drezner, Ilia
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 14
Edelstein, Vladimir Iudov, pseudonym
"Troitsin,"
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 14
Erofeev, Leonid Mikhailov, code name
"Falstaff,"
1913-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 14
Eropkina, Matrena Trofimova (mistress of agent
Brontman),
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 14
Evalenko, Aleksandr Martov, code names "Surin" and
"Sergeev," pseudonyms "Ivanchenko" and "Kuznetsov,"
1894-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Scope and Contents note
Includes intelligence reports from New York.
Index IIIf, Folder 15
"Fedorov," true name not recorded,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 15
Feldman, record of name only,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 15
Finkelman, Leiba Peisakhov, pseudonyms "Lerner Pinkhas"
and "Rakovskii"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 15
Fleishman, Abram Simon, code name "Alma," pseudonym
"Luchinetskii,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 15
Fudim, code names "Plemianik" and "Anri,"
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 16
Germand, Isaak Naumovich, code names "Adolf" and
"Kosmopolit," pseudonym "Orlovskii,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 16
Ginsberg, Pavel, code name "Valerian,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 17
Goldendakh, Evgenii Iulievich, code name "Das," pseudonym
"Poznanskii,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 17
Goncharov, Iakov Dementiev, code name
"Ivanenko,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 17
Grunbaum, alias "Monser,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 18
Gudin, Vasilii Grigorievich, code name "Nei" and
pseudonym "N. Chuzhak,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 19
Herzig, Boris Iakovlev, pseudonyms "Dmitrii Bekchiev" and
"Danchik,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 19
"Iris," no true name,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 19
Jacobson, Georges, code names "Corbeau" ("Korbo") and
"Voronov," pseudonym "Mikhnevich,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 19
Jenken (Enken, Zhenken): record of name only,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 20
Joulia (Zhulia), Liubov (Aimee), code name
"Jourdain,"
1909-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 21
Kagan, Ilia, pseudonym "Nikolai Chekan," code name
"Serezh,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 21
Kaplun, Boris, code name "Petrov,"
1906-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 22
Kensitski, Mechislaw, code name "Mietek," pseudonym
"Ivanovich,"
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 22
Khamchik, Boleslaw Antonov, code names "Molodoi" and "Le
Jeune,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 22
Kheev, code name "Mikhnev,"
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 22
Kogan, Boris Veniaminovich, code names "General" and
"Aleks," names for correspondence "Demidov" and "Petrov," and
pseudonym "Andrey Andersen,"
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 22
Kokochinskii, Ignatii Moshkov, code name "Gretchen,"
alias "Pavel,"
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 23
Koraev, A.,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 23
"Kozlov," true name not recorded,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 23
Kozlov, Vladimir Timofeev, code name
"Uiarskii,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 23
Krevin, Wilhem Ianov, code name "Mars,"
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 23
Kuranov, Mikhail, code name "Mont," pseudonyms
"Serebriakov" and "Visotskii,"
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 23
Kurianskii, Gersh Shliomovich, code names "Karno,"
Sachkov," and "Maks," passport name "Grigorii
Svetlitskii,"
1905-1918
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 24
La Cotta, name for correspondence "G.
Biesinski,"
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 24
Lauter
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 24
Lebedev,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 24
Lemerov,
1905-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 24
Lisovskii, Ivan Ivanovich, code names "Belkin,"
"Levitskii," and "Tsipin,"
1908-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 24
Lvov, Fedor,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Malankiewicz, Boleslaw, code name
"Wierzbicki,"
1892
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Manasevich-Manuilov, Ivan Fedorovich,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Mass, Aleksandr, code name "Nikol"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Mazurenko,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Melas, Grigorii Anastasievich,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Meltser, S.,
1886-1889
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Metalnikov, Nikolai Ivanoch, code name
"Gushchin,"
1908-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 26
Milewski, Wladislaw, code name "Agent M.,"
1886-1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 26
Model, Aaron Iakov Khaimov-Itskov, code name
"Martin,"
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 27
Nadel, Boris,
1895-1896
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 27
Orekhov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 27
Orlov, Albert Mikhailovich, code name "Simens," pseudonym
"Zuckerman,"
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 27
Osadchuk
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 27
Osipov-Veretskii, code name "Bernard," aliases "Ninov"
and "Kliachko,"
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 27
"Otto,"
1907-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 28
Patrick, George, code names "Margot" and "Never" for
operations in Europe, and "Lucy" for New York,
1907-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reels 45-46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Pauli
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Persitz, Isaak,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Petrova, Mariia Lvovna, code name "Julieta,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Pilenas, Peter, code name "Russell,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Pokhitonov, N. D.,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Popov, Anton Platonovich, code names "Amerikanets" and
"Polnii," alias "Timofei," and pseudonym "Daniel
Semenov,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Poznanskii, Leiba (Lev) Amshaev, code name
"Kodak,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Prodeus, Daniil,
1886-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Rabinovich, Georgii Ivanovich, pseudonym "Georgii
Romanovich,"
1906-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Rapoport, code names "Starkov" and "Zilberman," former
agent offering his services from Pittsburgh,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Rauzen, code name "Lazar,"
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Recouly, Raymond, code name "Ratmir"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Rezeler, August,
1886
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Rodstein, Lazar Z., code name as Burtsev's secretary
"Valerian,"
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Romanova, Avgusta Matveevna, code name "Shultz," alias
"Aushka,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Rusinov, Mikhail Arkadiev, code names "Prevo" and
"Markin,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 31
Sanvelov, Minas Stepanovich, code names "Lebuk" and
"Kozel,"
1913-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 31
Savinkov, Aleksei Mikhailovich, code name
"Francois,"
1913-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 31
Segal, Miron, code name "Vladimirov,"
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 31
Selivanov, Nikolai Petrovich, code names "Weber" and
"Amurets"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 31
Shipov, I.,
1909
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Germany
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 31
Shneur (Shnour), Vladimir Konstantinovich,
1910-1918
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 32
Shtakelberg, Baron Sergei Aleksandrovich, code name
"Pierre," pseudonym "Bronskii," and alias
"Petrovskii,"
1913-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 32
Shuman, code name "Denisov,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 32
Shuster, Ianus Erdmanov, code names "Paul" ("Pol") and
"Novii,"
1910-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 33
Sibiriakov,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 33
Sotnikov, Matvei, allias "Allard" and
"Byvalii,"
1910-1918
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 33
Staal (or de Staél), Aleksei Georgievich, code name
"Zverev,"
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 33
Starov, name for correspondence "Basil
Solovev,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 33
Sugarman, Albert
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Scope and Contents note
Reports on his exposure in London.
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Tannenbaum, Melamed, code name "Naum,"
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Tchernycheff (Chernychev),
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
"Teatral,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Ternovskii, pseudonym "Belevich"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Tomarinson, Mikhail Borisov, code names "Maksakov" and
"Mekhanik,"
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Tsetlin, Tatiana Maksimova, pseudonym "Maria
Tsikhovskaia,"
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Usov, Sergei N., code name "Voda," pseudonym "Andrei
Savron,"
1909-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Vielland
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Vigdorchik,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Virovoi, Zakhar Ivan, code name "Orlik,"
1911-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Voskresenskii, Mikhail, aliases "Mishel'," "Popovich" and
"Aleksandr,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 35
Wackman, Yakov Efimovich, code name
"Rossini,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 35
Walbiner, Franz, pseudonyms "Zharkov" and
"Zhenevets,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 35
"Warszawski,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 35
Wolf (Vul'f), A.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 35
Wolfson, Yakov,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 35
"Yost" ("Iost" and "Tetelman"),
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 35
Yurcha (Iurcha), Vasilii,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 36
Zagorskaia (or Zagorskii), Mme., code names "Sharzh',"
"Sharli" and "Shalnoi,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 36
Zhitomirskii, Iakov Abramovich, code names "Daudent"
("Dode") and "H," pseudonyms "Rostovtsev" and
"Shorin,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 36
Zinovev, Aleksandr, code names "Senator," "Moris," and
"Matisse," passport name "Zolotarenko,"
1908-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 36
Zlobin, pseudonym "Zaks,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 37
Papers, mostly receipts, of case officer Litvin and his
agents,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 38
Operational card index file of agent names, code names,
aliases, pseudonyms, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
General note
See card file in box 233 or on reels 494-497.
Index IIIf, Folder 39
Notebook of unidentified agent in Balkans and
Italy
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 40
File of true names, code names, aliases, and
pseudonyms
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 42
Reference: For telegram on agent Mikheev, see XIIIb(2),
folder 4
Index IIIf, Folder 43
Reference: For the case of agent "Valerian" (Ginsberg) see
IIf, folder 12
Index IIIf, Folder 44
Reference: For a collection of reports of agent Kokochinskii
("Gretchen") on Russian and Polish Social Democratic parties, see
XIIIa
Index IIIf, Folder 45
Reference: For operational reports of Litvin, chief of the
London agentura, handling agents "Niel," "Ney," "Weber," and
"Simens," 1915-1916, see IIb, folders 7-10
Index IIIf, Folder 46
Reference: For letters and raw reports in French, Polish, and
Russian by agents in London, 1891-1902, see XIIIa
Boxes 25-26
g. Cover firms
Scope and Contents note
Okhrana Headquarters was opposed to the use of private investigation
agencies as an aid to its establishments abroad. When the system of
handling scores of non-Russian operatives through Bittard-Monin's office
in Paris collapsed as a result of exposures made by the revolutionary
counter-intelligence (Burtsev), proposals were made to resort to the use
of private detective agencies in Paris and other cities. Headquarters
still turned down the recommendation. It was inconceivable that
detectives of a private agency could perform as effectively as the
directly hired agents, controlled through Bittard-Monin's office, for
maintaining surveillance, reporting and receiving instructions whenever
necessary, and tailing the subversives, at times all the way to the
border or into Russia to "deliver" them there to authorities.
When Headquarters finally agreed on the organization of a private agency
run by Bint and Sambain, both long-term Okhrana agents, it had the
guarantees that the agency would be under absolute control of the
Okhrana office in Paris. The act of incorporation and strict adherence
to the French laws were measures taken for cover purposes, just as all
the preceding acts of publicly dismissing Okhrana investigators were
done for the sake of cover and, also, as a convenient opportunity, to
dismiss for good the less effective oepratives.
The folders on the establishment of the "Bint and Sambain" agency contain
acts of incorporation, accounts, and, by far the most interesting part,
the memoranda exchanged on the matter giving opinions of the Paris and
Petersburg chiefs, as also some voluminous comments of the MVD.
Another cover firm, of short duration (1910-1911) was the office of the
"Police internationale autonome" in Paris. This agency proved to be
inadequate and was probably responsible for one of Headquarters'
prohibitions against the use of foreign detective agencies. The "Russian
Imperial Financial Agency" in London served as cover for agent Palmer in
1906-1909. Agent Germain's proposal to set up a cover firm for
intelligence activities in Vienna was probably never acted upon. On the
other hand, principal agent Eugene Invernizzi in Italy, still reporting
to Bittard-Monin's office in Paris, was delegated to establish a firm in
Rome to cover the activities of some six or seven Italian agents working
for the Okhrana.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 48-50
Index IIIg, Folder 1
Dispatches on the service of Okhrana agent W. Palmer with the
Imperial Russian Financial agency in London,
1906-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIg, Folder 2
Dispatches concerning the order from headquarters to break
off with private investigation agencies,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIg, Folder 3
Dispatches on the plan for a cover agency in Italy; report of
agent "Tourist" (Jollivet); dispatch on Bittard-Monin's tour in
Italy,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIg, Folder 4
Dispatches regarding Vienna agent Germain's proposal to set
up a cover firm for intelligence activities,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIg, Folder 5
Dispatch reporting on Krasil'nikov's search for cover firms
in Paris; includes his notes on the proposed Bint and Sambain
firm,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIg, Folders 6-9
Bint and Sambain Firm,
1913-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 49
Scope and Contents note
Includes articles of incorporation.
Index IIIg, Folder 10
"La Police Internationale Autonome" (Marc and Georges
Fourny); reports to Bittard-Monin on Russian revolutionaries;
newspapers, leaflets,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 50
Index IIIg, Folder 11
Reference: For Broetskii's memorandum recommending the
establishment of a cover firm (1913), see IId, folder 6
Index IIIg, Folder 12
Reference: For operational reports of Invernizzi's
investigation agency in Italy (1914-1915), see IIIe, folder
14
Boxes 26-28
a. Budget and financial management
Scope and Contents note
Okhrana financing in Paris was handled by the Headquarters directly,
without transmittals through the diplomatic or consular mission. The
Crédit Lyonnais was the principal banking agency for the transfer of
funds. The practice was to submit a monthly account on expenditures,
with details on recipients of the salaries and on the expenditures for
the Okhrana Office personnel and other needs. Detailed accounts were
also customary on non-Russian agents, expenditures for the safe houses,
office, and other physical needs, while the accounts for secret agents
and secret operations were noted as such, with lump sums designated for
case officers accounted for without listing the names or accounting for
specific operations. In rare instances, where expenditures on secret
agents had to be mentioned, only code names were entered on the
accounts. ; The first two folders in this collection contain largely an
assortment of dispatches, such as complaints to Headquarters for
irregularity in sending funds, requests for increases in appropriations,
estimates, and allotments.
