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Box 236I

Nimvitskii, Boris, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Nochakov?, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Nogin, Viktor Pavlovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also "Makar"
Box 236I

Noiak, A. K., circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Naiak?
Box 236I

Nosar', Georgii Stepanovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Khrustalev
Box 236I

Noskov, Vladimir, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Novitskii, Ivan, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Novozhilov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Nusenboim, Melaniia Abelevna, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Nussemann, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Oblogin, Petr Mikhailovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Obukhova, Mariia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Odoleev, Semen Pavlovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Ogarkov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Opits, Liudovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Orlov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Orlov, Aleksandr, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Orlov, Leonid, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Ortenberg?, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Osberg, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Osharin, Vladimir Andreevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Osinskii, Valeriian, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236I

"Osip," circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Osipova, circa 1883-1917

Box 236I

Ostroumova, Mariia Andreevna, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Ostrovets, Adam, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Ostrovskii, Leonid, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Sergeev, Erofeev, Fal''staf
Box 236J

Ovchinnikova, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Ovitskii, Lev, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Ovsianikov, Nikolai Dmitreevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Ozelevskii, Oskar Eduard, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236J

Ozol', Al'bert Eduard, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Ozol', Ivan Petrovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Ozolin, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Padlewski, Stanislaw, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Paiunen, Karl-Al'mar Karlovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Palichkovskii, Aleksandr, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pal'shau, Mikhail Vladimirovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Panov, Vasilii Akimovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pasen'kova, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Pasien''kova
Box 236J

Pashin, Georgii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pasiniokoff?, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Posiniokoff
Box 236J

Pauli, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pavilius, Anton, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pavlov, Dmitrii Aleksandrovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pavlov, Dmitrii Trofimovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pavlova, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pavlovskii, Iosif, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pedul, Petr Semenovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Perazich, Vladimir, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Perl, Feliks or Rafail, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Perlin, Nakhman Senderovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Perlmann, Gutman Girshon, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Perl'shtein, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

With Ryvkina
Box 236J

Perovskaia, Sofiia, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236J

Persits, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Perzner, Samuil, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Peshkova, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Peskin, Izrail', circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pesochenskii, Sergei, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Serge
Box 236J

Peters, Aleksandr Al'bertovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Peterson, V., circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Petrov, Nikolai, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Smirnov
Box 236J

Petrova, ?, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Petrova, Ol'ga, 1908

Box 236J

Petrovskii, Kazimir, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Petrulis, Iosif Benediktovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pfeiffer, Carlo, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Piatkov, Petr, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also, "Peter the Painter," Shtern
Box 236J

Piatnitskaia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Piatnitskii, Petr, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pigit, Anna, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Piker, Saul, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Pikker, Martynov
Box 236J

Piliugin, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Piłsudski, Józef, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Ziuk, Dubrovskii
Box 236J

Plekhanov family, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Plekhanov, Georgii Valentinovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pliuskot, Osip, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pnevskii, Adam Ianovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Poderanskaia, Aleksandra, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Podvitskii, Boris Vladimirovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pokhitonova, Anastasiia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pokotilov, Aleksei Dmitrievich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pokrovskii, Aleksandr Dmitrievich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236J

Poletaev, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Poliakov, Aleksei Alekseevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Politkovskii, Aleksandr, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Nikolai Pashchenko
Box 236J

Poliukhov, Vladimir Andreevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Polonskii [wife of], circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Polonskii, Aizik Zalman Ilia Girsh Berkovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Poltzer, Johannes, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Poluboiarinov, Valer'ian Nikolaevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Poniatovskii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Ponkratov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Ponza, Giovanni Antonio, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Popov, Aleksandr, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Popov, Nikolai, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Nicolas Popoff
Box 236J

Popov, Pavel Petrovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Popov, Sergei Vasil'evich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Portnoi, Kusel'-Gendel', circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Margolis, Yekutiel Portnoy?
Box 236J

Posse, Vladimir, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Potamianos, Gerasim Nikolaevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Potamianos, Nikolai Gerasimovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Potaska, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

With Dolgenko
Box 236J

Potresov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Potrubach, Mikhail, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pozin, Vladimir Ivanov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Poznanskii, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also "Kogan''"
Box 236J

Predkal'n, Andrei, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Predtechenskii, Anatolii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Preide, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Preker?, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Preobrazhenskii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pribylev, Aleksandr Vasil'evich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Prokof'ev, Georgii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Prokof'eva, Mariia Alekseevna, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Darushicheva, Emma
Box 236J

Pronkovskii, Konstantin, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Prosh-Proshiants, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Proskuriakov, Ivan Konstantinovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Punga, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pusa, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Pustovoitova, Mariia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Rabinovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Georgii Romanovich
Box 236J

Rabinovich, Isaak Vul'fovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Rabinovich, Morits', circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Rabinovich, Ovsei, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Rabinovich, Roza, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Vera
Box 236J

Rabinovich, Sara, circa 1883-1917

Box 236J

Rabinovich, V., circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rabinowitz, Maurice, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rabinowitz, Zev, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Radchenko, Liubov', circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Radin, Berka, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rafalovskii, Daniil, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rafalovskii, Iakov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Raichen, Simkha Gershevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Raider, Nataliia, 1907

Scope and Contents note

Also Nathalie Rayder, Kuz''mina
Box 236K

Raikhmann, Israel David Shlemovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rakitnikov, ?, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rakitnikov, Nikolai, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rakitnikov, Nikolai Ivanovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rakitnikova, Inna Ivanovna, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rakovcic?, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Ramishvili, Noi Vissarionovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rapoport, David, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rappoport, Leizer, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rappoport, Solomon, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rarenko, V., circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Raskin, ?, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Raskin, Moisei, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Ratner, Leiba, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Radkin
Box 236K

Ravich, Sarra Naumovna, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Reclus, Paul, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Reider, Nataliia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Reimond, 1908

Scope and Contents note

Also Reymond
Box 236K

Rein, Rafail, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Reines, Zakharii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rensgagen, Aleksandr, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Renshagen
Box 236K

Reuter, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Reiter
Box 236K

Reznik, Isidore, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Riabchinskii, Anton, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Riedelskii, Salvator, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rigg[?], circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rips, Mikhail Girshovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Movsha
Box 236K

Ritter, Friedrich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Auguste Dakkar
Box 236K

Rivkind, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Roginskii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rogova, Evdokiia Kondrat'eva, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Romanov, Stepan, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Romanovich, Georgii, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Rubinovich and Rabinovich
Box 236K

Roshat, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Rochat
Box 236K

Rotshtein, Lazar Zakharevich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Rothstein, "Valerian"
Box 236K

Rotshtein, Samuil, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rozen, Movsha Aron Mordkov Khaimovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rozenbaum, Khaim, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rozenbaum, Mendel', circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rozental', Iosif, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rozhdestvenskii, Mikhail Ivanovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rubanovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rubanovich, Grigorii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rubin, A., circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rubin, David, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rubinshtein, Mark Geshelevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rublianskii, Ichke, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rudnev, Vadim Viktorovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rudneva, Lidiia Ivanova, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rudzevich, Iosif, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Ivan
Box 236K

Ruets, Berta Karolina, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Ruets, Elizaveta Richardovna, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rufel'd, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rutenberg, Petr, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Rymgailo, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Ryndin, Fedor Konstantinovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Safarov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Sakharov, Ivan Nikolaevich, 1886

Box 236K

Salaridze, Simeon or Simon, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236K

Salkina, Evgeniia, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Zalkina
Box 236K

Sal'nin, K., circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Grishko
Box 236K

Samoilov, Ivan, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Samoilov, Mikhail, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Samuel, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Sandberg, Sof'ia, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Sheina Rebekka
Box 236K

Sanguinetti, Dolores, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Dolorosa Sanginetti
Box 236K

Sanzhur, Ivan Aref'evich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Sarokin or Sorokin, 1912

Box 236K

Satel', circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Saul(?), Malka Shimelovna, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Savel'ev, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Saverkin, circa 1883-1917

Box 236K

Savinkov, Boris Viktorovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Savitskaia, Lidiia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sazonov, ?, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sazonov, Egor, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Schenberg, Ernestina, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Shoenberg
Box 236L

Schimelmitz, Esriel Wolf, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Schmulki, Sam, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Kovenski, Shmul''ke?
Box 236L

Schwarz, Anna Ethel, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Shvarts
Box 236L

Seleznev, Petr, 1907

Scope and Contents note

Also Paulo
Box 236L

Seliuk, Mariia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Semenov, Fedor Ivanovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Semenov, Vasilii Petrovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Serebriakov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sergov, U., circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sermus, Ida, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Seroshevskii, Vatslav, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Wacław Sieroszewski
Box 236L

Sesekin, Fedor Fedorovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sesitskii, Il'ia Petrovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shadovskii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shagiakhmetov, Islam, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shalambaridze, Silvestr, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shalenberedze, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shalit, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shantser, Virgilii Leonovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Marat
Box 236L

Shapiro, ?, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shapiro, Aron, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shapiro, David, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shapiro, Mariia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shapiro, Osip, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shchekoldin, Fedor, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shchepetev, Aleksandr, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shchepeteva, Anna, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shebedev, Vsevolod Dmitrievich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sheftel', Felitsiia Isaakovna, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sheina, Mariia Vasil'eva, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sheintsis, S., circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shenkevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shental', Ul'rikh, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shershov, Ivan, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Gorin
Box 236L

Shestakov, Vladimir, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shilek, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Shimen
Box 236L

Shimkevich, Mikhail Vladimirovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shishalova, Olimpiada Mikhailovna, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shishko, Leonid, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shiutts, Moisei, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Shutz and Shultz
Box 236L

Shklovskii, Girsh, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shkol'nik, Mariia Mordukova, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Shkol''nikova
Box 236L

Shlezinger, Ella, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shliapinkov, Aleksandr Gavrilovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shlikhter, Aleksandr Grigor'evich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shmuilovich, D., circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shneur, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

"Agent de Shneur"
Box 236L

Shpiro, Moses Efraim, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Spiro
Box 236L

Shpiro, Samuel, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shrag, Il'ia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shrapunov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shub, Pavel, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Gol''dfarb
Box 236L

Shul'man, Aron, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shul'meister, Efrem, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shultz, David Adam, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shultz, Martin (?), circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Shvarts, Luiza Tereziia, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Lidiia-Mariia
Box 236L

Sichinskii, Miroslav Nikolaevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sidorchuk, Petr, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sierozputowski, Wladislaw, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sikorskii, Shimel'-Leiba Vul'fovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sil's, Ian Karlovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Siils
Box 236L

Sil'vin, Mikhail, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sipido, Jean Baptiste, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Siranus, Iogan', circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sisov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sitek, Osip, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sitnikov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Siverov, Vladimir, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Siverskii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Skolozuk, Samson, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Skrepkin, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Skritin
Box 236L

Sladkopevtsev, Mikhail, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Slavek, Valeriian, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Slavinskii, Bronislav Aleksandrovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Borovskii
Box 236L

Slepner, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sletov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Sletov, Stepan Nikolaevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Smelov, Pavel, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Smirnov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Smirnov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Smirnov, Ivan Davydovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Smirnov, Valer'ian, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Smus, Hil Ianov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236L

Snitkin, Izrail', circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sobinskaia, Leontina, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sobolev, Petr Vasil'evich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sofronskii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Soifer, Moisha, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sokolov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sokolov, Mikhail Ivanovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sokolovskii, Petr Valeriianovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Soldatov, Leonid Konstantinovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Solntseva, Elizaveta, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Solov'ev, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Solovichin
Box 236M

Somova, Evgeniia Ivanovna, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Born Zil''berberg. Also Savinkova and Shirinskaia-Shikhmatova
Box 236M

"Sonia," circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sosedkov, Dmitrii Ivanovich, 1907

Box 236M

Soshnikov, Innokentii Aleksandrovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Soskis, Meer Davidovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Gol''dfarb
Box 236M

Speranskii, Anatolii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sprantse, Iogan, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Stakhurskii, Ian-Vikentii Antonovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Starynkevich, Ivan Iul'evich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Stavskii, Ivan, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Steinlof, Herman, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Kalish
Box 236M

Stepanov, Evgenii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Stepanovskii, Vladimir Iakovlevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Stepniak, S., circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Stiazhkina, Praskov'ia Afanas'evna, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Stiopan, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sto[?], circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Stoimenova, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Iuliia Debagorio-Mokrievich
Box 236M

Stoliarov, Ivan Vasil'evich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also "Pavel." Includes photographs with Nataliia Klimova.
Box 236M

Stolovaia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Strakhal, Il'ia Ignat'evich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Stramilov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Strashevich, Sigizmund, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Stringer, Morris, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also John Wade
Box 236M

Strokov, Pavel I., circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Struve, Petr Bergardovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Studenik, Petr, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sukhomlin, Vasilii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sukhomlina, Anna, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Asia
Box 236M

Sulima, Georgii Stepanovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Surzhitskii, Stefan (Ivan), circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sushchinskii, Mikhail, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sushchinskii, Vladimir, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sutte, Karl, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Svetkovskii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Svezhinskii, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sviatopolk, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Sviderskii, Aleksandr, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Petr Silov
Box 236M

Sysoev, Aleksei, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tablov, Max, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Tablow
Box 236M

Takhtarev, Konstantin, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Takovleva, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Taranov, Konstantin, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tarasov, Boris Favstovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tarasova, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tarasova, Aleksandra, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tarasova, Ol'ga, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tarasova, Vera, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Taratuta, Aron, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Taratuta, Ovsei, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Taratuta, Viktor, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tarlo, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Kats
Box 236M

Tarshis, Iosif, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Osip Aronovich Piatnitnitskii
Box 236M

Taubman, Il'ia Borisovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Teplov, Aleksei, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tereshkovich, Iu., circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tetiaev, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Thaer, Ahmed, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tibal'di, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Timashev, Pavel Stepanovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tirimov, Pavel, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tischler, Wilhelm, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tissen, Iogan Gergardovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Titov, Vitalii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tiutchev, Nikolai Sergeevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Tolchenov, Mikhail Alekseevich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Tolchenko
Box 236M

Toliados, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Toluzakov, Nikolai, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Toporov, Vladimir Viktorovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Trautman, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Trepov, Vasilii Osipov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Trofimenko, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Troianovskii, Boleslav, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Troianskaia, Anna, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Troitskii, Aleksandr, circa 1883-1917

Box 236M

Troitskii, Vasilii, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Somov
Box 236N

Trusevich, Stanislav, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Trushkovskaia, Sof'ia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Trushkovskii, Ieronim, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tsebrikova, M. K., circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tsederbaum, Fedor, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tsederbaum, Iulii, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Martov
Box 236N

Tsederbaum, Sergei, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Ezhov
Box 236N

Tsentura, David, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tsentura, Gersh, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tsereteli, Mikhail Georgievich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tshchondorisk?, Joseph, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tsimmerman, Anatolii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tsingovatov, Nikolai, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tsingovatova, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tsodel, Frants, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Franz Zodel
Box 236N

Tsukerman, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Zuckerman
Box 236N

Tsvetkov, Grigorii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tsvetkov, Nikolai Grigor'evich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tukmankin, Sergei Petrovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Turchaninov, Pavel Dmitrievich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tverdovskii, Grigorii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Tylitskii, Stanislav, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Tylicki, Tilitskii
Box 236N

Tynnikov, Vladimir, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Udalov, Aleksandr Maksimovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Urakina, Rachel, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Usov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Uspenskii, Viktor Petrovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Ustinov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Ustinov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Ustinov, Mikhail Alekseevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Uznadze, Lavrentii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vadimov, Andrei, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vainberg(?), Shaika Khamovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vainer, Moisei Abramovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Weiner
Box 236N

Vainshtein, Aron, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vainshtein, Semen Lazarevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vallakh, Meer, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Abraham Borisiuk, Maksim Litvinov, Wallach
Box 236N

Vanichka, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Varavko, Vasilii Viktorovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also German Savitskii
Box 236N

Varenov, Leonid Dmitrievich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Varshavskii, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

With Dokhman
Box 236N

Varshavskii, Anton, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vartepov, Aleksandr, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vasich, Nikolai Nikolaevich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also "Nikolai Voennyi"
Box 236N

Vasil'ev, Anton, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vasil'ev, Sergei, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

"Vasilii, Grigor'evich," circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also "Diaden''ka"
Box 236N

Vaslavskii, Abram Nakhmanovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vasser, Moisei Iakovlevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vedeniapin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Veidenfeld, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Veinberg, Abram, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Abraham Weinberg
Box 236N

Veinshtok, Viktor, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Veists, Martyn, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Martin Weisz
Box 236N

Veiverin, Ivan, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Verigin, Vadim Mikhailovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Versilova, Mariia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vidmar, Frantsisk, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vikhi or Vikha, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vileon, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vilkov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vil'skii, Ivan, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vil'son, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Wilson
Box 236N

Vimba, Arnold, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Arnold Wineba
Box 236N

Viniarskii, Lev Eduardovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vinogradov, Viacheslav Kupriianovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Stepa
Box 236N

Vinogradov-Bessel', Aleksei Pavlovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vishnevskaia, Ester, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vislitskii, David, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vladimirskii, Mikhail, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vladimov, Grigorii Rubanovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vladzov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vogt, Vladimir, 1908