Accounts for each month, as well as annually on occasions, were submitted
in tabular form, with columns for receipts and detailed disbursement. In
Folder 2, the first document is a large tabular of the same
accounting for 1914. Systematic monthly accounting was introduced only
in 1912. Folders 6 through 15 for the period from 1912 through 1917
are organized separately with sets of final papers, often with
accompanying dispatches for Headquarters, in one folder and the various
work sheets for each month's accounting in another.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 50-55
Index IVa, Folder 1
Dispatches, financial reports, and other
materials,
1886-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 50
Scope and Contents note
Includes budget estimates and requests, personnel needs, and per diem
allowances.
Index IVa, Folder 2
Budget report,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 50
Index IVa, Folder 3
Dispatches pertaining to routine budget matters,
1890-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 51
Index IVa, Folder 4
Dispatches pertaining to routine budget matters,
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 51-52
Index IVa, Folder 5
Drafts of financial reports,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 52
Index IVa, Folder 6
Drafts of financial reports,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 52
Index IVa, Folder 7
Monthly accounting,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 53
Index IVa, Folder 8
Drafts of financial reports,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 53
Index IVa, Folder 9
Drafts of financial reports,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 53
Index IVa, Folder 10
Notes and drafts on monthly accounts,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 54
Index IVa, Folder 11
Monthly financial reports,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 54
Index IVa, Folder 12
Notes and drafts on monthly accounts,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 54
Index IVa, Folder 13
Monthly financial accounts,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 55
Index IVa, Folder 14
Notes and drafts on monthly accounts,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 55
Index IVa, Folder 15
Notes and drafts on monthly accounts,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 55
Index IVa, Folder 17
Reference: See operational card index for references to
financial accounting at the Paris Okhrana office
Boxes 28-29
b. Salaries, subsidies, rewards, decorations
Scope and Contents note
Despite frequent complaints from non-Russian agents in the field because
of the shortage of funds or delays in salary payments, the Okhrana
abroad was habitually prompt in alloting funds for salaries and other
expenditures. It was generous with monetary rewards to agents who
merited them and in granting pensions to retired personnel and widows of
deceased agents. Some of the generosity towards retired personnel might
have been attributed to security considerations, to keep content and
quiet the agent dismissed from the service. The delays in salaries were
often attributed to the fact that the agents were most of the time on
assignments that required much travel and changes of residence. Also,
they were paid through the principal agent in Paris whose office was
occasionally responsible for the delays.
The first folder in this collection contains mostly dispatches relating
to all types of payments and awards, thus revealing the policy in
general from 1890 until the end of Okhrana operations. Subsequent
folders contain various specific matters on salaries, bonuses, casual
assistance, and pensions. Folder 6 contains mostly receipts of the staff
agents and their financial statements, while Folders 7 and 9 are
for receipts, claims, and records of payment for the non-Russian agents.
Instructions on the issuance of decorations and gifts are in Folder
8, together with documents on individual awards to agents and
employees.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 55-57
Index IVb, Folder 1
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris office
concerning decorations, bonuses, payment of agents, and personal
matters,
1890-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 55
Index IVb, Folder 2
Dispatches pertaining to funds transfers,
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 55
Index IVb, Folder 3
Dispatches concerning financial matters of Paris office
personnel,
1904-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 56
Index IVb, Folder 4
Accounts and dispatches acknowledging payments of deep cover
agents and case officers,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 56
Index IVb, Folder 5
Dispatches relating to pensions and casual assistance to
former agents or their widows,
1895-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 56
Index IVb, Folder 6
Payments and receipts of staff agents Erhardt, Rek and
Lustig,
1910-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 56
Index IVb, Folder 7
Dispatches regarding salaries and travel expenses of French
and Balkan agents,
1903-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 56
Index IVb, Folder 8
Dispatches regarding gifts and rewards paid to agents and
personnel,
1890-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 57
Index IVb, Folder 9
Account and receipt books kept by principal agent Marcel
Bittard-Monin for salaries of non-Russian agents,
1909-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 57
General note
For accounts on agents, see also individual files under IIIe, folder
3, and VId.
Box 30
c. Expense accounts
Scope and Contents note
The first three folders of this collection contain a considerable number
of dispatches and accounting sheets. In the absence of any documents
with formal instructions on the handling of expense accounts, these
papers may best illustrate the procedures in the handling of accounts in
overt office matters or contingent to secret operations. Much of these
and subsequent materials, as in Folder 4, consist of loose work
sheets or slips of paper used in compiling accounts.
Folder 5 with 433 papers arranged by years as indicated in the
inventory, is an unassorted, loose collection of stray expense account
slips, some undated, some with none or only a few sheets per year, with
the collection for 1913 fairly complete in rendering expense accounts
with folios and receipts for individual non-Russian agents. Folders
6 and 7 are for papers pertaining to expense accounts of the staff
agents, officers Lustig, Likhovskii, Rek, and Erhardt.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 57-59
Index IVc, Folder 1
Dispatches and accounting sheets pertaining to office expense
accounts,
1911-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 57
Index IVc, Folder 2
Dispatches pertaining to allowances for expense accounts for
office staff,
1903-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 58
Index IVc, Folder 3
Dispatches pertaining to allowances for expense accounts of
Russian and non-Russian agents,
1906-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 58
Index IVc, Folder 4
Accounting worksheets,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 58
Index IVc, Folder 5
Agents' expense accounts,
1887-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reels 58-59
Index IVc, Folder 6
Dispatches pertaining to expense accounts and per diems for
Lustig and Likhovskii,
1908-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 59
Index IVc, Folder 7
Dispatches pertaining to expense accounts and per diems for
Rek, Lustig, and Erhardt,
1910-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 59
Boxes 30-33
d. Receipts and check stubs
Scope and Contents note
Folder 1 contains dispatches and memoranda concerning funds received
by the Paris Office for agents and special expenses for the period from
1910 to 1916. All other folders are statements for banking transactions,
bills of the Paris Office for rent, office equipment, stationery,
telephone, etc., and similar bills for Bittard-Monin's office, each set
in a separate folder. The boxes numbered 8 and 9 hold postal and
monetary stubs for communications and credits addressed to European
countries and Russia. These small items are arranged in chronological
order only.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 59-66
Index IVd, Folder 1
Correspondence concerning the receipt of funds for the Paris
office,
1909-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 59
Index IVd, Folder 2
Agents' travel expenses
Access
Available on microfilm reels 59-60
Index IVd, Folder 3
Banking operations in France and other countries
Access
Available on microfilm reel 60
Index IVd, Folder 4
Expenses connected with the Paris office: rent, office
equipment, telephone, furniture, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 60
Index IVd, Folder 5
Expenses connected with the Paris office: rent, office
equipment, telephone, furniture, etc. (cont'd.)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 61
Index IVd, Folder 6
Expenses connected with the Paris office: rent, office
equipment, telephone, furniture, etc. (cont'd.)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 61
Index IVd, Folder 7
Receipts from agents (Bittard-Monin)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 62
Index IVd, Folder 8
Receipts for registered mail, telegrams, and money orders
paid in various European countries
Access
Available on microfilm reels 62-65
Index IVd, Folder 9
Receipts for registered letters sent to Russia (1914-1915);
expense slips of surveillance agents
Access
Available on microfilm reels 62-65
Box 34
e. Correspondence on procedures, instructions, from
Headquarters
Scope and Contents note
The dispatches, memoranda, and drafts in Folder 1 contain various
Headquarters directives on the method, form, contents, etc., necessary
in the preparation of reports for Headquarters. Changes of addresses and
codes for addresses are designated. The correspondence also includes
tracer notes on delayed correspondence, requests for extra copies of
reports for deposit in Headquarters archives, regulations on dispatches
in pouches, requests for statement of sources when information has been
obtained from foreign liaison, etc. Since there are no documents giving
specific instructions on the handling of operational and intelligence
reports, this collection may serve as an illustration of the procedures
in the handling of correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris
Office.
The collection in Folder 2, with documents dated from 1890 to 1916,
holds instructions from Headquarters on procedures to follow in
preparing surveillance reports, handling perlustration, writing
telegraphic messages; and instructions on Paris Office procedures,
office forms, searches for documents, preparation of answers to
inquiries, and similar specific requests.
Folder 3 contains periodic tables of information requests from
Headquarters, with notations of completed answers by the Paris Office,
and accompanying notes in the form of accounting for which Headquarters
requests for information were answered and when. Folder 4 contains
only samples of Paris Office operational folders, with all contents
removed.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 66-67
Index IVe, Folder 1
Documents pertaining to correspondence procedures,
instructions from Headquarters, etc.,
1902-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 66
Index IVe, Folder 2
Dispatches and notes on office and surveillance procedures,
instructions on the form of the reports submitted to Headquarters,
the composition of telegrams, etc.,
1890-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 66
Index IVe, Folder 3
Record of directives and requests for information and
dispatches in answer to inquiries,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index IVe, Folder 4
Folders for documents on the organization of the Okhrana
abroad
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Box 34
a. Policy of the Tsarist regime with regard to national and
international security systems
Scope and Contents note
The alert attitude of the Okhrana toward the possibility of close liaison
and cooperation with the security establishments of other countries was
a notable trait that distinguished the MVD agency from diplomatic,
military, and other official missions of the Russian Empire. While the
latter were bound by strict protocols, the Okhrana's chiefs abroad,
often on a personal and friendly basis, communicated with the French
Sûreté or Scotland Yard and, at the same time, with various local
subordinates of the security establishments. Even the long title of the
Okhrana Chief in Paris stated that he was the representative of the MVD
for contact with local (security) authorities abroad.
European governments, most of which had suffered from the assassination
of state leaders by anarchists and early Marxists, were as a rule quite
amenable to cooperation against the essentially international
terrorists. Thus, when the government in St. Petersburg took the
initiative in 1904 for international cooperation against political
criminals and subversives, ten countries signed the secret pact to that
effect, and others followed. This step toward international security was
further expanded with another pact in 1913, also signed in Russia.
Liaison efforts were thus given strong official sanction.
From a more practical side, Okhrana principals abroad tried to build up
close cooperation on the basis of personal contact and tokens of
friendship. They saw to it that foreign security leaders were adequately
rewarded with medals from the Emperor or extended other favors.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 1
Dispatches and other documents referring to liaison
arrangements with the security organs of various
countries,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 2
Dispatch from Headquarters in St. Petersburg warning against
any secret conferences with the French Sûreté in matters concerning
political refugees (anarchists), which only an international
convention can regulate,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 3
International agreement concerning the extradition and
cooperation against anarchists, signed on March 14, 1904, in
Petrograd; dispatches concerning ratification from the Swiss and
British governments,
1904, 1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 4
International action connected with the Tiflis
holdup,
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 5
Buisson's proposal for an international action against
terrorists,
1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 6
Forms for the recipients of Russian decorations
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 7
Address book of foreign security officials
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 9
Reference: For excerpts from the text of the secret agreement
on anarchists in St. Petersburg with Germany, Austria, Denmark,
Romania, Serbia, Sweden, Norway, Turkey, and Bulgaria, see Circular
No. 3806 (1904) in XIIId(1), no. 9
Boxes 34-35, 239-241
b. Relations with the French Sûreté
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana's relations with the French Sûreté Générale and other
government organs were subject to greater rises and falls in the degree
of cooperation than in any other country. Intense campaigns of the
revolutionaries in emigration and the supporting liberal press of France
often led to attacks upon the French Parliament, with repercussions in
executive arms of the government, and thus to cooling-off periods in the
Okhrana-Sûreté liaison. Invariably, the efforts of the chief in Paris,
state visits, some outrageous act of terror, or other causes cemented
the relations again into close and, at times, truly amicable
relations.
Folders 3 and 4 contain documents related to the liaison activity
exchange of information and assistance in operations against the
revolutionaries. Folder 5 contains mostly dispatches between
Headquarters and the Paris Office, dealing for the most part with
instructions, and suggestions regarding French liaison.
Other materials in these folders are mostly informative. The Okhrana
Office kept the annuals of the French Sûreté, information on Sûreté
personnel and functions for reference purposes. Some of the documents
show that the Okhrana made background and character studies of French
officials with whom it intended to seek cooperation. The three volumes
with mounted photographs on terrorist construction use of bombs, one
containing illustrations from Russian techniques, are indicative that
these materials were exchanged in liaison for training purposes.