Box 236N

Voichinskii, Martyn Ignat'evich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Voinich, Mikhail Leonardovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vol'f, Srul Naftulovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Volianskii, Nikon Ivanovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Volkhovskii, Feliks, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Felix
Box 236N

Volkov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Volodia, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Wladislaw
Box 236N

Vol'per, Maks, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Max Wolpert
Box 236N

Vorovskii, Vatslav, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Wacław Worowski
Box 236N

Vovk, Vasilii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vul'fovich, Iulii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vul'fson, Vigdor, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Vul'pe, Ivan, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Walk, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Wasiutynski, Andrew, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Weber, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Werbaough, Moise, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Werbach?
Box 236N

Werner, Friedrich Karl, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Winkler, Ernest, circa 1883-1917

Box 236N

Wojciechowski, Stanisław, 1893

Scope and Contents note

Also Stanislav Vaitsekhovskii
Box 236N

Wraag, Wasil Michaelovitz, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Yehudda, Shaiak, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zafiridi, Aleksandr, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Grekov
Box 236O

Zaitsev, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zaitsev, Grigorii Stepanovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236O

Zaitseva, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zakharchenko, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zakhar'ev, Iarchuk Khaim, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zakharov, Denis Efimovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zakras, Andrei, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zalevskii, Feofil, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zalmanov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zamukhovskii, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zapol'skii, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Dovnar
Box 236O

Zaslavskaia, Mariia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zavadskii, Aleksandr Antonovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zbarskii, Iakov Feliksovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zborovskii, Saul Shlemovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zeia, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zeitkin, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zelenskii, Evgenii Osipovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zelich?, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zel'tser, Anton, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zemliachka, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zenzinov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zeziulenskii, Girsh (Nikolai), circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also "Bogdan"
Box 236O

Zhelikhovskaia, Ol'ga, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Vinogradova
Box 236O

Zherkov-Zherchenko, Tikhon, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zheronimius, Bella, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Geronimus
Box 236O

Zhilin, Ivan Iakovlevich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zhitlovskii, Khaim, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Includes Avram and Shaia Zhitlovskii
Box 236O

Zhnudskii, Vatslav, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zhukaev, Salangkeri (Nikolai) Asakhmetovich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zhuravlev, Petr Petrovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Vasilii Beziuk
Box 236O

Zhurovskii, Cheslav-Feliks Ignat'evich, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zick, Michael Semenowitz, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zommerfel'd, Vladislav Iakovlevich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also "Martynov"
Box 236O

Zuikov, circa 1883-1917

Box 236O

Zverin, Aron Isaakovich, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Also Zverev
Box 236O

Zyrulnik, Levi Nosolevich, circa 1883-1917

Boxes 238-240

(b) Glass negatives

 

(c) Police identity reports

Downloadable PDF Index of Police Identity Reports

  1. Police Identity Reports Index  
Box 243

Handwritten report, 1913 July 31

Scope and Contents note

"'Signalement' description of unknown person."
Box 243

Abachidzé, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Abachidzé, Alexandre, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Abdreef, Lydia, 1918

Box 243

Abrahamoff, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Agafonoff, Talérian, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Akhmatoff, Jean, 1914 February 10

Box 243

Alexinsky, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Andreff, Georges, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Arefieff, 1919

Box 243

Auerbach, Vladimir, 1913

Box 243

Babroff, 1913

Box 243

Balabanoff, Angelique, 1914 March 7

Box 243

Barthold, Boris, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Barthold, Boris, 1913

Box 243

Bass, Guillet, 1914 March 4

Box 243

Beckermann, 1913 August 13

Box 243

Beloussoff, Alexandre, 1913 August 1

Box 243

Beloussoff, Jean, 1913

Box 243

Beloussoff, Valentine, 1913

Box 243

Benson, Nathan, 1916 February 14

Box 243

Berezine, Victor, 1913 August 1

Box 243

Berlinoff, Auguste, 1913

Box 243

Bernatsky, 1913

Box 243

Berzine, Jean, 1913

Box 243

Berzine, Jean, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Letter from J. Berzine to Madame
Box 243

Bettinkoff, 1913

Box 243

Bezuck, Yourauleff, 1913 August

Box 243

Bichantropp, 1913

Box 243

Blank index card, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Blumenfeld, Amelie, 1913 August

Box 243

Blumenfeld, Joseph, 1913

Box 243

Blumental, Adolphe, 1913

Box 243

Bogatski, Henri, 1913 September 25

Box 243

Bogazski, Henri, 1913

Box 243

Bogdanoff, 1913 August

Box 243

Borissoff, 1913 August

Box 243

Borissoff, Terye, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Bornemann, Vladimir, 1913

Box 243

Bornstein, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Boulgakoff, Georges, 1912

Box 243

Bourtzeff, Vladimir, 1913 August 1

Box 243

Boutilkine, Jean, 1913 August 1

Box 243

Boyasky, Harry, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Brodsky, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Brodsky, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Sheet of paper with list of relations
Box 243

Brodsky, Sophie, 1913

Box 243

Broon, Victor, 1913

Box 243

Brozgol, 1913

Box 243

Bykoff, Alexis, 1913

Box 243

Chagiakhmetoff, Tslam, 1913

Box 243

Chagiakhmetoff, Tslam, 1913

Box 243

Chalitte, 1913

Box 243

Chalitte, Molf, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Chenisse, 1913

Box 243

Chmaisnok, Moise, 1913 August 19

Box 243

Choulik, 1913

Box 243

Dakar, Auguste, 1913

Box 243

Davidoff, Maria, 1913

Box 243

Debreyne, Charles, 1913

Box 243

Depohl, Jules, Gustave, 1913

Box 243

Desaube, Georges, 1913

Box 243

Djeaparidse Ivanovsky, Tarina, 1913

Box 243

Dobrovolsky, Jean, 1913

Box 243

Dolyenko, Anna, 1913 July 26

Box 243

Dory, 1914 March 6

Box 243

Efroussi, Sophie, 1913 August

Box 243

Eichembaum, Tsevolade, 1913

Box 243

Eitchinsky, Alexandre, 1914 January 15

Box 243

Elkine, 1913 August

Box 243

Erofeieff, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Eroffeef, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Fabricantoff, Julia, 1913

Box 243

Faynsilberg, Paul, 1913

Box 243

Federoff, Victor, 1913 July 11

Box 243

Fedoroff, Jean Henry, 1913

Box 243

Fedoroff, Olga, 1913

Box 243

Fedoroff, Ossipe, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Figner, Vera, 1913

Box 243

Finkelberg, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Flabukaul, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Foudameusky, 1913

Box 243

Frielich, Jacques, 1913

Box 243

Frielich, Jacques, 1913 July 12

Box 243

Galperine, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Gambachidze, Basile, 1914 March 24

Box 243

Geiger, Jean, 1913

Box 243

Glik, Naoum, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Glotoff, Jacques, 1913

Box 243

Glukmann, 1913 July 23

Box 243

Goguelia, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Goldstein, Maurice, 1910

Box 243

Gorfinkel, 1913

Box 243

Gorodetski, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Gotz, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Note to 'Chere Madame' from 'V. Gotz'
Box 243

Gotz, Vera, 1913

Box 243

Gouliaeff, 1913

Box 243

Gredinger, 1913

Box 243

Gretchneff, 1913

Box 243

Gribine, 1912

Box 243

Guedrine, 1913

Box 243

Guessesberg, 1913

Box 243

Guessesberg, Zarehis, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Guinsberg, 1913 August 19

Box 243

Haeprezath, 1913

Box 243

Handwritten report, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Handwritten report, title reads: "Signalemente"
Box 243

Herzenstein, Judas Wolf, 1913

Box 243

Hichmann, Anatole, 1913

Box 243

Holstein, Vladimir, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Hzikowsky, Elias, 1913

Box 243

Ignatin, Muzil, 1913

Box 243

Ivanoff, 1913

Box 243

Ivanoff, Sophie, 1913

Box 243

Jakinoff, Michel, 1913

Box 243

Jakowlewieff, Cain, 1913 August 13

Box 243

Jasfroboff, 1913

Box 243

Jeanne, 1913

Box 243

Jeanne, Pierre, Serge, Albert, 1913

Box 243

Joukowski, Alexandre, 1913

Box 243

Kabanoff, Antoine, 1913

Box 243

Kacendenbagvey, 1913

Box 243

Kadomtzeff, Jean, 1913

Box 243

Kalian, 1913

Box 243

Karaline, Apollon, 1913

Box 243

Karassouloff, Helene, 1913

Box 243

Karassouloff, Olga, 1913

Box 243

Karlstein, 1913

Box 243

Karpovitch, Pierre, 1913

Box 243

Kasatchenko, 1913

Box 243

Katcharovsky, 1913

Box 243

Khoudadoff, 1913

Box 243

Khoudadoff, Marie, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Khoudadoff, Vladimir, 1914 August