Much of the liaison exchange with the Sûreté was carried out by the
office of Marcel Bittard-Monin, the Okhrana's principal agent in charge
of non-Russian operatives. He and several of his subordinates were
former Sûreté officials or agents. As such, they were particularly well
qualified for liaison with former colleagues at almost any level of the
Sûreté or police departments. The advantage of having access to police
records at various local levels was realized much before the engagement
of Bittard-Monin. The many thousands of biographic notes prepared in the
1890s and early 1900s by agent Fehrenbach were copied from the various
police records to which he had access in Paris as in many other
communities of France.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 67-69
Index Vb, Folder 1
Annals of the French Sûreté, 1910 and 1914; 1 set of
addresses of police officers in Paris; 1 chart on the police network
in Paris; 7 reports on French statesmen (1882-1887); and 3 old
warrants from the Paris police (1858-1905),
1858-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Vb, Folder 2
Correspondence referring to decorations and gifts to French
Sûreté officials,
1886-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 68
Index Vb, Folder 3
Correspondence of the Paris Okhrana with the French
Sûreté,
1887-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 68
Index Vb, Folder 4
Cooperation of the French Sûreté with the Paris
Okhrana,
1887-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 68
Index Vb, Folder 5
Dispatches and notes exhanged between Headquarters and the
Paris office,
1893-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vb, Folder 6
Books prepared by the French Sûreté with graphic
illustrations for training French policemen on the methods of the
terrorists,
1884-1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vb, Folder 8
Reference: For receipts for decorations, signed by French
officials, see IVb
Index Vb, Folder 9
Reference: See outgoing telegram, April 16, 1904, reporting
that Delcasse has given information about a possible assassination
attempt on a Russian minister, in XIIIb(2), folder 3.
Box 35
c. Relations with Scotland Yard
Scope and Contents note
Liaison with Scotland Yard and other organs in Great Britain differed
significantly from the liaison with the French Sûreté. There were no ups
and downs or cooling-off periods, but a steady businesslike cooperation.
If at all affected by the virulent attacks upon the Okhrana by such
staunch and usually respectable supporters as Prince Kropotkin and his
"school" or the Jewish Bund in London, the available documents do not
show it. In fact, the Okhrana's liaison with the British improved over
time, particularly when war broke out. Chief Krasil'nikov's friendly
correspondence with Chief Quinn of Scotland Yard shows close and genuine
cooperation.
Close liaison developed especially after 1912. Several of the Okhrana's
British agents in London had passed away. Krasil'nikov approached Quinn
to designate a capable British person to run the British agents in the
surveillance of Russians in England. After due deliberation of some
months, Quinn recommended one of his beat inspectors, Francis Powell,
who by the end of that year became the principal agent for England. His
assisting agents were all former Scotland Yard men.
Supplementary information to the contents of the folders in this
collection may be found in file IIb (London outpost) and the folders on
agent Powell in IIIe and VIk.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vc, Folder 1
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris
office,
1890-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vc, Folder 2
Correspondence between the London police and the Paris
Okhrana,
1897-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vc, Folder 3
Correspondence between the Paris Okhrana and the London
police,
1897-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vc, Folder 4
Samples of agents' reports from London,
1907-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vc, Folder 5
Lists of British police officials recommended for
decorations,
1907-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vc, Folder 7
Reference: For address book of foreign security officials,
see Va, folder 7
Index Vc, Folder 8
Reference: For agent Farce's reports from London on
penetration of Scotland Yard by the Okhrana in 1905, see
VIIIa
Index Vc, Folder 9
Reference: For agent Thorpe's letters from London on
cooperation with the London police, 1907-1908, see VIIIa
Index Vc, Folder 10
Reference: For cooperation with Scotland Yard on the
Houndsditch robbery by the anarchists, see XVIb(5), folder
1
Boxes 35-36
d. Relations with the German Sicherheit
Scope and Contents note
Because of the German federal system, a centralized liaison as in England
and France could not be established. An outstanding and long term
contact was maintained with the police directorate in Berlin, the head
of which, Wilhelm Henninger, maintained almost regular correspondence
with the Okhrana chief in Paris. The contents of his intelligence and
operational notes do not reveal that he was himself a high level Okhrana
agent, but they illustrate amply that he must have been a sizeable
recipient of the Okhrana's benefits.
There were close relations also with police chiefs controlling special
political departments in Munich, Darmstadt, and Hamburg. As far as the
Okhrana was concerned, Berlin and the Prussian Sicherheitsdienst were
the key liaison targets, not so much because of the concentration of the
revolutionaries there, but because of the proximity of the Russian
borders and overland routes for subversives, arms and literature
smugglers, and terrorists.
Close cooperation in Berlin was partly the result of Garting's early
efforts. He was chief of the Okhrana agentura there from 1901 to 1905
and was accredited as such by the Germans. They caused him some trouble
when it was made known that, apart from liaison, Garting had under him
also some German agents, but the affair was straightened out after
Garting's assignment to Paris.
Folder 1, assorted only chronologically, contains correspondence with
a large number of city and state police directorates, including samples
of exchanged information on revolutionaries, smugglers of arms
(Hamburg), apprehension of revolutionary bandits with marked bank notes
(Munich, Berlin). Folder 2 has dispatches with Headquarters, dealing
with liaison, while the lists of officers named for decorations and
awards include primarily people on both sides of the liaison,
cooperating in various tasks.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 70-71
Index Vd, Folder 1
Letters regarding correspondence with German police in
various cities, including police director Henninger in Berlin and
chiefs in Munich, Darmstadt, Frankfurt, etc.,
1899-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 70
Index Vd, Folder 2
Dispatches between Headquarters and the Paris office
regarding cooperation with the German police,
1901-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 70
Index Vd, Folder 3
Decorations and awards for German police
officials,
1890-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 70
Index Vd, Folder 4
Coordination with German security for measures taken to guard
traveling Imperial majesties,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Vd, Folder 5
Drafts and letters referring to smuggling of arms into
Russia,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Vd, Folder 7
Reference: See incoming 1904 telegram commenting on an
article in
Petite République denying
any role in the arrests of socialists in Germany, in XIIIc(3),
folder 16
Index Vd, Folder 8
Reference: For intelligence reports on arms shipments from
Germany, 1906, see XXIVh
Box 36
e. Relations with the Italian Sicurezza
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana's cooperation with the Italian police, intelligence, and
diplomatic authorities was both overt and secret. Italy, too, was a
signatory to the St. Petersburg treaty for cooperation in the
suppression of subversives, and the number of Italian anarchists named
in Okhrana Headquarters warning lists and on biographic cards is
considerable. (Even the name of the young Benito Mussolini came into the
Okhrana records.)
In Paris, liaison with the Italians was first made through the Embassy,
and cooperation with the Italian Military Attaché, Wenzel (probably in
the Okhrana's pay), was particularly active until his expulsion from
Paris. The documents coming from the Rome and other questuras are
illustrative of the exchange of information. The arrangement of Okhrana
representatives with Italian local authorities, particularly the post
offices in the towns of the Italian Riviera, for mail intercepts were
clandestine and of course illegal, ending at times in scandal that had
to be aired in the Rome parliament.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Ve, Folder 1
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris
office,
1906-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Ve, Folder 2
Dispatches relating to cooperation with the Italian
authorities,
1902-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Ve, Folder 3
Decorations and rewards for Italian police
officials,
1909-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Ve, Folder 4
Correspondence with the Italian military attaché,
1909-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Boxes 36-37
f. Relations with police of other countries
Access
Available on microfilm reels 71-73
Austria
Scope and Contents note
Despite the fact that Austria-Hungary was partner in the pact for
cooperation in combatting international terrorists, there is little
trace of any liaison between the Okhrana and the Austrian services.
The folders include a set of letters in which information is
exchanged with the Vienna police directorate about subversives, but
no instance is on record, as in the liaison with the Prussian
Sicherheit, of cooperation in detecting and apprehending smugglers
of bombs and terrorists on the border. As a matter of record, the
Galician border was a favorite spot for illegal crossing along the
Prussian border; yet, while at the latter locations, the Okhrana
could frequently count on German assistance, it had to rely upon its
own resources for tailing and apprehending terrorists crossing the
Austrian borders.
The lack of cooperation with Austria may be attributed to mutual
suspicion. Both countries had rebellious minority nationalities, and
it appears that neither was unhappy over the other's problems on the
identical issue. To add fuel to this embryonic cold war situation,
the Okhrana frequently detected Austrian agents crossing Into
Russia. (See the files on pre-World War I counter-espionage under
Index Number VIIIa.)
Index Vf, Folder 1
Dispatches relating to cooperation,
1886-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Vf, Folder 2
Cooperation between the Vienna police and the Paris
Okhrana,
1896-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Vf, Folder 3
Drafts of letters
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Vf, Folder 5
Reference: For address book of foreign security
officials, see Va, folder 7
Belgium
Scope and Contents note
The lively liaison of the Okhrana with the Belgian services had its
beginnings in the mid-1890s, after the marriage of Garting, later
Okhrana chief in Berlin and then Paris, to a Belgian socialite and
noblewoman. Garting,an Okhrana agent since 1890, became influential
among the important government circles and thus did more to insure a
steady exchange of information, essentially at the top level of the
country's services. Most of the bulky intelligence correspondence of
the Paris Okhrana with Belgium is thus through the Director of the
Sûreté Publique in the Brussels Ministry of Justice.
From the standpoint of Okhrana operations abroad, Brussels and the
Belgian ports were of primary importance since much of the smuggling
of arms, forbidden literature, and conspirators en route to Russia
went through Belgian ports.
Index Vf, Folder 1
Correspondence with the Belgian police, requesting data
on Russian revolutionaries,
1896-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Vf, Folder 2
Information on Russian revolutionaries and their
organizations sent by the Belgian police,
1904-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 3
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris
office,
1906-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 4
Reports from Paris Okhrana agents working in
Belgium,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 5
Decorations and rewards for Belgian police
officials,
1896
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 6
Undated notes on Russian individuals
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 8
Reference: For address book of foreign security
officials, see Va, folder 7
Index Vf, Folder 9
Reference: See report from the Russian consulate in
Antwerp, February 4, 1905, in Vg.
Switzerland
Scope and Contents note
The documents in Folder 1 contain some correspondence with the
chiefs of the Swiss federal services, indicating some liaison and
resulting exchanges of information at that level. The major part of
cooperation, however, was at the canton and municipal police levels
at Bern, Zurich, Geneva, Lausanne, and several minor communities.
The most productive in obtaining intelligence on the activities of
Russian conspirators, residing in considerable numbers in
Switzerland,was the liaison on strictly local levels. Thousands of
reports submitted by agents Bint, Woltz, and others from various
Swiss cities from 1900 to 1915 are copies from the local Swiss
police registers. Their access to information was on a personal,
friendship, or business basis, but some intermediary through liaison
at a slightly higher level than the police station counter may be
spotted in the correspondence collected in the two folders.
Sometimes, the liaison on this local, agent basis went even a step
further. A police official was placed on the Okhrana payroll,
supplying not only information on revolutionaries but assisting in
operations against them. (Example: See the folder on agent
Treichler, police official in Zurich, in Ille, Folder 3.)
Index Vf, Folder 1
Dispatches related to cooperation between the Swiss
police and the Paris Okhrana,
1895-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 2
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris office
related to cooperation with the Swiss authorities, including the
case of the extradition of Burtsev and Krakov,
1894-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 4
Reference: For address book of foreign security
officials, see Va, folder 7
Index Vf, Folder 1
Denmark,
1893-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 2
Holland,
1894-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 3
Hungary,
1908-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 4
Monaco,
1907-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 5
Romania,
1905-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 6
Serbia,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 7
Spain,
1906-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 8
Sweden,
1904-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 9
Turkey,
1894-1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 10
United States,
1910, 1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 11
Reference: For address book of foreign security officials,
see Va, folder 7
Index Vf, Folder 12
Reference: For two letters sent from Sambain reporting on his
talks with security chiefs in Stockholm, in June 1916, see
XIc(1)
Index Vf, Folder 13
Reference: For responses in "Free Russia" and other press to
the pending United States-Russia pact on the extradition of
terrorists, 1893, see XVIa
Box 37
g. Relations with missions abroad
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana office in Paris was located at all times in the same complex
of buildings as the Imperial Embassy; the agentura in Berlin was in the
house of the Imperial Consulate, and, when its staff representatives
were on duty in other capitals, their office address was that of the
respective diplomatic or consular mission. Administratively, Okhrana
establishments abroad had nothing else in common with any other Russian
mission. Operationally, they were as closed to the offices representing
Russia as to any foreign office.
The correspondence in the folders of this collection does not reveal
incidents of serious friction between Okhrana chiefs abroad and the
diplomatic and consular representatives. Conferences on individual
problems are referred to, such as the Okhrana chief's briefing on
current matters. Frequently, the diplomat or consul would inquire about
some applicant's loyalty or character record. Normally, inquiries and
replies became part of the written record. Both Russian and non-Russian
applicants for Okhrana employment usually addressed themselves to the
embassy or consular office. Such and similar correspondence was turned
over to the attention of the Okhrana. (See Index Nos. VIa and VIb,
containing letters of prospective recruits.)
Relations with the military mission in Paris, particularly after the
Allied intelligence was centralized, became close, with daily exchanges
of information in matters of counter-espionage as well as other
intelligence topics. (See Index No. lIe and VIIIb, on wartime
counter-espionage.)