Box 243

Kirischeck, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Kissme, Alexandre, 1913

Box 243

Kissme, Alexandre, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Klapina, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Handwritten note to Mlle Klapina from Julie.
Box 243

Kleibass, Edouard, 1913

Box 243

Klepikoff, 1913

Box 243

Kletovsky, Edouard, 1913

Box 243

Klimoff, Nathalie, 1913

Box 243

Kobylansky, Ladislav, 1913

Box 243

Kobylinsky, Ladyslas, 1913

Box 243

Kogan, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Kolegaeff, 1912

Box 243

Kolossoff, Eugene, 1913

Box 243

Komirsky, 1913

Box 243

Konstantinoff, 1913

Box 243

Kopelova, Nathalie, 1913 August 19

Box 243

Korsouvsky, 1913

Box 243

Kosloff, Jacques, 1913

Box 243

Kosmodamiansky, 1913

Box 243

Kosowsky, Michel, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Kotik, 1913

Box 243

Kotrotkoff, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Koulikovsky, Pierre, 1911

Box 243

Koulischer, Jacob, 1913

Box 243

Koumeny, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Kourisko, Michel, 1913

Box 243

Kouzmine, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Kravetz, Jean, 1913 August 13

Box 243

Kriegel Jean, 1913

Box 243

Kronstaloff, Mazar, 1913

Box 243

Kropolkine, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Kroul, Jacob, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Kurland, Abraham, 1913

Box 243

Laille, 1913

Box 243

Landy, 1913

Box 243

Laouer, 1913

Box 243

Lapatine, Kevolad, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Lapine, Jean, 1913

Box 243

Lazareff, 1913

Box 243

Lebensbaum, Edouard, 1914 February 10

Box 243

Leonovitch, 1913

Box 243

Leonovitch, Marie, 1913

Box 243

Leonowitch, 1913

Box 243

Lesaulvier, 1913

Box 243

Letchtinki, David, 1913

Box 243

Lezinnes, 1913

Box 243

Ligsky, Constantin, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Loubarsky, Vera, 1914 February 26

Box 243

Lunovziarsky, Valerian, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Makovhime, 1913

Box 243

Maleeff, Jean, 1913

Box 243

Maltzeff, Jean, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Malysceff, Alexandre, 1913 September 25

Box 243

Man leaning back against a rock face, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Markach, Nina, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Martinson, Edouard, 1913

Box 243

Martmoff, Jean, 1913

Box 243

Maurice, 1913

Box 243

Mazurenko, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Medwed, Michel, 1913

Box 243

Meerowitch, Leo, 1914 February 10

Box 243

Meissmer, Ferdinand, 1913

Box 243

Meitousse, Anna, 1909 July 31

Box 243

Metalnikoff, Ivanoff, 1913

Box 243

Meteh, 1913

Box 243

Minor, 1913

Box 243

Miroliouboff, Victor, 1913

Box 243

Moiche, Fiskinel, 1913

Box 243

Moiisseenko, Boris, 1913

Box 243

Moiisseenko, Nicolas, Serge, 1913

Box 243

Moisenko, 1913

Box 243

Monassovitch, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Mousenko, Serge, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Moyseff, Nadine, 1913

Box 243

Mychkine, Basile, 1913

Box 243

Nassonoff, Olga, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Natanson, Marc, 1913

Box 243

Nesseriantz, 1913

Box 243

Neymeyanoff, 1913

Box 243

Nikitin, 1913

Box 243

Nikolaeff, 1912

Box 243

Nikolaeff, Michel, 1913

Box 243

No. 1, 1913

Box 243

No. 2, 1913

Box 243

No. 3, 1913

Box 243

No. 4, 1913

Box 243

No. 5, 1913

Box 243

No. 6, 1913

Box 243

No. 7, 1913

Box 243

No. 8, 1913

Box 243
Box 243

No. 10, 1913

Box 243

No. 11, 1913

Box 243

No. 12, 1913

Box 243

No. 13, 1913

Box 243

No. 14, 1913

Box 243

No. 15, 1913

Box 243

No. 17, 1913

Box 243

No. 18, 1913

Box 243

No. 20, 1913

Box 243

No. 28, 1913

Box 243

No. 29, 1913

Box 243

No. 31, 1913

Box 243

No. 36, 1913

Box 243

No. 37, 1913

Box 243

No. 39, 1913

Box 243

No. 43, 1913

Box 243

No. 44, 1913

Box 243

No. 45, 1913

Box 243

No. 46, 1913

Box 243

No. 47, 1913

Box 243

No. 48, 1913

Box 243

No. 49, 1913

Box 243

No. 50, 1913

Box 243

No. 51, 1913

Box 243

No. 52, 1913

Box 243

No. 53, 1913

Box 243

No. 55, Aleksai Kanashev, 1909

Box 243

No. 56, femme de Kolary, 1913

Box 243

No. 59, 1913

Box 243

No. 60, 1913

Box 243

No. 61, 1913

Box 243

No. 62, 1913

Box 243

[No. 62?], 1913

Box 243

No. 63, 1913

Box 243

No. 64, 1913

Box 243

No. 65, 1913

Box 243

No. 66, 1913

Box 243

No. 67, 1913

Box 243

No. 68, 1913

Box 243

No. 69, 1913

Box 243

No. 70, 1913

Box 243

No. 71, 1913

Box 243

No. 72, 1913

Box 243

No. 73, 1913

Box 243

No. 74, 1913

Box 243

No. 75, 1913

Box 243

No. 76, 1913

Box 243

No. 77, 1913

Box 243

No. 78, 1913

Box 243

No. 79, N. Varshavov, 1913

Box 243

No. 80, Frada Girteva Itkina, 1913

Box 243

No. 81, 1913

Box 243

No. 82, 1913

Box 243

No. 83, 1913

Box 243

No. 84, 1913

Box 243

No. 85, 1913

Box 243

No. 86, 1913

Box 243

No. 87, 1913

Box 243

No. 88, 1913

Box 243

No. 88, V. Gruzdeva, 1913

Box 243

No. 89, 1913

Box 243

No. 90, 1913

Box 243

No. 91, 1913

Box 243

Nossar, 1913

Box 243

Nyloff, Andre, 1913

Box 243

Oboukhoff, Vera, 1913

Box 243

Ocharine, Vladimir, 1913

Box 243

Odelieff, 1913

Box 243

Odoleieff, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Oiitoff, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Oselewsky, Oskar, Edouard, 1913

Box 243

Ostroumoff, Marie, 1913

Box 243

Oustimoff, Michel, 1910

Box 243

Oustinoff, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Oustinoff, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Pataoff, 1913

Box 243

Piatkoff, Jacquelet, Jean, 1913

Box 243

Piatnitzky, Pierre, 1913

Box 243

Plekanoff, Alexandre, 1914 February 26

Box 243

Polak, Vera, 1914

Box 243

Police identity reports, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Polmkowsky, Rose, 1913

Box 243

Polonsky, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Portrait of an unidentified man, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Portrait of an unidentified man, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Portrait of an unidentified woman, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Posiniokoff, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Poznansky, 1913

Box 243

Preobajensky, Nicolas, 1913

Box 243

Priaouff, Emile, Edouard, Nicolas, 1913

Box 243

Procopoff, Georges, 1914 March 4

Box 243

Prokofiewa, Maria d'Alessio, 1913

Box 243

Prybileff, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Prybileff, Alexandre, 1913

Box 243

Prybileff, Alexandre, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Pupkowicz, Gloria det Gustave, 1914 February 14

Box 243

Rabinovitch, Georges, 1913

Box 243

Rabinowitch, Rosa, 1913

Box 243

Radzilewsky, 1913

Box 243

Ratkinikoff, 1913

Box 243

Ratner, 1913

Box 243

Reitzmann, Samuel, 1913

Box 243

Reuter, 1913

Box 243

Riamoff, Ekaterian, 1913

Box 243

Rikhter, Vladimir, 1913

Box 243

Ritter, 1913

Box 243

Romanoff, 1913

Box 243

Romoff, Salomon, 1913

Box 243

Rondenko, Valerian, 1913

Box 243

Roskoff, Modeste, 1914 March 14

Box 243

Rotkoff, Stephanie, 1913

Box 243

Roubanovitch, 1913

Box 243

Rouiller, 1913

Box 243

Routkovsky, Anatolie, 1913

Box 243

Rygier, Maria, 1913

Box 243

Salbard, Vladimir, 1913

Box 243

Sandel, Guillarme, 1914 February 10

Box 243

Scheffer, Samuel, 1913

Box 243

Schkolnik, Marie, 1913

Box 243

Schultz, Moise, 1913

Box 243

Schweikovsky, Povalo, 1913

Box 243

Sergueieff, Alexandre, 1911 March 12

Box 243

Serye, 1913

Scope and Contents note

Handwritten authorization for 'Serye' from anon.
Box 243

Siramis, 1913

Box 243

Slatopolsky, Alexandre, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Sletoff, 1913

Box 243

Sloy, Jules, 1913

Box 243

de Smelinsky, Victor, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Smirnoff, 1913

Box 243

Smirnoff, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Handwriting sample
Box 243

Smirnoff (Mlle), 1913

Box 243

Smirnoff, Jean, 1913

Box 243

Socten, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Somoff, Eugenie, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Soukhomline, 1913

Box 243

Soukomline, Anna, Assia, 1913

Box 243

Spengler, 1913

Box 243

Stoliaroff, 1913

Box 243

Strakov/Strakor, 1913

Box 243

Strokoff, Paul, 1914 February 10

Box 243

Summary of photographs with a single copy in the index, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Heading reads: "Photographies à me seul exemplaire collè sur la fiche"
Box 243

Tatarsky, Isaac, 1913

Box 243

Tchekoff, 1913

Box 243

Tchenikaeff, 1913

Box 243

Tcherniavsky, Michel, 1913

Box 243

Tchernoff, Michel, 1913

Box 243

Tchoudousk, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Tchoumakoff, Jacques, 1913

Box 243

Teploff, 1913

Box 243

Tichonov, Marie, 1913 August 13

Box 243

Toporoff, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Trakineff, Rachel, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Trenkvil, Manrue, 1913

Box 243

Trojanska, Anna, 1913

Box 243

Trotsky, Raissa, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Turkin, Levy, 1913 August 19

Box 243

Tutceef, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Tzinkovakoff, 1913

Box 243

Unidentified handwriting sample, circa 1883-1917

Scope and Contents note

Handwritten note, no identifiers.
Box 243

Unidentified man sitting at a chair, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Unidentified portrait of a woman, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Uspinsky, 1913

Box 243

Vadinoff, Andre, 1913

Box 243

Verbisky, Boris, 1913

Box 243

Vinogradoff, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Vinogradoff, Alexis, 1913

Box 243

Viroy, 1913

Box 243

Vishnevtky, Esther, Dveira, 1913

Box 243

Volkovsky, Felix, 1913

Box 243

Vosteim, Igoroganess, 1913 August 19

Box 243

Vovsi, Joseph, 1913

Box 243

Weinberg, Abraham, 1913

Box 243

Weinthal, Armand, 1913

Box 243

Weinthal, Armand, 1913

Box 243

Weitstein, 1913

Box 243

Wetzel, 1912 November 11

Box 243

Williams, 1913

Box 243

Wladimiroff et Riskine, 1913 August 13

Box 243

Wyristem, Georges, 1913

Box 243

Yakowleff, 1913

Box 243

Yaravko, Lydia, 1913 August 19

Box 243

Yaroslanski, Boris, 1913

Box 243

Yemunob, Ustinov, 1913

Box 243

Zakaroff, Denis, 1913

Box 243

Zalkind, Victoria, 1913

Box 243

Zamarajeff, Pierre, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Zanzinoff, 1913

Box 243

Zanzinoff, 1913

Box 243

Zchernoff, Victor, 1913

Box 243

Zetlin, Michel, 1914 March 24

Box 243

Zilbermann, 1913

Box 243

Zilbermann, 1913

Box 243

Zimermann, Bernard, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Zoitzeff, Serge, circa 1883-1917

Box 243

Zuckermann, 1913

Boxes 173-180

g. Émigré rosters

Scope and Contents note

The Okhrana abroad developed in its very early years of operation the practice of keeping a complete record of all émigrés abroad. The purpose of this was to take the obvious first step in intelligence efforts against the revolutionaries and their activities. Any new names of subversives or suspects were checked against these records as to his or her name, address, occupation, passport, and the like. The bulk of information on émigrés entered in the large ledgers or specially printed folios was obtained from various cooperating police offices and, in fewer cases, from non-Russian investigation agents.
This extensive collection of rosters in book form dates back to 1887 and continues through the years. There is little uniformity in the ledgers; and specially prepared rosters, some of which are not even in alphabetical order, some of which are incomplete, and some of which list the names only, or the names and addresses, while others, with folios arranged in columns, render considerable other details.
The collection is arranged chronologically, most of the books covering Paris and Prance. A comprehensive collection on Belgium shows that the uniform collection could have been secured only by transcription from police records. The records on émigrés in Switzerland, in German cities, and others are in similar order.

Access

Available on microfilm reels 317-323
 

By year

Index XIIIg, Folder 1

1887

Access

Available on microfilm reel 316
Index XIIIg, Folder 2

1890

Access

Available on microfilm reel 316
Index XIIIg, Folders 3-4

1891

Access

Available on microfilm reel 317
Index XIIIg, Folder 5

1892-1893

Access

Available on microfilm reel 317
Index XIIIg, Folders 6-8

1893-1894

Access

Available on microfilm reel 317
Index XIIIg, Folder 9

1894-1895

Access

Available on microfilm reel 317
Index XIIIg, Folder 10

1897-1898

Access

Available on microfilm reel 318
Index XIIIg, Folder 11

1898-1899

Access

Available on microfilm reel 318
Index XIIIg, Folder 12

1899-1900

Access

Available on microfilm reel 318
Index XIIIg, Folder 13

1900-1902

Access

Available on microfilm reel 318
Index XIIIg, Folder 14

1902

Access

Available on microfilm reels 318-319
Index XIIIg, Folders 15-17

1903

Access

Available on microfilm reels 319-320
Index XIIIg, Folder 18

Undated roster

Access

Available on microfilm reel 320

Scope and Contents note

Book with entries by agent Neuhaus in Berlin on Russians in Germany.
Index XIIIg, Folder 19

1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 320
 

By location

Index XIIIg, Folder 20

Belgium, 1910-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reels 320, 322

Scope and Contents note

Folios on Russian émigrés in printed form from Belgian police registers of foreigners.
Index XIIIg, Folder 21

Switzerland, 1915-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 322

Scope and Contents note

Rosters with about 2500 entries from Bern, Zurich, and Lausanne.
Index XIIIg, Folder 22

France, 1891-1894

Access

Available on microfilm reel 322

Scope and Contents note

Includes roster of "jeunes gens faisant partie de la colonie russe" at Nancy. Rosters include subjects of Bulgaria, Serbia, and Poland.
Index XIIIg, Folder 23

Various

Access

Available on microfilm reel 323

Scope and Contents note

Includes émigrés in Darmstadt, Germany; Russian physicians in Paris (1905); list of Russians in Tilff, Belgium (1912); émigrés in Heidelberg; Russian revolutionaries in London (November 1905); Russian revolutionaries in Italy (1910-1913); etc.
Index XIIIg, Folder 24

Without dates or locations

Access

Available on microfilm reel 323
Index XIIIg, Folder 25

Roster of Russian anarchists and Narodovoltsy (People's Will) in Paris, 1890

Access

Available on microfilm reel 323
Index XIIIg, Folder 26

List of newspapers and magazines in England and the United States; names and addresses of Russian revolutionaries in London, 1894-1896

Access

Available on microfilm reel 323
Index XIIIg, Folder 27

Russian revolutionaries in Bern, Switzerland, 1898

Access

Available on microfilm reel 323
Index XIIIg, Folder 28

Alphabetized catalog of revolutionaries with photographs available

Access

Available on microfilm reel 323

Scope and Contents note

Letters A-D only. Under "Remarks," there are entries on the individual's political affiliation, police action, and references.
Index XIIIg, Folder 29

Alphabetized roster used as a working ledger, 1900-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 323
Index XIIIg, Folder 30

Alphabetized ledger of agent reports on émigrés, 1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 323
Index XIIIg, Folder 31

Rosters of émigrés and students in Paris and Germany, 1902-1903

Access

Available on microfilm reel 323
Boxes 181-183

h. Rosters of Russian students attending schools abroad

Scope and Contents note

The Okhrana's collection of rosters on Russian students abroad began in 1893 through agents enrolled as students. As some of the documents in this collection indicate, the agent-student compiled lists of his student compatriots or submitted short biographic cards on each. This was the practice at the University of Paris and some German schools, but only for a few school years.
The Okhrana then resorted to the simpler method of obtaining printed school catalogues, which listed teachers and students, and kept these as a reference on Russian students. All such catalogues found in the files are listed in the inventory.