The four folders in this collection are organized as to separate
correspondence with the Russian Embassy and Consulates in France, the
military mission in Paris, the imperial missions in other countries, and
specially with Russian missions with regard to arms smuggling.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 73-74
Index Vg, Folder 1
Correspondence between the Paris Okhrana and the Russian
Embassy and consulates in France,
1887-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vg, Folder 2
Correspondence with the Russian military mission in
Paris,
1915-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vg, Folder 3
Correspondence of the Paris office with Russian foreign
service posts in Stockholm, Copenhagen, and Berlin referring to arms
smuggling into Russia,
1905-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vg, Folder 4
Correspondence between the Paris Okhrana and Russian foreign
service posts in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, Germany,
Holland, Italy, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United
States,
1891-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 74
Boxes 37-62
VI. Personnel administration: agents
Box 37
a. Recruitment of agents: Russian nationals
Scope and Contents note
No document in this collection gives comprehensive instructions
concerning the recruitment of agents. In many cases, Russian agents
abroad, as a rule in the deep cover category for active participation
among target groups, were sent to the field by Headquarters or by
provincial Okhrana establishments to report directly back to the home
units. At first the Paris Okhrana was responsible for them
administratively. Gradually, agents were placed under case officers
abroad for reporting and other operational control.
The Paris Office exchanged with Headquarters scores of dispatches
concerning agents sent abroad who were considered ill-suited for
operations for such assignments, with the result that final authority in
recruitment actually came under the Paris Office or its major staff
agents running secret operations.
The dispatches and other papers in Folders 1 and 2 contain
communications on individuals offering services or proposed for
employment. When an applicant wrote, he received no answer, whether he
was considered for employment or not. If the case appeared promising, he
was investigated as to his domicile, character, loyalties, or any of the
aspects he introduced in his petition. If the investigation agent's
report was favorable, the individual was approached casually and
clandestinely, according to the circumstances in each case.
Many documents pertaining to recruitment of agents are located in the
agents' dossiers. (See Index No. Illf, Folders 9-36.)
Access
Available on microfilm reels 74-75
Index VIa, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to the recruitment of Russian
agents,
1889-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 74
Index VIa, Folder 2
Dispatches pertaining to the recruitment of Russian
agents,
1910-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 74
Index VIa, Folder 3
Letters from individuals offering their services to the
Okhrana,
1886-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 75
Index VIa, Folder 4
Dispatch from Headquarters with instructions concerning
sending an agent to the United States,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 75
Index VIa, Folder 5
Dispatch concerning the difficulty of recruiting new agents
abroad and keeping deep cover agent Weber in London,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 75
Index VIa, Folder 6
Undated notes, including two letters requesting
employment
Access
Available on microfilm reel 75
Index VIa, Folder 8
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 30, April 24, 1903,
regarding the hiring of agents by Okhrana offices, in XIIIc(2),
folder 2
Box 38
b. Recruitment of agents: foreign nationals
Scope and Contents note
The hiring of foreign nationals was the responsibility of the field
establishment. Headquarters, which received many petitions for
employment from abroad, abstained from even commenting on their merits,
but forwarded all such letters to the Paris Office for consideration.
Only in a few instances, as in the case of a Hungarian swindler named
"Tulipan" coming with an offer to uncover a major assassination
conspiracy, did Headquarters request serious exploration of the
case.
Much of this correspondence came from adventurers and professional job
seekers, but the Okhrana could not afford to disregard the offers
completely, especially when the offers for employment suggested the
uncovering of plots or information convincing enough that the applicant
might have access and capability to acquire the desired intelligence
information.
Kany of the offers came from private detectives and people with years of
experience in investigation work. If interested, the Okhrana first tried
to obtain information from the service with which the applicant had
allegedly worked. More often, however, the Okhrana made a direct
approach to the chiefs of services when on the lookout for agents with
that qualification. Thus, it happened that most of the efficient
personnel engaged by the Okhrana abroad were former investigation agents
and detectives with various European services.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 75-77
Index VIb, Folder 1
Offers of services to the Okhrana: dispatches on offers
received, comments, etc.,
1887-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reels 75-76
Index VIb, Folder 2
Offers of services to the Okhrana: dispatches on offers
received, comments, etc.,
1910-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 76
Index VIb, Folder 3
Applications for work with the Okhrana,
1902-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 76
Index VIb, Folder 4
Undated applications for work with the Okhrana
Access
Available on microfilm reel 76
Index VIb, Folder 5
Offers of services dropped by the Okhrana without further
consideration,
1887-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 76
Index VIb, Folder 6
Requests for employment; investigation reports on the
applicants,
1908-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Box 38
c. Blackmail in recruitment
Scope and Contents note
There is no record to indicate the Okhrana abroad resorting to blackmail
as inducement to recruiting, as often reported by critics of the old
system using such practices in Russia proper. On the contrary, the
revolutionary counter-intelligence conducted by Vladimir Burtsev in
Paris used such methods when detecting and exposing Okhrana agents
operating among the revolutionaries. Under threat of death as a form of
punishment, such exposed agents were blackmailed into participation in
some dangerous terrorist task. (See XXIVa and XXIVb.)
This folder contains letters and notes on individuals who had either been
in the Okhrana service or attempted to work themselves into the service
or other favors by way of threats. Much of this correspondence was
addressed to Bittard-Monin, principal agent for the handling of
non-Russian personnel.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VIc, Folder 1
Letters to Bittard-Monin from unidentified
people,
1910-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VIc, Folder 2
Unidentified letters,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VIc, Folder 3
Unidentified telegrams,
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VIc, Folder 4
Unidentified notes
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VIc, Folder 5
Various unclassified notes and letters
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VIc, Folder 6
Intercepted letters
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Boxes 39-41
d. Handling of agents
Scope and Contents note
Many general instructions on the handling of overt investigation agents
and deep cover agents are contained in the directive circulars from
Headquarters, collected under Index Number XIIId(l). However, certain
practices in the handling of agents in Russia could not be applied in
the operations abroad.
The collection under this topic is a wide assortment ranging from
clear-cut instructions from case officers to subordinate agents to
complaints from the field and action taken by the case officer or the
chief in Paris in response to complaints. Headquarters apparently did
not interfere with the details on agent handling, but often showed
concern with regard to the area of assignment (see Folder 1).
Folder 2 contains communications of Russian agents in the field,
including various complaints. The complaints of the non-Russian agents
are located among replies, operational instructions, communications
regarding salaries and assignments, etc., in Folders 3-9, which are
arranged chronologically for the period from 1901 to 1917. Folders 10-
13 are on the handling of agents in England, Germany, Austria, and
Italy.
Friction among non-Russian agents was almost a common occurrence. This
could not be the situation among the deep cover Russian agents, who, in
principle as well as in practice, did not know each other's identities.
The non-Russian crews had to work in teams, but seldom for more than a
few weeks at any one time. The composition of each team was in constant
flux, just as the place of operation for the individual agent was
subject to endless changes. At one time or another, most non-Russian
agents complained about their principal agent Bittard-Monin and the
leaders of the teams. These complaints were usually addressed to the
Paris chief himself and, in a few instances, directly to Headquarters in
St. Petersburg. Folder I4 is illustrative of the complaints.
Neither French nor Italian agents appeared happy when the team leader was
a German ?in this instance, Neuhaus, who explains his relations with
other agents. French and Italian agents got along better, but there were
instances where the French could not stomach their own kind. The younger
set of agents considered such old-timers as Bint overbearing, and it was
evident from the assignments on special, more difficult tasks that the
crews usually needed a touch of cnoteling, with much consideration as to
who might team best with whom. The team in England under Francis Powell
never appeared to have personality difficulties prevalent on the
Continent, but it happened that the agents there were a more cohesive
and collegiate group. They were all mature men with identical, Scotland
Yard backgrounds.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 77-82
Index VId, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to the assignment of agents in Berlin,
London, and Paris,
1907-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VId, Folder 2
Letters and telegrams from Russian agents abroad,
1907-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Instructions, operational notes, and other materials for
agents in France and other countries
Index VId, Folder 3
1901-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VId, Folder 4
1912 January-May
Access
Available on microfilm reel 78
Index VId, Folder 5
1912 June-August
Access
Available on microfilm reel 78
Index VId, Folder 6
1912 September-December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 78
Index VId, Folder 7
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 78
Index VId, Folder 8
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 78
Index VId, Folder 9
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 78
Index VId, Folder 10
Papers pertaining to the handling of agents in
England,
1892-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 79-80
General note
See also IIIe, no. 3, for folders on agents Francis Powell and
Farce.
Index VId, Folder 11
Papers pertaining to the handling of agents in
Germany,
1905-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
General note
See also IIIe, no. 3, for the folders on agents Neuhaus and Woltz.
Index VId, Folder 12
Letters and telegrams from agent Tuppinger in
Vienna,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
General note
See also IIIe, no. 3, for the folder on Tuppinger.
Index VId, Folder 13
Notes on the scandal with the Italian post office cooperating
with Okhrana agents,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
General note
For agent handling in Italy, see the folders on Capusso, Durin,
Frumento, Invernizzi, Leone, and Vizzardelli in IIIe, no. 3.
Index VId, Folder 14
Agent Neuhaus's account on relations with other
agents,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
Index VId, Folder 15
Notes on investigation assignments for agents
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
Index VId, Folder 16
Sheet of items to be noted in filing a description of an
individual under surveillance, issued to all non-Russian
agents
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
Index VId, Folder 17
Letters from agent Bint on his assignment to
Christiana,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
Index VId, Folder 18
Two notebooks of principal agents,
1903, 1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
Receipts for agent expenditures and travel
accounts,
1910-1917
Index VId, Folder 19
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
Index VId, Folder 20
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 81
Index VId, Folder 21
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 81
Index VId, Folder 22
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 81
Index VId, Folder 23
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 81
Index VId, Folder 24
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 81
Index VId, Folder 25
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VId, Folder 26
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VId, Folder 27
Reference: See operational card index for references to
dispatches pertaining to the handling of agents
Index VId, Folder 28
Reference: See directive circulars, in
XIIId(1)
Index VId, Folder 29
Reference: See commendations and criticisms of the
behavior of agent Henry Bint in IIIe, folder 3
Box 41
e. Backstopping of agents, verification
Scope and Contents note
The collection in this folder is rather meager in consideration of the
emphasis and amount of effort the Okhrana placed on working out cover
stories for its agents and verifying the stories where the agents
themselves prepared all the alibis vis-a-vis the revolutionary groups of
their assignment. As a rule, the cover story for an agent assigned
abroad had its beginning in Russia. The elements of such a story always
had to be at least half way true for purposes of verification by the
revolutionaries, which was always taken for granted. The agent had to
have a record of revolutionary background in his home community. He had
to have proofs, letters of introduction or the equivalent to make it
possible for him to gain access to the revolutionaries abroad. If posing
as an escaped political prisoner, his mere words to that effect were
quite inadequate. If he had to prove that his income abroad was from a
rich uncle in Briansk, it was not enough to show the money order
received; the uncle actually had to live in Briansk, for the
revolutionary counter-intelligence had developed to a point where it
could verify almost every such story.
In assisting with cover stories, the Paris Okhrana depended heavily on
the home offices. The wartime case of double agent Dolin (alias
"Lenin"), engaged by the Germans but controlled by an Okhrana case
officer in Paris, is an outstanding illustration of the capabilities of
the Russian service to backstop its operative by staging explosions
attributed to his sabotage work for the Germans, issuing bulletins about
it to the press, and providing alleged revolutionary support to satisfy
the Germans about "their agent." (See Index Number Illf, Folder 13,
on Dolin.)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VIe, Folder 1
Dispatches illustrating the Okhrana's practice of
backstopping agents with cover stories, verifying information, and
agent reliability,
1896-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VIe, Folder 2
Cross-reference sheet
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VIe, Folder 3
Reference: See IIIf, folder 13, on agent Dolin ("Lenin,"
"Charles")
Box 41
f. Training and placement of agents
Scope and Contents note
Folder 1 in this collection contains instructional materials for the
agents. Instruktsia No. 298 gives the regulations on surveillance
methods which had to be learned by the agents. Bibliographies on
revolutionaries are included and briefs on Russian revolutionaries in
France were required reading for agents. In addition to such briefs,
important agents were given, for study and recognition, albums of
photographs of the important revolutionaries.
Folder 2 includes dispatches and various notes relative to the
training of Russian secret agents sent to Europe for the purpose of
familiarizing themselves with the activities of revolutionaries abroad.
Among these papers is an extensive draft commenting on the lack of
qualifications of Russian agents abroad (dated July 1913). In Folder
3 the documents relate to the second and third tours of agent trainees
sent from Russia to study revolutionaries and their activities abroad.
At the end of the collection are two letters of principal agent
Bittard-Monin, complaining about the behavior of Russian trainees.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 82-83
Index VIf, Folder 1
Instruktsiia no. 298,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Scope and Contents note
Printed regulations on the organization of surveillance work, with
appended forms for making reports, including two sheets in
French.