Access

Available on microfilm reels 323-329
Index XIIIh, Folder 1

Dispatches concerning rosters of students abroad, 1910-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 323
 

Faculty of Medicine in Paris

Index XIIIh, Folder 2

1898-1899

Access

Available on microfilm reel 324
Index XIIIh, Folder 3

1899-1900

Access

Available on microfilm reel 324
Index XIIIh, Folder 4

1900-1901

Access

Available on microfilm reel 324
Index XIIIh, Folder 5

Montpellier, France, 1896, 1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 324
Index XIIIh, Folder 5

Nancy, France, 1910, 1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 324
Index XIIIh, Folder 6

University of Liege, Belgium, 1909-1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 324
Index XIIIh, Folder 7

Germany, 1904-1907

Access

Available on microfilm reel 324

Scope and Contents note

Includes rosters from Leipzig, Mittweida, and Saxony.
Index XIIIh, Folder 8

Zurich and Bern, undated

Access

Available on microfilm reel 325
Index XIIIh, Folder 9

University of Geneva

Access

Available on microfilm reel 325

Scope and Contents note

Includes Liste des Autorités, Professeurs, Etudiants de l'Universite de Genéve.
Index XIIIh, Folder 10

University of Lausanne, 1893-1898

Access

Available on microfilm reel 325
Index XIIIh, Folder 11

University of Bern, 1893-1898; 1909-1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 325
Index XIIIh, Folder 12

Hochschule Zurich, 1893-1898

Access

Available on microfilm reel 326
Index XIIIh, Folder 13

ETH Zérich, 1895-1899

Access

Available on microfilm reel 326
Index XIIIh, Folder 14

Fribourg, Zurich, and Darmstadt, 1893-1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 326
Index XIIIh, Folder 15

University of Lausanne, 1898-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 326
Index XIIIh, Folder 16

University of Geneva, 1900-1912

Access

Available on microfilm reel 327
Index XIIIh, Folder 17

Unidentified medical school, 1893-1894

Access

Available on microfilm reel 327
Index XIIIh, Folder 18

Zurich, 1898-1907

Access

Available on microfilm reel 327
Index XIIIh, Folder 19

Berlin, 1908

Access

Available on microfilm reel 327
Index XIIIh, Folder 20

Darmstadt, 1903, 1906

Access

Available on microfilm reel 328
Index XIIIh, Folder 21

University of Bern, 1903

Access

Available on microfilm reel 328
Index XIIIh, Folders 22-23

Munich, 1904

Access

Available on microfilm reel 328
Index XIIIh, Folder 24

Paris, 1891

Access

Available on microfilm reel 328
Index XIIIh, Folder 25

Russian students in contact with revolutionaries, 1892

Access

Available on microfilm reel 328
Boxes 184, 244

XIV. Communications

Box 184

a. Pouch systems with home office

Scope and Contents note

Written communications between the Paris Office and Headquarters were carried by pouch as well as regular, registered mail. Some instructions from Headquarters on the preparation of pouches, the use of double envelopes, the sealing of letters and packages, and addressing are still extant among the papers in this collection. Also included are a few sample envelopes of registered Okhrana mail, with the Police Department wax seal, and post office receipts.

Access

Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVa, Folder 1

Dispatches and notes referring to communications by Okhrana pouch through diplomatic courier, 1907-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 329

Scope and Contents note

Includes directives on how to address the mail, preserved samples of addresses, envelopes of regular registered mail with wax seal, etc.
Box 184

b. Correspondence between field installations

Scope and Contents note

Normally all field correspondence between the Paris Office and subordinate establishments or agents abroad, as well as correspondence with Okhrana provincial offices in Russia, went through regular postal and telegraphic channels. For this reason, the correspondents resorted heavily to the use of double talk and words with meanings as agreed upon in advance. The use of word and number codes, usually some ad hoc system, was frequent not only for telegrams but for intelligence reporting in general. Difficulties arose in wartime when various governments began to introduce censorship. The documents in this collection discuss that problem as well as various other points in the handling of communications in the field.
At the end of the collection (in Folder 2) is a log book for incoming registered mail from July 1915 to March 1917. Only the dates and the names of sender and addressee are entered. Both mail from Russia and from field correspondents is entered; correspondents from Russia are addressed by their true name, those from abroad usually by their pseudonym. Letters from the field are more numerous than those from Russia.

Access

Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVb, Folder 1

Dispatches concerning codes used in correspondence between field offices, 1906-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVb, Folder 2

Journal for incoming registered mail from operatives in the field and in Russia, 1915-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 329
Boxes 184, 244

c. Code systems

Scope and Contents note

A series of circular dispatches from Headquarters reveals how from time to time a code system was compromised or suspected as possibly being learned by unauthorized persons. These memoranda show that Okhrana Headquarters never gave these matters the benefit of the doubt. The slightest suspicion meant that the code had to be replaced by another one. Several samples of codes are included herein. Others may be found in the collection of coded and decoded messages collected in XIVd.
The code used very extensively for non-Russian operators for many years (included in this collection) was a simple transposition of letters. A printed card giving the system of encoding and decoding was given to all investigation agents of some standing.

Access

Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVc, Folder 1

Dispatches containing code systems; Headquarters circulars on codes compromised and withdrawn from use; notes and instructions on the handling of codes and coded messages, 1903-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVc, Folder 2

Glass plates with a British code

Access

This portion of the collection was not microfilmed.
Index XIVc, Folder 3

Cross-reference sheet

Index XIVc, Folder 4

Reference: See operational card index file for reference to Okhrana codes

Box 184

d. Encoded and decoded messages, drafts, worksheets

Scope and Contents note

This collection supplements Index Number XIVc with examples of actual encoding of outgoing telegrams and deciphering of encoded incoming messages. Experts on code can detect from the worksheets in these folders that the Paris Office and Okhrana Headquarters preferred three fairly simple systems. The most common practice was to use four variable, two-number digits for 25 letters of the Roman alphabet. The table simply listed the letters, giving four sets of digits for each, e.g.:
a - 75, 23, 14, 09
b - 33, 11, 88, 70
Using such a variable choice of digits was deemed completely secure as long as the key or tables on encoding and decoding were safe.

Access

Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVd, Folders 1-2

Drafts of encoded outgoing telegrams, coded and deciphered incoming messages, and worksheets, 1894-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVd, Folder 3

Envelopes

Access

Available on microfilm reel 329
Box 184

e. Secret writing

Scope and Contents note

Only a set of "cyclostyle" sheets were found in the Okhrana files, indicating that someone had probably been using them for a simple type of secret writing. There are no evidences among the files of agent reports that any method of secret writing was employed.
On the other hand, Okhrana people used chemicals and the application of heat to detect secret writing in the intercepted mail of the revolutionaries. The intercepted correspondence of Krupskaya (Lenin's wife), for instance, has more examples marked that the text was developed from "chemical inks" than those without such notations.

Access

Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVe, Folder 1

Two sheets of used cyclostyle paper

Access

Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVe, Folder 2

Cross-reference sheet

Index XIVe, Folder 3

Reference: See case officer Litvin's report from London in 1915, in IIIb, folder 23

Boxes 185-188

XV. Security of establishments and personnel

Box 185

a. Physical security of Okhrana establishments and documents

Scope and Contents note

Assuring secrecy of operations and security of files, in view of constant efforts by the revolutionaries (Burtsev) to penetrate the Okhrana and expose its agents, constituted a permanent worry for Headquarters and the chiefs of the Paris Office. Instructions, issued in this matter by Headquarters, were very strict.
At the beginning of World War I, when French authorities were evacuated from Paris, the Okhrana office also moved to Bordeaux but soon returned to its readjusted and re-equipped office at 79 rue de Grenelle.

Access

Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVa, Folder 1

Dispatches, 1896-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 330

Scope and Contents note

Includes instructions from Headquarters for security measures of Okhrana establishments.
Index XVa, Folder 2

Reports on the purchase of sample gas bombs and hand grenades to use against rioters, 1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVa, Folder 3

Report on the visit of officers Tregulov and Lebedev, 1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVa, Folder 4

Letters and reports on renting an apartment for Iosefovich, 1914-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVa, Folder 5

Temporary transfer of the Paris office to Bordeaux and return to Paris, 1914-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVa, Folder 6

Cross-reference sheet

Index XVa, Folder 7

Reference: For a report on the transfer of the Okhrana offices to Bordeaux, August 22, 1914, see IIe, folder 6

Box 185

b. Security of agents

Scope and Contents note

The files on agents under Indices Ille and Illf and VId and VI-1 illustrate in many instances that the lives of Okhrana agents abroad, as in Russia, were subject to frequent threats of exposure and murder by the revolutionaries. To protect its people, the Okhrana abroad developed and adhered to its system of code names and to its practice of communicating with agents in such a way that most of the Okhrana permanent employees did not know the true identity of the agents. The case officers did not visit the Okhrana office, and the agents did not know each other. Two of them might have known each other as fellow revolutionaries, but not as agents.
The collection in these folders does not contain specific papers on the security of agents; but the collection of dispatches, papers on individual cases, and some of the circulars on security matters yield a fair insight into the practices relating to the matter of preventing agent exposure. Some of the papers show also that the Okhrana was interested in modern protective equipment for the use of the agents. One set of papers dealing with security precautions for traveling imperial personages is included in Folder 1 because parts of it also concern the security of agents themselves.
The collection of court proceedings against agent Rips for his attempt to kill case officer Colonel von Kotten in 1910 is included because of the many references to physical security of Okhrana personnel exposed to the revolutionaries in Paris.