Index VIf, Folder 1
Brief on Socialist Revolutionaries agitating among the
peasants,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VIf, Folder 1
Bibliographies of revolutionary publications kept by the
Okhrana, some of which were required reading for agents,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VIf, Folder 1
Rapport. Training brief on Russian
revolutionaries in France,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VIf, Folder 2
Dispatches concerning the training of agents,
1886-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Scope and Contents note
Includes draft of a dispatch on the lack of qualifications of Russian
agents for work in the West.
Index VIf, Folder 3
Dispatches and other materials relating to three tours
(1911-1913) of trainees from Russia assigned abroad for study and
recognition of revolutionaries,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Scope and Contents note
Includes letters by Bittard-Monin complaining about the Russian
trainees.
Index VIf, Folder 5
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 50, September 11,
1903, regarding the procedures to be followed in assigning agents on
various missions, in XIIId(2), folder 2
Box 42
g. Evaluation of agent information
Scope and Contents note
No document is available in this collection to describe Okhrana rules or
practices in evaluating intelligence information obtained from its many
sources. Principal agent Bittard-Monin had his own system of analysis of
raw reports for final submission to the Paris Office. (See his three
notebooks in this collection.) The dispatches exchanged with St.
Petersburg often refer to the evaluation, analysis, and dependability of
contents and reporters. Critical analysis of certain reports may be
observed also in some of the folders in Xllla.
Folder 1 contains some specific examples of the analysis of
information, such as prepared by case officer Lt. Colonel Lustig on the
reports from secret agent Demetrashvili. The practice of analyzing
reports may be observed also in the maintenance of intelligence target
files on revolutionaries, their organizations and activities. (See
XIIIf(3).) One of the purposes of maintaining reference files to
intelligence topics was to have ready access to available information
for comparison with incoming reports and their evaluation.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Index VIg, Folder 1
Dispatches referring to the evaluation of agent information,
dependability of reports, etc.,
1887-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Index VIg, Folder 2
Notes journaliéres. Book of principal
agent Bittard-Monin on agent reports,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Index VIg, Folder 3
Agent Bittard-Monin's notes on revolutionaries from agent
reports,
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Index VIg, Folder 4
Agent Bittard-Monin's notes on revolutionaries from agent
reports,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Box 42
h. Checking on agents with regard to security, behavior,
veracity
Scope and Contents note
This collection of materials on the subject of how the Okhrana at home
and abroad maintained control over the agents includes little more than
a sampling of the methods. The documents under other index numbers on
agents and techniques of operation contain much scattered material on
this subject. For instance, the folders on senior employee Sushkov, who
came under suspicion in 1914 as the possible informant of Burtsev and
his counter-intelligence office, are illustrative of the measures taken
to uncover his attitudes and activities. Particularly in the early
stages of employment, deep cover agents were under much observation.
Checking on their veracity and true loyalties was often a fairly simple
matter since these agents did not know each other, and quite frequently
there were two of them reporting on the same persons and events.
Folder 1 in this collection contains mostly dispatches exchanged with
Headquarters concerning instructions on security checks, loyalty, and
general behavior of the agents and employees. Other folders cover more
specific cases of checking on individual or groups of agents or on the
methods used to exert control over them.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 1
Dispatches containing instructions and reports on security
checks, loyalty, behavior of agents, and the control of their
activities,
1905-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 2
Reports from Bint on his tour to Switzerland to inspect the
performance of French and Swiss agents,
1912 February-March
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 3
Non-Russian agents' signatures kept in a separate file as a
control measure,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
General note
For other signatures, see VIc.
Index VIh, Folder 4
Dispatch concerning the constant surveillance of Azef in
1907; dispatches regarding the identification of an agent with
contacts with Okhrana defector Bakai; instructions from Headquarters
to border outposts to refuse certificates to Okhrana
agents,
1907-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 5
Dispatches, notes, and reports revealing checks on the
loyalty, activities, etc. of deep cover agents: Beitner, Blokhin,
Demetrashvili, Eropkina, Geiger, Kaplun, Kokochinskii, Kozlov,
Krevin, Kuranov, Mass, Model, de Shneur, Virovoi, and
Zinovev
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 6
The case of the Pilenas brothers, agents in
London,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 7
Dispatches and other materials on the surveillance of agent
Model traveling to Russia in 1914; the Leone-Fontana scandal in
1912; agent Nobel's checking on the story that the revolutionaries
intended to use airplanes; instructions forbidding agents to make
statements of any connection with the Russian embassy
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 9
Reference: For two dispatches from Krasil'nikov in 1915-1916
criticizing case officer Litvin on handling deep cover agents, see
IIIb
Box 42
i. Informers
Scope and Contents note
This category of people working for the Okhrana abroad is probably the
most illusive and difficult to classify. The collection in no way
reflects the total number of informers. Every known Russian agent of
some standing was bound to develop his own informers in the police
stations, post offices, among hotel and railroad station attendants, and
the like. The raw reports frequently refer to such sources of
information, at times also listing the tips spent on them.
At all times, however, the Okhrana also kept on the payroll a number of
correspondents (see the last document in Folder 2), sometimes
referred to as informers. This group was subject to constant change -- a
correspondent developed into a full-fledged agent, a casual informer
into a permanent one, or even to a full agent. '
The dispatches and notes collected in Folder 1 are general with
regard to informers, with requests for verification of their information
and the like. Folder 2 deals with specific individuals supplying
information. Folder 3 contains materials from freelance and
unsolicited types, probably the least reliable. Much of this represents
denunciations among the émigré, derogatory letters, usually anonymous,
and therefore not used in the preparation of the Okhrana's intelligence
reports.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 85-86
Index VIi, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to informers or their information,
requests for verification, etc.,
1894-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 85
Index VIi, Folder 2
Okhrana files on informers containing correspondence with
Alaev, Aleksandrov, Chambault, Dadiani, Dengart-Dizhur, Giovanni,
Gruzevich, Korchanov, Kliuchereva, Minkvits, Prolsdorfer in New
York, Riant, Rusinskii, Rusnev, Steinberg, Stiglits,
Zhdanovskii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 85
Index VIi, Folder 3
Letters from informers, denunciations, reports of
revolutionaries, etc.,
1890-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 86
Boxes 43-48
j. General collection of information prepared by non-Russian
agents
Scope and Contents note
This extensive collection of non-Russian agent reports is presented
chronologically and, to some extent, by areas. The to inventory gives
also the names of the key agents and some of the leading revolutionaries
and groups, subjects of their reports.
Despite the size of the collection, it includes only a fraction of the
total of the non-Russian agent reports. The bulk of these is under Index
Numbers VIk and Xllla, the firfct one containing the reports of
important non-Russian agents at given periods and tasks, the second
including the raw reports used in the analysis of information and
preparation for dispatches to Headquarters. Thus, as an example to
researchers who might be interested in the reports of principal agent
Bint (who served the Okhrana from 1884 to 1917), they would find it
expedient to search first through Bint's folders under VIk, then look
for the years missing through the general folders in VIj. Similarly, for
reports on all other non-Russian agents, the approach should be to
search first under the agent's name in VIk, then in VIj.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 86-101
Index VIj, Folder 1
1884-1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 86
Index VIj, Folder 2
1888-1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 87
Index VIj, Folder 3
1891-1893
Access
Available on microfilm reel 87
Index VIj, Folder 4
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 87
Index VIj, Folder 5
1895
Access
Available on microfilm reel 87
Index VIj, Folder 6
1896
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 7
1897
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 8
1898
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 9
1899
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 10
1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 11
1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 12
1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 13
1903-1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 14
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 89
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on revolutionaries Kropotkin, Natanson, Braginskii,
and others.
Index VIj, Folder 15
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reels 89-90
Scope and Contents note
Includes notes on arms shipments from northern European ports.
Index VIj, Folders 16-17
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reels 90-91
Scope and Contents note
Includes agent reports in French on leading revolutionaries: Trotsky,
Martov, Bakunin, Voronov, Karelin, Malinovskii, Minor,
Khrustalev-Nosar, and others.
Index VIj, Folder 18
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 92
Index VIj, Folder 19
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 92
Index VIj, Folder 20
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 92
Index VIj, Folders 21-25
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reels 92-94
Index VIj, Folders 26-30
Paris
Access
Available on microfilm reels 94-96
Index VIj, Folder 31
Other parts of France
Access
Available on microfilm reel 96
Scope and Contents note
Includes surveillance accounts of Savinkov and his group.
Index VIj, Folder 32
Belgium
Access
Available on microfilm reel 97
Index VIj, Folder 33
London
Access
Available on microfilm reel 97
Index VIj, Folder 34
Denmark
Access
Available on microfilm reel 97
Index VIj, Folder 35
Germany
Access
Available on microfilm reel 97
Index VIj, Folder 36
Italy
Access
Available on microfilm reels 97-98
Index VIj, Folder 37
Switzerland
Access
Available on microfilm reels 98-99
Index VIj, Folder 38
Austria
Access
Available on microfilm reel 99
Index VIj, Folder 39
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 100
Index VIj, Folder 40
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 100
Index VIj, Folder 41
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 100
Index VIj, Folder 42
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 101
Index VIj, Folder 43
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 101
Index VIj, Folder 44
Undated
Access
Available on microfilm reel 101
Boxes 49-61
k. Important non-Russian agents
Scope and Contents note
Only Folder 1 of this collection contains dispatches on agents, with
contents of minor significance but pertaining to individuals under whose
names many of these folders are organized. The collection is actually a
continuation of the preceding one in V1j. The folders contain the work
of outstanding agents at given periods or on specific assignments. That
means that not all the product of any one of the agents is assembled
herein, but only the outstanding periods of productivity or reports on
specific and outstanding assignments. The inventory of this collection
is fairly detailed as to the names of the operatives, their targets, and
the periods covered. Each folder is arranged chronologically, with
undated reports placed at the end.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 101-126
Index VIk, Folder 1
Dispatches relating to individual non-Russian
agents,
1905-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 101
Reports organized by agent
Index VIk, Folder 2
Aebersold, Jean,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 101
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports from London on the surveillance of Prince
Kropotkin and participants in the Houndsditch bombings.
Index VIk, Folders 3-8
Bint, Henry,
1887-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 101-103
Index VIk, Folders 9-18
Bittard-Monin,
1908-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 103-105
Index VIk, Folder 19
Corrot, Raoul,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 106
Index VIk, Folder 20
Delangle, Charles,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 106
Index VIk, Folder 21
Demaille, Emile,
1898-1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 106
Scope and Contents note
Includes letters to Richter (Rachkovskii) reporting from Bern,
Geneva, and Copenhagen on various revolutionaries.
Index VIk, Folder 22
Durin, Henri,
1908-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 106
Index VIk, Folder 23
Farce, E.,
1892-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reels 107-108
Scope and Contents note
Reports with information on the "Free Russia" group, anarchists,
Burtsev, Poles, and Jews in London, revolutionary arms
shipments, etc. Perlustration of revolutionary correspondence.
For additional reports of Agent Farce, see IIb, folder 2.
Index VIk, Folder 24
Feuger, Fernand,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 108
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on Bartenev, Azvolinskii, and Barthold.
Index VIk, Folder 25
Fehrenbach, J.,
1890-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reels 109-114
Index VIk, Folders 26-27
Fontaine, Paul (Hamard),
1911-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 115
Scope and Contents note
Reports on the surveillance of Savinkov.
Index VIk, Folder 28
Gottlieb, Rene,
1913-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 115
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on surveilance in Paris of Burtsev, Argunov, and
Bessel.
Index VIk, Folder 29
Hebrais, A.,
1913-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 115
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on Savinkov, Fabrikant, Fundaminskii, and others
of the fighting unit of the Socialist Revolutionaries.
Index VIk, Folder 30
Hennequin, Edmond,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 115
Index VIk, Folder 31-32
Invernizzi, Eugene (Nizzi),
1908-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 116
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Socialist Revolutionary leaders on the Italian
Riviera.
Index VIk, Folder 33-34
Jollivet, Georges (Roberts), his son Raoul, and his
wife,
1911-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reels 116-117
Scope and Contents note
Operational reports until October 1913 on surveillance of
individual revolutionaries in Italy, and after October 1913 as a
double agent in Burtsev's intelligence office.
Index VIk, Folder 35
Laurent, Bernard,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 117
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Paris and Serbia (with agent Cazayus), on
surveillance of the revolutionary Bessel.
Index VIk, Folder 36
Lévęque, Eugéne,
1905, 1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 117
Scope and Contents note
Includes 1905 reports on surveillance of Azef, Burtsev,
Iudelevskii, and others.
Index VIk, Folder 37
Neuhaus, Heinrich,
1905-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 118
Index VIk, Folder 38
Pouchot, Auguste,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 118
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Paris on surveillance of Burtsev.
Index VIk, Folder 39
Powell, Francis,
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 119
General note
See also IIb.
Index VIk, Folder 40
Richard, Mme. G. (Jane),
1911-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 120
Scope and Contents note
22 reports from 1914 when she became a double agent in Burtsev's
office.