Access

Available on microfilm reels 330-331
Index XVb, Folder 1a

Passes issued in Russia (1887-1882); assignment of agent Gutman; security investigation of agent Kavtaradze, 1887-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVb, Folder 1b

Agent code names, pseudonyms, true names, 1907-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVb, Folder 1c

Okhrana's interest in modern protective equipment, 1913-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVb, Folder 1d

Security measures to protect imperial personages abroad, 1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVb, Folder 2a

Dispatches relating to security precautions for agents, 1894-1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 331
Index XVb, Folder 2b

Notes on the trial of agent Rips for his attempt on the life of case officer Colonel von Kotten, 1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 331
Index XVb, Folder 2c

Forms on agent's pay; security regulations on agent handling, 1910-1911

Access

Available on microfilm reel 331
Index XVb, Folder 2d

Garting's apprehension that Lopukhin exposed Azef

Access

Available on microfilm reel 331
Index XVb, Folder 2e

Activities of Burtsev and Bakai (revolutionary police)

Access

Available on microfilm reel 331
Index XVb, Folder 3

Case of defected agent Rips in the French court: complete summary of proceedings, 1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 332
Index XVb, Folder 4

Cross-reference sheet

Box 185

c. Methods of checking on the security of agents

Scope and Contents note

Only three dispatches with attached letters were placed in this folder. They refer to cases of Manasevich-Manuilov in Paris, the revolutionary Lopatin in possession of a list of Okhrana agents in Italy, and an agent named Abramov in Moscow. More background material on this topic may be located in agent folders under IIIe, Illf, and VId.

Access

Available on microfilm reel 331
Index XVc, Folder 1

Correspondence found in the possession of Manasevich-Manuilov, 1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 332
Index XVc, Folder 1

Dispatch advising that revolutionary Lopatin has a list of Okhrana surveillance agents in Italy, 1911

Access

Available on microfilm reel 332
Index XVc, Folder 1

Correspondence found in the possession of agent Abramov in Moscow, 1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 332
Boxes 185-188

d. Security of high personages traveling abroad; physical safety

Scope and Contents note

One of the major responsibilities of Okhrana establishments abroad, essentially different from the normal tasks of collecting intelligence on revolutionaries, was the perennial requirement of participating in the task of providing physical safety of the traveling monarch, members of the imperial family, and other high personages. They traveled on state visits and incognito. Regardless of the method or purpose of travel, the separate imperial security in St. Petersburg participated not only as corporal guards but in advance preparations for transits safe from interferences by revolutionaries.
Invariably the Paris Okhrana was called upon for assistance, by doubling and tripling surveillance over the movements of terrorists, and by engaging foreign liaisons for special protection. Non-Russian agents of the Okhrana, called from the more routine posts in a given locale, were set up in teams to guard trains and stations or the areas surrounding the intended lodging for the distinguished visitors. Okhrana planning was methodical, as the various security programs in this collection of documents indicate, depending heavily on its own agent resources and synchronizing its plans of watchfulness with that of the imperial security corps and the local organs of the respective countries.
The folders in this collection are assembled to cover separately each major trip of the Tsar, the Dowager Empress, and the Grand Dukes and Princes. Some of the folders are selections of day-to-day-surveillance reports. Folder 17 is a booklet containing Okhrana regulations on security measures for the safety of an imperial trip.

Access

Available on microfilm reels 332-338
Index XVd, Folder 1

Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich's trip to France, 1912

Access

Available on microfilm reel 332
Index XVd, Folder 2

Travels of the Russian Empress in Europe, 1909-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 333
Index XVd, Folder 3

Tsar's travels in Europe, 1895-1897

Access

Available on microfilm reel 333
Index XVd, Folder 4

Tsar's trip to Paris, 1909

Access

Available on microfilm reel 333
Index XVd, Folder 5

Tsar's trip to Paris, 1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 6

Daily reports from agent Maurice Vogt on the stay of imperial personages in London, 1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 7

Surveillance reports on German ports in connection with security arrangements for travel, 1911

Access

Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 8

Lecointe's accounts of the visits of Queen Aleksandra to England, Denmark, and Sweden, 1911

Access

Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 9

Bint's report on his assignment to protect an incognito lady and child in Bad Elster, Germany, 1911

Access

Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 10

Agent Vogt's reports on the visit of royalty to Vichy and Biarritz, 1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 11

Instruktsiia (Regulations regarding security measures for imperial trips abroad), 1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 12

Tsar's trip to Konstanz, 1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 13

Imperial trip to Germany, 1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 335
Index XVd, Folder 14

Miscellaneous notes, 1897-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 335
Index XVd, Folder 15

Tsar's visit to Berlin, 1913 May

Access

Available on microfilm reel 336
Index XVd, Folder 16

Tsar's trip to Hesse, 1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 336
Index XVd, Folder 17

Grand Duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich's travels in Europe, 1910-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reels 336-337
Index XVd, Folder 18

Tsar's tour of the Baltics, 1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 338
Index XVd, Folder 19

Bittard-Monin's report on attempt on the life of the Russian Minister of Education, in Nice, 1912

Access

Available on microfilm reel 338
Index XVd, Folder 20

Notes and wires regarding the protection of the Minister of the Interior in Germany, 1911

Access

Available on microfilm reel 338
Index XVd, Folder 21

Partial roster of personnel serving Russian royalty

Access

Available on microfilm reel 338
Index XVd, Folder 22

Cross-reference sheet

Index XVd, Folder 23

Reference: See the operational card index file for references to security arrangements during the trips of Russian royalty abroad

Index XVd, Folder 24

Reference: See outgoing telegram, September 26, 1903, relaying the Tsar's order for Lopukhin to go to Italy to discern the political climate for a potential visit

Box 188

e. Control of information passed to security organs of other countries

Scope and Contents note

Despite the close cooperation with foreign security organs, the Paris Okhrana was extremely cautious in passing information to them, not only in order to protect its sources, but to restrict the flow of intelligence only to the essentials or to those elements that were to the Okhrana's advantage if the cooperating organs were informed on. The Paris Office fully realized that it could not expect adequate control over the information passed on to the French and German services.
These four dispatches pertain to relations with the Belgian, French, and Prussian security organs. In each case, revealing information to them threatened the security of sources. In fact, one of the reasons that Okhrana key agent Maurice Leroy had to be dismissed was the lack of control of the information revealed to the French.

Access

Available on microfilm reel 338
Index XVe, Folder 1

Dispatches regarding the exchange of information passed to security organs in countries other than France: the cases of Chicherin, Leroy, and Mantenfel

Access

Available on microfilm reel 338
Box 188

f. Intelligence transmitted to services of other countries

Scope and Contents note

When the war came, the exchange of intelligence information between the Okhrana and representative organs of the Allied services in Paris became a daily routine, as may be noted in the folders on the wartime Okhrana under Index Number Ille and on counter-espionage in VIIb, as also various folders on liaison, in Index Numbers under V. The collection under this title (XVf) contains only samples of the materials transmitted. The copies are for the most part duplicates of other copies placed under other indices according to the contents of the subject matter.
These samples show that information was transmitted in sanitized form, never mentioning the source or anything that might possibly help to disclose the source. The degree of reliability of source or substance of the information is given in some of these transmittals. It appears also that the Paris Okhrana refrained from classifying these intelligence notes. Only a few original drafts (on Paris Office letterhead), addressed to the Italian chief of service in Paris, carry the classification of "confidential". In contrast, Okhrana memoranda to Headquarters were normally marked "secret" (sekretno) or "top secret" (sovershenno sekretno).

Access

Available on microfilm reel 338
Index XVf, Folder 1

Intelligence reports in French on individuals and organizations transmitted to French, Italian, and British intelligence services during the war, 1914-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 338
Boxes 189-196

XVI. Target groups

Box 189

a. History of revolutionary movements

Scope and Contents note

The paramount and openly stated task of the Okhrana establishments abroad was to seek contacts with foreign security services in order to provide security for the traveling imperial personages and to prevent terrorist plots at home and abroad. In line with this assignment, Russian revolutionary groups of all philosophic and ideological description became the agency's principal targets. It watched and studied all émigré groups by collecting intelligence about them and penetrating them by placing agents posing as revolutionaries in revolutionary committees, councils, conferences, and congresses. In many instances, the Paris Okhrana was informed daily on the revolutionary meetings, frictions, and cooperation, agenda, and conspiracies. As an intelligence agency, it reported faithfully and without bias to Headquarters, thus leaving in the carbon copies now collected under these indexes some truly authentic source materials on the history of the Russian revolutionary movement.
In addition to the papers on the early history of the Russian revolutionary groupings abroad, Index XVIa includes documents discussing all revolutionary groups, papers that could be placed under nearly all sub-titles on political parties and minority groups.
Much of the material in these folders is on the nihilists, including handwritten tracts and memoirs of known revolutionaries abroad. In Folder 1, a draft report of 1890, probably intended for the French Sûreté, discusses the nihilists in Paris; another similar draft, based on correspondence with Leon Jolivard, deals with nihilists in London and Berlin. Rachkovskii's notes on George Kennan are dated 1893 and a draft of 1901 points to the cleavage between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
Folder 2, starting with the year 1889, contains general reports on student groups, Narodnaia Volia, the Bund, general materials on leftist organizations and leaders. At the end is a Headquarters circular (1916) giving the history of Russian revolutionary movements. A chart at the end shows graphically the structure of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party and its affiliation with the national minority parties.
Folder 5 contains a 1906 intelligence brief on revolutionary groups within Russia. A special issue of L'Eclair, Paris, July 5, 1890, treats in detail and with illustrations the famous trial of the nihilists in Paris (Folder 6).