Index VIk, Folder 41
Rigault, C.,
1890-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 120
Index VIk, Folder 42
Sambain, Albert,
1903-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 120
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Burtsev, Krakov, and others.
General note
For reports on the cover firm "Bint et Sambain," see IIIg; and
for documents on Sambain's mission to Scandinavia, see
XIc(1).
Index VIk, Folder 43
Thorpe, Michael,
1907-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 121
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on Kropotkin and other anarchists in England.
Index VIk, Folder 44
Tuppinger, Hans,
1911-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 121
Index VIk, Folder 45
Vogt, Maurice,
1908-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 121
Scope and Contents note
Includes his reports on Savinkov and others in 1911-1912.
Index VIk, Folder 46-53
Woltz, Karl,
1903-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reels 121-126
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Switzerland, Germany, Paris, Copenhagen, Helsinki,
and St. Petersburg on Fabrikant and others.
Index VIk, Folder 54
Berlin Agentura, with Neuhaus, Prodeus, and Woltz under
case officer Barkov,
1901-1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 126
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on revolutionaries Bach, Bainov, Banin,
Buchholtz, Elisarov, Frankel, Fundaminskii, Kalmikov, Kuznetsov,
Levidi, Makhovets, Oglobin, Siapkin, Struve, Tsederbaum,
Vinogradov, Wiese, and others.
Index VIk, Folder 55
Reference: See outgoing telegram #140, February 3/16,
1917, with information that Bint was banished from Switzerland
in 1903 and was arrested for returning in XIIIb(2), folder
34
Index VIk, Folder 56
Reference: See incoming telegram, February 8, 1917,
requesting information on Bint's arrest, in XIIIc(3), folder
34
Index VIk, Folder 57
Reference: See incoming telegram, February 27, 1917,
about Bint's appeal from a Swiss prison, in XIIIc(3), folder
34
Index VIk, Folder 58
Reference: See incoming telegram, March 4, 1917, about
with instructions for Bint's release from prison, in XIIIc(3),
folder 34
Index VIk, Folder 59
Reference: See incoming telegram, March 4, 1917, with
instructions for payment to Bint's wife, in XIIIc(3), folder
34
Box 62
l. Purges: dismissal of agents
Scope and Contents note
Folder 1 in this collection, containing Okhrana and departmental
dispatches related to the dismissal of agents, illustrates some of the
procedures in the problem of getting rid of agents no longer useful to
the service. The problem for the Paris Office was at least two-fold.
With regard to secret agents (Russian), decision on dismissal was
usually based on agreement with Headquarters. Either of the two centers
made the proposal on the ground of inaction of the agent, morality, or
the fact that the agent had been exposed as such by the revolutionaries
and therefore incapable of continuing the activities among them.
With regard to the dismissal of investigation agents (non-Russians) the
difficulties for the Paris Office were often of major proportion.
Despite their generous treatment, with liberal termination pay,
ex-agents were fond of resorting to various forms of blackmail, suits in
the courts, or defection to revolutionaries. They knew the vulnerability
of the service and liked to capitalize on it.
When the entire Paris network was dismissed in 1913, the Okhrana, to play
safe, methodically made each agent sign the receipt for termination pay,
an oath that he had returned to the Okhrana all notes, photographs,
communication codes, etc., and another oath that he would not divulge
any information about the service. (See Folder 4.) The system
helped, but not enough. Some agents still turned to the
counter-intelligence office of the revolutionaries to tell what they
knew and thus to ingratiate themselves for a job with Burtsev.
Folder 3 contains Headquarters circulars on ex-agents or people no
longer considered trustworthy. Also, it published periodically the names
of agents who had been recognized and declared provocateurs.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 127
Index VIl, Folder 1
Dispatches relating to the dismissal of agents for reasons of
exposure, lack of confidence, morality, etc.,
1903-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 127
Index VIl, Folder 2
Letters, notes, and other materials relating to dismissed
agents Poznanskii, Tumarinson, Dlikman, Gurevich, Rabinovich, Le
Cointe, and others,
1910-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 127
Index VIl, Folder 3
Headquarters circulars on dismissed former secret agents no
longer considered trustworthy,
1909-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 127
Index VIl, Folder 4
Termination folders for 30 individual non-Russian agents who
were dismissed in October 1913, when the Paris Okhrana was publicly
terminated,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 127
Box 63
VII. Positive intelligence
a. Military, political and economic
Scope and Contents note
The Paris Okhrana at various times received instructions from
Headquarters forbidding all participation in military or any other form
of intelligence except that of its specific assignment: collection of
information on the exiled subversive elements and their activities.
There are many instances, however, showing considerable interest in
general intelligence information in time of peace, while in time of war
actual operations were mounted to obtain intelligence outside the usual
or approved scope of functions.
Manasevich-Manuilov, Okhrana staff officer, mounted operations for the
penetration of diplomatic establishments and the Japanese communications
system prior to and during the war of 1905. After the outbreak of World
War I, the Okhrana abroad converted much of its activity to the war
effort, including positive intelligence against the Central Powers. (See
VIIc.)
It seems obvious from the extreme variety of contents of the materials in
this collection that the Okhrana had no systematic approach to gathering
positive intelligence. At times the reports probably came as by-products
of counter-intelligence efforts, and seldom, if ever, as a result of
specific assignments for the purpose.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Index VIIa, Folder 1
Dispatches, drafts and notes,
1887-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Scope and Contents note
Includes instructions on military intelligence, 1905; climate in
Algiers, 1887; report of the Catholic mission to Persia and Turkey,
1893; Japanese policy, 1905; German nationalist propaganda; the
Masonic order; labor unions; International Parliamentary Union;
Austria's policy toward Serbia, 1912; etc.
Index VIIa, Folder 2
Wartime intelligence reports,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Scope and Contents note
Includes status of the "Cosmos" society, 1915; Japanese policy, 1915;
economic and other intelligence in Sweden, 1915; French-British
loans in the United States, 1915; Conference of Nationalities in
Paris, 1915; military situation in Sweden, 1916; Czechoslovak
leaders; etc.
Index VIIa, Folder 3
Newspaper clippings and notes
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Index VIIa, Folder 5
Reference: See incoming telegram, May 7, 1904, requesting
information on submarine dealers, in XIIIc(3), folder 16
Index VIIa, Folder 6
Reference: See incoming telegram, November 17, 1904,
reporting on ship movements through the Suez canal, in XIIIc(3),
folder 16
b. Industrial espionage in Great Britain
Scope and Contents note
Paris Okhrana dispatches to Headquarters and the reports of case officers
stationed in London frequently referred to the policy of the British
authorities on shipping, labor unions, leftist organizations, and the
like. There is little evidence, however, of any methodical intelligence
reporting on England. This folder contains a collection of photographs
on British naval units and establishments, evidently derived from some
intelligence reporting, but there is no evidence that such material was
sent to Okhrana Headquarters. It may have been passed on to the military
missions in the field interested in such collections.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Index VIIb, Folder 1
Photographs with captions in English, showing British naval
units and other establishments
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Index VIIb, Folder 2
Cover note for copy of agreement between Lloyd George and
various British labor unions,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Index VIIb, Folder 3
Comments on the Russo-English Government
Committee,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
c. Wartime political, economic, and other espionage in Germany
and Austria
Scope and Contents note
The chronological arrangement of papers in this collection illustrates
the Okhrana's approach to the job of collecting information on the
Allied Powers. As all contact with pre-war agents was broken, Okhrana
representatives in Switzerland engaged in sending Swiss operatives to
Vienna and various German cities. The outstanding agent, Brunner, was
caught on the second successful tour and soon thereafter perished in a
German prison. Replacements were found. The results of these operations
are significant in the concentration of the morale of the population,
nature of propaganda, economy, and living standards, as well as other
sociological aspects of the enemy. Also, the Okhrana showed considerable
interest in the status of prisoners of war and German propaganda to
foment nationalist and Marxist uprisings within Russia.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 128-129
Index VIIc, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to Okhrana agents in Germany and
Austria,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 128-129
Scope and Contents note
Agent reports in German with French translations. Briefs of agents,
questionnaires on political, economic, and other intelligence items.
Information on Russian prisoners of war. One copy of
Russkii vestnik, published for prisoners
of war.
Index VIIc, Folder 2
Reference: For report on the arrest of Okhrana agent in
Vienna, May 1915, see VIIIb
d. Intelligence on military equipment
Scope and Contents note
As in other matters of military intelligence, the Okhrana probably
referred all information on arms to the interested military attaches.
The small folder on this subject indicates, however, that there was some
direct reporting to St. Petersburg Headquarters when information was
received as a by-product of other operations. A 1905 draft refers to the
remuneration of an agent obtaining information on Austrian artillery.
The amounts of money to be paid sufficiently high (6,000 Marks) to
suggest an important collection of information on the subject.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIId, Folder 1
Dispatches for staff agent Manasevich-Manuilov; report
concerning information on Austrian artillery,
1904-1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIId, Folder 2
Correspondence concerning a French model of an armored
car,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIId, Folder 3
Dispatch relating to the assignment of agent Poniatovskii for
military intelligence,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIId, Folder 4
Intercepted letter and reports regarding Mikhail Vinogradov
in London offering newly designed weapons to Russia,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Box 63
a. Prior to World War I
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana's initial operations abroad were almost entirely of a general
counter-intelligence nature: assembling and exploiting information on
the subversive groups abroad. Gradually, there appear in the files
documents of two counter-espionage categories: intelligence against
hostile agents of foreign powers and information concerning the emerging
intelligence service of the revolutionaries.
Folder 1 of this collection contains a few of the early
counter-espionage documents on Germans allegedly working against France
and Russia. Several Headquarters circulars give background information
on Austrian and German espionage agents. There is an alert on an
American sent to Russia on behalf of the Japanese service, and a note on
Esterhazy of the Dreyfus affair in the British service against Russia.
Several papers deal with Alexander Weissman, at one time in the Russian
service (the Balkan Okhrana) and then defecting to the Austrian service.
Some of the documents concern the "Japanese millions" allegedly paid to
Russian high officers in a bribe in 1905. At the end of the folder is a
collection of clippings concerning various espionage cases in
Europe.
Folder 2 includes only documents referring to the operations' of
Manasevich-Manuilov, a staff agent-at-large. The last documents in this
set pertain to his operation that succeeded in acquiring a Japanese
secret code book and using it for a short time until the Japanese
discovered the intrusion. The book,
Chernovik
donesenii
gives a day by day account of Manasevich-Manuilov's
network penetrating various diplomatic missions and following up the
Zilliacus and Dekanozi conspiracies (with the Japanese).
Folder 3 in this set gives three volumes of the
Spisok (Roster) of foreign nationals expelled from Russia
and not permitted to return. The issues are for 1891, 1894, and 1899.
Among these undesirables are all those considered as spies of foreign
governments.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 129-130
Index VIIIa, Folder 1
Dispatches, circulars and other materials relating to
espionage cases and agents,
1886-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIIIa, Folder 2
Documents pertaining to Manasevich-Manuilov's
counter-espionage operations and his case with obtaining and using
Japanese secret code,
1905-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIIIa, Folder 3
Roster of foreign nationals expelled from Russia and not
permitted to return,
1891, 1894,
1899
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIIIa, Folder 4
Notebook,
Chernoviki donesenii,
case officer's entry of daily reports from 1905 on operations
against the Japanese mission (Colonel Akashi), Chinese, Serbian, and
other legations, and correspondence intercepts; Zilliacus and
Dekanozi conspiracies, list of agents participating,
etc.,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 130
Index VIIIa, Folder 6
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 74, February 26,
1904, concerning an Austrian espionage agent in Poland, in XIIIc(2),
folder 4
Index VIIIa, Folder 7
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 75, March 4, 1904, on
Japanese and German espionage in Russia, in XIIIc(2), folder
4
Index VIIIa, Folder 8
Reference: See incoming telegram, November 4, 1904, advising
of the arrival of a Japanese espionage agent in Bucharest, in
XIIIc(3), folder 16
Boxes 63-65
b. During World War I
Scope and Contents note
Soon after the outbreak of World War I, the Paris Okhrana became an
important link in the Allied efforts to combat the espionage activities
of Germany, Austria, and even Turkey. The activities of the seriously
reduced personnel, both secret Russian agents and non-Russian
investigators, had to be diverted to that task, thus neglecting the
original purpose of watching and controlling the revolutionaries. Some
revolutionaries, declaring themselves in favor of war against Germany
and thus actively supporting the Russian regime, no longer needed
watching, while others, such as the Leninist group, with their defeatist
and essentially pro-German policy, in many instances became identical
with the counter-espionage targets of the enemy.
The extensive materials in this collection are indicative of the varied
counter-espionage targets of the Paris Okhrana during the war. Folder
No. 1 contains copies of dispatches and notes on agents of the Central
Powers and their intelligence activities and efforts to foment uprisings
in Russia. Folders 5 and 6 have a large collection of biographic data on
German agents in Switzerland and France, and Folder 13, Headquarters
circulars on individual agents.
Most of the material in other folders is grouped by specific topics.
Thus, Folder 3 contains notes on
Nashe
slovo
and Trotsky, banned as pro-German; Folders 7 and
10 have notes on German intelligence in Sweden, with information on
Parvus's activities and the work of the Finns on behalf of Germany;
Folder 8 contains papers on the Benson case and German espionage in
Switzerland.
Some of the folders have papers on the Okhrana's counter-espionage
operations for purposes of penetration of the enemy, as for instance
Folder 2 on double agent Dolin ("Lenin"-"Sharl"), which was in fact
a counter-sabotage operation, or Folders 4, 10, and 15, giving
information on the Okhrana's attempted counter-espionage.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 130-131, 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 1
Dispatches and other materials on agents of Germany, Austria,
and Turkey working against Russia and the Allies; use of
revolutionaries for intelligence purposes and for fomenting
uprisings in Russia,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 130
Index VIIIb, Folder 2
Dispatches on double agent Dolin (code names "Lenin" and
"Sharl") engaged by the German service and controlled by the
Okhrana; news releases to mislead the German service,
etc.,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 130
Index VIIIb, Folder 3
Notes from
Nashe slovo,
Trotsky's daily newspaper, accused of being pro-German and
banned,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 130
Index VIIIb, Folder 4
Correspondence with and about Count Holstein,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 5a
Biographic cards and lists of persons selling intelligence in
Switzerland,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 5b
Reports on German spies and suspects in
Switzerland,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 5c
Swiss federal lists of spies and suspects,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 5d
Agent Woltz's reports on spies and suspects,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 5e
Notes on suspect German agents,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 5f
Lists and background of agents of the Central
Powers,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 6a
Biographic cards of suspects expelled from
France,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 6b
Biographic cards on German espionage agents
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 7
Directives and reports on German intelligence in Sweden;
notes on Parvus, etc.,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 8
Benson case related to German espionage in Switzerland; Dr.
Ludwig Stein; Baroness Ida Leoni, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 9
Mazia case: alleged Japanese millions to bribe Russian
officers in 1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
General note
See incoming dispatches #402 and 576/1913 in XIIIc(1).
Index VIIIb, Folder 10
Agent Sambain's letters on German espionage in Sweden; survey
of German and Finnish activities and Russian agents in Sweden; notes
on Kalisher (Dahlstrom) firm as a possible asset of the Russian
service; review of German-Finnish intelligence in Sweden,
etc.,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 11
Reports on German and Turkish counter-espionage in
Switzerland,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 12
Reports on Dmitrii Anichkin, head of the Russian Seaman's
Union, allegedly employed by the German services,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 13
Headquarters circulars on individual German and Austrian
agents and their espionage efforts,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 14
Various reports on individuals remaining in Vienna after the
outbreak of the war; on Russian prisoners of war in Germany; on
Prince Bebutov in Berlin; on German, Austrian, and Turkish offers to
revolutionaries for work against Russia; on the statutes of the
"Cosmos" club
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 15
Agent Brunner's report on his return form Germany where he
conducted a counter-espionage investigation and report on his
arrest,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 17
Reference: See operational card index file for references to
counter-espionage during World War I
Index VIIIb, Folder 18
Reference: See agent Woltz's reports from Switzerland, 1915,
in VIk, folder 53
Index VIIIb, Folder 19
Reference: See report of Paris Okhrana agent in Germany,
1916, in VIIc, folder 1
Index VIIIb, Folder 20
Reference: See documents on agent Bint's arrest in
Switzerland, February-March 1917, in VIk, folder 6
Box 65
c. Finnish espionage on behalf of Germany
Scope and Contents note
Finnish revolutionaries, abandoning for the most part the early Marxist
leadership of Konni Zilliacus, were largely nationalist-inspired at the
outbreak of the war, agitating for full independence from Russia. As
such, many became quite amenable to German inducements. German
recruiting and other services in Stockholm and other Scandinavian
centers were successful in recruiting large numbers for volunteer work
as soldiers and agents. Some of the training centers for these Finnish
rebels indicate a movement of considerable proportions.
The collection of papers in Folder 5 deals mostly with these training
centers in Germany for the Finns. The report of the Governor General for
Finland gives an analysis of the political situation in the country and
the international pressures for its independence.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 132-133
Index VIIIc, Folder 1
Headquarters dispatches relating to the Finnish independence
movement,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIc, Folder 2
Report on the Finnish Security Battalion at
Lockstadt,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIc, Folder 3
Dispatch of agent Aebersold to Stockholm,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIc, Folder 4
Report of the Governor General of Finland,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index VIIIc, Folder 5
Reports on German training of Finns for intelligence and
other operations against Russia,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Boxes 65-89
a. Newspaper service, clippings, collection of overt
information
Scope and Contents note
The overt collection of information was an important task of the Okhrana
abroad. Detailed expense accounts through the years show that agents,
case officers, and Paris Office employees were purchasing leftist
newspapers and other publications. Cover memoranda to Headquarters
submitted these published materials weekly, usually without comments.
Agents in the field attached to their reports pertinent clippings, while
the Paris Office, using such overt materials as supplements to
classified reports, kept collecting the clippings in general albums and
in folders on specific intelligence topics.
It is possible that some of the collections of newspaper clippings were
lost or discarded during the emergency move of the archives to Bordeaux
when Paris was in danger of being taken by the German army. A set of 22
large albums, covering the period from 1902 to 1905, is organized in
chronological order for French clippings. The selection of clippings ia
general, including political, economic, and international topics, but
without annotations or guides to numbered pages. Emphasis in this
collection was made also on such matters as foreign reporting on events
in Russia and émigré activities.
One large album, clippings on Burtsev's exposure of Garting, is of
particular interest. Clippings collected from the leftist press and
spokesmen for the revolutionary cause are suggestive of the methods used
by revolutionary counter-intelligence to penetrate the Okhrana and
employ defectors.
Other collections of clippings cover such topics as revolutionary
activities in general, the attitudes of the French press toward the
imperial family, the French Sûreté Générale, the Beilis case (an
anti-Jewish trial in Russia), and the Tsar's Manifesto of 1903.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1a
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris office
referring to press service, publisher information, publications,
etc.,
1907-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1b
Cover notes for newspapers and clippings sent to and from
Headquarters,
1902-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1c
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris office
regarding newspapers and publications,
1894-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1d
Manifest of Jewish anarchists,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1e
Kropotkin's letter to Professor Stefan,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1f
Report on the convention of the Grand Eastern Masonic Lodge
in Paris,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1g
Dispatches on cooperation between German Social Democrats and
Russian revolutionaries,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1h
Polish question in the press,
1913-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1i
Collection of newspaper clippings on the visit of the Russian
war fleet in French ports,
1893
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 2a
Clippings from French, Swiss, and English newspapers
referring to revolutionaries,
1906-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 2b
Clippings from French newspapers on the Russian imperial
family,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 2c
Clippings from French and Swiss newspapers on Russian matters
not sent to Headquarters,
1913-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 3a
Clippings from French newspapers on the French
Sûreté,
1913-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 3b
Clippings from French newspapers on the exploitation of
Russian workers in coal mines in northern France,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 3c
Clippings from French and Swiss newspapers referring to the
Beilis case,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 3d
Scrapbook with a collection of clippings from
Le Matin by
Rirette-Maitrejean
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 3e
Clippings from English, French and Russian newspapers on the
Tsar's manifesto in 1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Scrapbooks of French newspaper clippings on various Russian
matters,
1902-1905
Access
Available on microfilm reels 135-140
Index IXa, Folder 4
1902 October 21-December 31
Access
Available on microfilm reel 135
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: penetration of armed forces in Russia; an
uprising in Macedonia; Russia and England's fight for
Afghanistan; Finland; and Vladimir Lamzdorf's mission to Austria
and the Balkans.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1903 January 1-March 4
Access
Available on microfilm reel 135
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: constitutionalism in Russia; war movements in the
Balkans and Dardanelles; Russia's preliminary budget for 1903;
and Finland.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1903 March 5-May 16
Access
Available on microfilm reel 135
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the Tsar's manifesto; crisis in the Balkans;
Gots's arrest in Italy; student unrest; assassinations; the
workers' movement; pogroms; and Poland.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1903 May 17-July 29
Access
Available on microfilm reel 136
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: pogroms in Russia; war preparations in Asia;
attacks on Roosevelt for his stand against the pogroms; and
Georges Clemenceau.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1903 July 30-October 13
Access
Available on microfilm reel 136
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: strikes in Russia; Russian interests in the Far
East; Kishinev pogrom; Witte dismissed; revolutionary movement;
pogroms; Tsar in Vienna; and internal troubles in Russia.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1903 October 13-December 31
Access
Available on microfilm reel 136
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the Russo-Japanese conflict; the pogrom in Gomel;
Armenian revolutionaries; and reforms in Russia.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1904 January 1-28 June
Access
Available on microfilm reel 136
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the crisis in the Far East; incident at the
Avenue de Choisy where four Okhrana agents were exposed;
Grigorii Gershuni's letter after his death sentence; August
Bebel; revolutionary propaganda in the Russian army; Burtsev;
revolution in Poland; and Bobrikov's assassination by Eugen
Schauman.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1904 (special album on Burtsev's exposure of
Garting)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 136
Index IXa, Folder 4
1904 June 29-August 10
Access
Available on microfilm reel 137
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: internal troubles in Russia; and the
assassination of Pleve.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1904 August 11-October 31
Access
Available on microfilm reel 137
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the Congress of the French Socialist Party;
Congress of the Russian Social Revolutionaries in Amsterdam;
Manasevich-Manuilov exposed as an Okhrana agent; Tsar's
manifesto; Sazonov's escape; students and the Russian police;
and the Russian army.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1904 November 1-December 27
Access
Available on microfilm reel 137
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: Russian socialists; the agrarian problem;
anti-Semitism; and trial of Sazonov and Sikorskii for the
assassination of Pleve.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1904 December 28-December 22
Access
Available on microfilm reel 137
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the revolution in Russia; the Tsar's manifeso;
Tolstoy's letter to the Tsar; Sazonov's trial; Father Gapon; and
a general strike in Russia.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 January 22-27 January
Access
Available on microfilm reel 138
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: revolutionaries in Russia; Father Gapon; bloody
demonstrations in Petrograd; the role played by Japanese money;
and Russians in Paris.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 January 28-February 4
Access
Available on microfilm reel 138
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: speeches by Anatole France; Plekhanov; Gorky; and
Struve.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 February 5-18
Access
Available on microfilm reel 138
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 February 18-March 1
Access
Available on microfilm reel 138
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the assassination of Grand Duke Sergei;
revolutionary action in Poland and Russia; Father Gapon; and
Gorky.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 March 2-21
Access
Available on microfilm reel 139
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: terrorists in Russia; Father Gapon; revolts in
the Caucasus and Poland; Gorky's release from prison; anarchists
and nihilists; Bernhard von Bélow; Jews in the Russian
revolution; and Georges Clemenceau on Poland.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 March 22-April 28
Access
Available on microfilm reel 139
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: a school strike in Poland; Father Gapon; and
Russian revolution.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 June 13-July 8
Access
Available on microfilm reel 139
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: events in Yalta, Warsaw, and Lodz; zemstvos;
Kaliaev's letter to the widow of Grand Duke Sergei;
Social-Democratic appeal to Russian soldiers; Russian peasants;
Jean Jaurés on the revolution; and the Potemkin mutiny.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 July 9-25
Access
Available on microfilm reel 139
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the Potemkin mutiny; armed forces affected by
revolutionary slogans; assassination of Pavel Shuvalov;
revolutionary action in Russia, Poland, and Armenia; the Jews
and the revolution; zemstvos; internal troubles of Russia; and
the meeting of the Tsar and Kaiser Wilhelm II.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 July 25-August 16
Access
Available on microfilm reel 139
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the Tsar's meeting with Kaiser Wilhelm II;
Potemkin mutiny; England; Zionism; the Bund; and plans for a
general assembly in Russia
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 August 17-29
Access
Available on microfilm reel 139
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the Duma; Potemkin mutiny; revolution in Poland;
interests of Russia and England in Persia; and the
constitutional movement.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 August 29-June 12
Access
Available on microfilm reel 140
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the situation in Poland and Finland; Kaliaev's
trial and sentence; Father Gapon; Struve's correspondence with
Jaurés.
Box 66
b. Influencing local press
Scope and Contents note
The Paris Okhrana always had the interest and apparently the means of
exerting some influence on the press abroad, but two periods in its
existence stand out as particularly active and significant in this
respect. By the 1890s, Chief Rachkovskii had developed a close contact
with Jules Hansen, a correspondent with wide access to the press and to
important government officials, leading to much publicity on the
emerging Franco-Russian alliance and to increased cooperation with the
Sûreté against the revolutionaries. Hansen was the recipient of Okhrana
funds, but the records are vague or nonexistent regarding the total
expenses in this form of the Okhrana's political action.
Similarly, in the case of Manasevich-Manuilov, the Okhrana's staff agent
in Paris during the first few years of the century, it is difficult to
deduce the amount of funds used by him for the purpose of influencing
the foreign press. That was his assignment in Paris in 1902, when he was
rated as a political rather than an intelligence agent. In addition to
developing contacts with high officials in government and diplomatic
missions, his tasks consisted of influencing the press, providing for
releases and modifying editorial policies.
Folder 1 of this collection contains mostly correspondence with
Headquarters concerning contacts with the foreign press, drafts of
prepared articles, subsidies, etc. Folder. No. 2 concerns
Manasevich-Manuilov's liasion to Paris with regard to contacts with the
French press.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 1a
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris office
pertaining to contacts with the foreign press and influencing the
selection of news on Russia,
1893-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 1b
Articles, clippings, and translations published in the
foreign press,
1891-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 1c
Correspondence pertaining to subsidies for the French
press,
1889-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 1d
Consideration by Headquarters for a subsidy for
Parizhskii vestnik
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 1e
Reports on the activities of Trofimov in England,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 1f
Coverage of the Rips trial by the French press,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 2
Notes and letters of instruction to Manasevich-Manuilov on
his Paris mission to establish contacts with the French press and
influence publication of news about Russia,
1902-1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 3
Reference: See outgoing telegram, March 5, 1903, re
influencing the
Nouvelle Revue, in
XIIIb(2), folder 2
Index IXb, Folder 4
Reference: See incoming telegram, March 31, 1904, on payment
for 100 subscriptions to
Gaulois, in
XIIIc(3), folder 16
Index IXb, Folder 5
Reference: See incoming telegram, June 18, 1904, with
approval for the purchase of subscriptions to
Le Gaulois and
Le Figaro,
in XIIIc(3), folder 16
Index IXb, Folder 6
Reference: See incoming telegram, June 21, 1905, concerning
the necessity of "warning" the French public against a French
correspondent writing unfavorable articles, in XIIIc(3), folder
18
Index IXb, Folder 7
Reference: See incoming telegram, June 1, 1905, with
instructions for press releases to newspapers concerning disorder on
the
Potemkin, in XIIIc(3), folder
18
Box 90
c. Cooperation with Russian missions abroad
Scope and Contents note
As the documents in this small collection indicate, contacts of Okhrana
representatives with diplomatic, consular, and other Russian missions
abroad was considered undesirable, if not expressly forbidden. Under Vg,
the documents related to actual liaison for purposes of exchanging
information, required particularly in war days or in cases of checking
on the loyalty of employees and applicants for visas and passports.
Under this index, the documents deal chiefly with overt matters. It is
interesting to note that missions abroad used the normal diplomatic
channels, communicating with their home office, which referred the
matter to Okhrana Headquarters, where, in turn, the case was submitted
to the Okhrana representative in the field.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 140
Index IXc, Folder 1
Dispatches and notes of the cooperation with diplomatic and
consular missions in overt matters,
1906-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 140
General note
See also the collection under Vg.
Box 90
d. General services, favors
Scope and Contents note
The first four folders hold a few dispatches and many letters referring
to general matters of no operational or intelligence significance. The
letters are mostly requests for various favors or expressions of thanks
therefore, inquiries about addresses or welfare of individuals,
denunciations among émigrés, and the like. In the Folder 5 there is
a batch of some few hundred calling cards and an equal number of picture
post cards addressed mostly to Okhrana personnel and kept as
souvenirs.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 140-141
Index IXd, Folder 1
Letters from Headquarters concerning general
services,
1881-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 140
Index IXd, Folder 2
Letters on various matters in general services,
1881-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 140
Index IXd, Folder 3
Reports on Russian workers at the Auby mines,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 140
Index IXd, Folder 4
Undated letters on various matters
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index IXd, Folder 5
Miscellaneous documents including a pack of calling cards,
picture postcards, 2 notebooks of Rosenkrantz (1890),
etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Boxes 91-101
X. Operational techniques
Box 91
a. Agent documentation
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana enjoyed special status in matters of obtaining passports and
other travel documents for the use of its agents. It had the facilities
and contacts with the issuing authorities at home and abroad, and it
could arrange for the passports to read in any pseudonym chosen for an
agent's use. The passports and communications about them show that an
agent could be given two passports at the same time, for instance, one
for use in Russia, and another one for abroad. The dispatches also show
that the Okhrana abroad was supplied with blank passports, to be used at
its discretion or at the discretion of the case officers.
As one set of documents shows, agents were given briefing instructions on
the use of passports in connection with foreign resident requirements in
France and other countries. In addition to the required briefing of the
agents with extra-legal passports, the Okhrana also informed such organs
as the border controls about the nature and authority of any passport
that might otherwise come under suspicion.
The documents in this collection are included mostly as samples, in order
to give a comprehensive picture of the methods of agent
documentation.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 1
Passport for agent Simon Zilberstein ("Aleks"),
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 2
Passport for agent Herzig, under the name of
Bekchiev,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 3
Passport for Okhrana office employee Fedorova in
Paris,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 4
Passport issued in Vitebsk for agent Model,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 5
22 Russian passports
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 6
Letters of documentation for agent Neuhaus,
1911-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 7
Briefing materials on passport and foreign resident
requirements in France,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 8
Special passes for agents, some signed by
Durnovo,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 9
Dispatches pertaining to the use of passports in secret
Okhrana operations,
1903-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Box 91
b. Control of photographic studios in Paris
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana in Paris never succeeded with the requests to establish a
photographic section of its own. Principal agent Marcel Bittard-Monin,
upon the Okhrana's request, went so far as to collect all necessary data
on photographic equipment and costs, but an Okhrana photo shop was never
set up. Headquarters and area subdivisions were equipped with
police-type laboratories, as the assortments of pictures on file from
their rogue (revolutionary) galleries indicate.
The extensive photographic file (see boxes under XIIIf(4)) was the
product of constant collection. Many photos of revolutionaries came from
Headquarters files. Another sizeable collection was gathered in the
field, particularly through the control of, or less formal contact with,
various photographic studios in Paris and elsewhere. In the pictorial
files of the Okhrana are many sets of pictures obtained from studios
catering to Russian émigré groups.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xb, Folder 1a
Letter to Ambassador from Photo-Malivert offering their
services,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xb, Folder 1b
Documents concerning the cost of equipment for photographic
studios in the Paris Okhrana office,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xb, Folder 1c
Dispatch concerning extra copies of photographs of
revolutionaries from St. Petersburg,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xb, Folder 1d
Letter from Paris photographic studio announcing a change of
address,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xb, Folder 2
Reference: For information on the Laizier photographic studio
in Paris, 1914, see IIIe, folder 3
Index Xb, Folder 3
Reference: See the personal dossier of Henri Ozanne, who was
hired in 1908 for his photographic services, in IIIe, folder
3
Boxes 91-92
c. Censorship and perlustration
Scope and Contents note
The only systematic and fairly continuous censorship of mails was
developed by the Paris Okhrana in an area of coastal resort towns of the
Italian Riviera. Its non-Russian agents succeeded in engaging some
postal officials to "lend" them the mail (at the rate of five francs per
letter) for overnight use and perlustration (exact copy with a
transparent overlay). If such helping service was achieved in Paris or
other parts, it was only occasionally and with the help of accommodating
concierges rather than postal employees.
Before modern photocopying, perlustration was a method of considerable
advantage. Copyists were able to reproduce the "hand" of the writer,
leaving no telling mark on the original, with envelopes (use of steam
for opening) resealed expertly and without traces of added glue. In
1909, the Paris Office requested the establishment of a photographic
darkroom for copying of correspondence, but no such section was ever
added.
Folder 1 of this collection is an assortment of perlustrated letters
of various revolutionaries abroad. The contents, reproduced in typed
form, are unimportant and included primarily as examples of
perlustration. Folder 2 has two dispatches referring to Burtsev's
accusation censorship by the Okhrana in Paris and also two sets of
letters addressed to revolutionary Rubanovich. Included with these is an
expense account of principal agent Bint in Paris, charging five francs
for each letter, possibly paid to the cooperating mail clerk. The items
in Folder 3 include a set of original censored letters, Headquarters
instructions to submit letters intercepted from Burtsev's mails, and an
account of the scandal in Italy, where a postal employee was dismissed
for delivering the mail of the revolutionaries to an Okhrana agent.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 1
Perlustrated letters of various revolutionaries abroad in
Geneva, Paris, London, etc.,
1903, 1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Scope and Contents note
Marked in the Okhrana file as useless as intelligence sources.
Index Xc, Folder 2a
Dispatches concerning censorship of mail in Paris and
Burtsev's accusation in the press,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 2b
Perlustrated letters to Rubanovich,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 2c
Perlustrated letters,
1895-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 2d
Intercepted letters from Moscow to Pontoise and from
Montreaux to Switzerland,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 3a
Various intercepted and perlustrated letters,
1884-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 3b
Instructions about sending intercepted letters of Burtsev to
Headquarters
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 3c
Dispatches regarding the scandal with agents in the Italian
post office,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 3d
Report from the Paris office concerning the establishment of
a photographic darkroom for perlustration of
correspondence,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 3e
Dispatch on the perlustration of Fundaminskii's
mail,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 5
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 18, February 1, 1903,
on the use of perlustrated correspondence of revolutionaries by the
Okhrana offices, in XIIIc(2), folder 2
Index Xc, Folder 6
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 22, February 28,
1903, on the use of information obtained from intercepted mail, in
XIIIc(2), folder 2
Index Xc, Folder 7
Reference: See agent Pouchot's report on Leone's turning to
Burtsev, in XXVIIa, folder 3
Index Xc, Folder 8
Reference: For complete sets of perlustrated mail addressed
to Agafonov and Natanson, June 1908-March 1909, see
XXIVa
Box 92
d. Graphological study of handwriting
Scope and Contents note
A number of small folders and enveloped were set aside in the original
Okhrana files, marked as samples of handwriting and original signatures.
The records do not reveal the assets or capabilities of the Paris Office
in matters of graphological study, but some documents indicate that
letters were submitted to it for analysis and identification of
handwriting. The files also contain photographs of samples of
handwriting.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 142-143
Index Xd, Folder 1
Perlustrated letters used as examples for the study of the
handwriting of revolutionaries; samples of Burtsev's
handwriting,
1905-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xd, Folder 2
Photographs of handwriting samples of Trautman and an
unidentified individual
Access
Available on microfilm reel 143
Index Xd, Folder 3
Samples of handwriting kept on file
Access
Available on microfilm reel 143
Index Xd, Folder 4
Letters from Zabrezhnev, submitted for analysis to the Paris
Okhrana,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 143
Index Xd, Folder 5
Dispatches pertaining to graphological studies and
identification of individuals through them,
1905-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 143
Boxes 92-99
e. Surveillance
Scope and Contents note
The surveillance of subversives and various types of suspects was one of
the principal tasks of the non-Russian investigation agents. While
assignments called for any type of detective work and contacting of
police and security organs or postal employees, hotel clerks and
concierges, most of their time was used for watching the movements and
associations of their Russian revolutionary targets. The bulk of this
extensive collection covers surveillance reports arranged in folders
according to the agent reporting. The substance of these reports,
wherever of more permanent significance, may be found in the dispatches
prepared from raw reports and in other subject files; these surveillance
reports, in many instances discussing the nature of the work itself, are
gathered in illustration of the methods and results of operation.
The first 54 folders are arranged alphabetically by agents serving at
their surveillance assignments. The contents are for the most part
written raw reports and telegrams. The targets of their surveillance and
the dates of operation are stated, but not always the locale.
Folders 55-60 pertain to special surveillance tasks, team assignments,
journal or log record keeping on surveillance jobs, etc. The inventory
to Xe describes each set of papers by folder. Of some special interest
are such documents as requests for increases in surveillance staffs
(Folder 55), assignment distribution by teams and targets, and
surveillance difficulties after defection of an important agent (Folder
No. 56), or surveillance of high Russian officials, including even
General Gerasimov, in command of the gendarmes (in various folders).
Under Folder 60, there is a collection of eighteen notebooks
illustrates recordkeeping on surveillance assignments, distribution of
agents, assignment of targets, results, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 143-159
Index Xe, Folder 1
Aebersold, Jean,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 143
Scope and Contents note
Reports from London on Karpovich and Stenback in particular.
Index Xe, Folders 2-3
Barthes, Aime,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 143
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Paris and Grenoble.
Index Xe, Folder 4
Bint, Henry,
1911-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 143-144
Index Xe, Folder 5
Bittard-Monin, Marcel,
1908-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reels 144-145
Index Xe, Folder 6
Boniol, Marius,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Paris and Cannes on Dobrovskii, Lokevich, Feit,
Barthold, and "Ernest."
Index Xe, Folder 7
Bouteillier, Pierre,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Index Xe, Folder 8
Breyne, Charles de,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Scope and Contents note
Mainly reports on Fabrikant.
Index Xe, Folder 9
Capusso, Luigi,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Index Xe, Folder 10
Cazayus, Rene,
1913-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Eichenbaum, Kartvelov, Jollivet, Leroy, etc.
Index Xe, Folder 11
Charlet, Charles,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Index Xe, Folder 12
David, Etienne,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145