Access

Available on microfilm reels 339-340
Index XVIa, Folder 1

Reports from the Paris Okhrana on revolutionaries, including correspondence with Leon Jolivard regarding nihilists in London, 1890-1908

Access

Available on microfilm reel 339
Index XVIa, Folder 2

Chart of the composition of the Social Democratic Workers Party; information on revolutionaries; reports, circulars, and intercepted letters, 1889-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 339
Index XVIa, Folder 3

Data on individual revolutionaries; handwritten memoirs, reports, and letters, 1887-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 339
Index XVIa, Folder 4

Matters pertaining to revolutionary publications abroad: Burtsev's correspondence; handwritten articles; tracts; and memoirs on revolutionary parties (from the mid-19th century)

Access

Available on microfilm reel 340
Index XVIa, Folder 5

Headquarters circulars (no. 1510 and supplement) on revolutionary groups within Russia, 1906

Access

Available on microfilm reel 340
Index XVIa, Folder 6

Articles from the foreign press on nihilists, including the July 5, 1890 issue of L'Eclair on the Paris trial of the nihilists, 1890

Access

Available on microfilm reel 340
Index XVIa, Folder 7

Cross-reference sheet

Index XVIa, Folder 8

Reference: For letters and reports from various agents in London in French, Polish, and Russian from 1891-1902, see XIIIa

Index XVIa, Folder 9

Reference: For agent Farce's report of 1902 containing a list and description of revolutionaries and their publications in London and the United States, see VIk, folder 23

Index XVIa, Folder 10

Reference: See "L'Affaire Azef" in Hors de Loi , in XIIc(1)

Boxes 189-195

b. Individual groups

Box 189

(1) Narodovoltsy

Scope and Contents note

The Okhrana files are comparatively meager on documents dealing with the Narodnaia Volia (People's Will), or Narodovoltsy. This organization had already become a fairly cohesive political group among the émigrés abroad even before the Okhrana developed into a full-fledged agency in Paris. The terrorist excesses hurt the organization, and by the 1890s, most of the outstanding leaders were affiliated with the larger political grouping of Socialist Revolutionaries in Prance or the Anarcho-Communists in England. The Narodovoltsy may thus be considered as the antecedents of the Socialist Revolutionaries and their extremist terrorist detachments. In fact, some of the enclosed documents in this collection refer to the Narodovoltsy and Socialist Revolutionaries as almost one and the same group, so that no line can be drawn as to where the antecedents ended as an organized grouping and the successor took over.
Folder 1 of the collection contains several long drafts of reports to Headquarters and other communications on the party and its leaders. In Folder 2, much information on the same is given in three Headquarters circulars. Lavrov, one of the theoreticians of the group in London, wrote a large number of Narodnaia Volia tracts, a collection of which is placed in Folder 3.

Access

Available on microfilm reel 340
Index XVIb(1), Folder 1

Drafts and dispatches on the Narodovoltsy and early Socialist Revolutionaries, 1886-1907

Access

Available on microfilm reel 340

Scope and Contents note

Includes intercepted letters concerning revolutionary publications.
Index XVIb(1), Folder 2

Reports and personal data on various Narodovoltsy; circulars from Headquarters; personal data and intelligence analysis of Rubinovich, 1888-1908

Access

Available on microfilm reel 340
Index XVIb(1), Folder 3

Mimeographed tracts by Lavrov, 1892

Access

Available on microfilm reel 340
Index XVIb(1), Folder 4

Cross-reference sheet

Box 190

(2) Social Democrats

Scope and Contents note

This collection of Headquarters and Paris Office dispatches, notes, publications, intercepted letters, newspaper clippings, and short published and unpublished tracts includes many documents dealing with the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP) and its leaders. The bulk of it could therefore be classed also under XVIb(6), which deals specifically with the RSDWP and its fractions, the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and the narrow group of Lenintsy. The researcher studying the background of Russian Social Democracy, the RSDWP, and the emerging communist party would thus find it essential to consult the papers under all these indices and also the special personal folders on Lenin, Plekhanov, and Trotsky under XVII.
In many of the documents in this collection the term "Social Democrats" is used almost as a generic term. The Duma faction is referred to as the "Social Democrats" and many intelligence reports refer to the RSDWP simply as S. D. Then, there is a number of smaller groups, such as Social Democratic Internationalists, Social Democratic Independents, or Free Socialists, organized in Paris by Vsevolod Mikhailovich. This collection includes also papers pertaining to the Social Democracy in Western Europe.
Each folder is organised in chronological order. In Folder 1, which holds various correspondence, a draft at the beginning of the set gives a short chronology of the Social Democrats since 1876 and refers to the Russian Social Democratic Party as the "United Social Democratic Workers Party".
Folder 2 is somewhat specific on Lenin's role in the Party, showing his maneuvering of the Bolsheviks to supremacy. Folders 4 and 6 concern the Latvian, Jewish, and Polish groups participating in the Russian Social Democratic Party, while Folder 5 contains a set of resolutions and proclamations of the Party. Some of these are also found among the unassorted materials in Folder 8.

Access

Available on microfilm reels 341-343
Index XVIb(2), Folder 1

Correspondence between Headquarters and Paris; reports on the activities of Social Democratic party groups in Europe, the United States, and Russia, 1876-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 341
Index XVIb(2), Folder 2

Dispatches on Lenin's methods on the road to power; manuevering of the Bolsheviks within the party; gains and losses by the Mensheviks, 1904-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 341
Index XVIb(2), Folder 3

Dispatches on the attitude of the Social Democratic party toward the war, 1914-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 341
Index XVIb(2), Folder 4

Dispatches on the activities of the Latvian group in the Russian Social Democratic Party, 1904-1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 341
Index XVIb(2), Folder 5

Resolutions, proclamations, appeals, and circulars issued by the party, 1904-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6a

Dispatches on the disagreements between the Bolsheviks (Lenin) and the Polish group of the party, 1911-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6b

Dispatches concerning the Internationalists

Access

Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6c

Dispatches concerning Social Democratic propaganda schools in Bologna and Longjumeau, 1910-1911

Access

Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6d

Dispatches on party contacts with similar parties in Europe and the United States, 1912-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6e

Circular issued by the Jewish section of the Social Democratic party, 1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6f

Dispatches concerning the revolutionary press; reports by agent Bint; articles in Vorwérts, 1901

Access

Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6g

Reports from agent Powell on revolutionaries in London and their contacts with British nihilists, 1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 7

Dispatches and reports on Social Democratic leaders, their movements, activities, functions, and addresses, 1904-1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 8

Intercepted letters, 1902-1912

Access

Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 9

Incomplete manuscripts on the Social Democrats in Russia (undated part of a novel), booklet of dues, and small pamphlets

Access

Available on microfilm reel 343
Index XVIb(2), Folder 10

Cross-reference sheet

Index XVIb(2), Folder 11

Reference: See intelligence summary no. 31, May 1, 903, for a draft of the by-laws of the 2nd RSDWP Congress in XIIIc(2), folder 2

Index XVIb(2), Folder 12

Reference: See intelligence summary no. 64, December 18, 1903, for a survey of the composition and organization of the RSDWP in XIIIc(2), folder 2

Index XVIb(2), Folder 13

Reference: See intelligence summary no. 67, January 8, 1904, for report on the Brussels congress of the RSDWP in XIIIc(2), folder 4

Index XVIb(2), Folder 14

Reference: See intelligence summary no. 132, April 7, 1905, for the program of the 3rd RSDWP Congress in XIIIc(2), folder 6

Index XVIb(2), Folder 15

Reference: See intelligence summary no. 154, September 8, 1905, for the program of a RSDWP conference in Ekaterinodar in XIIIc(2), folder 6

Boxes 191-192

(3) Socialist Revolutionaries

Scope and Contents note

This political organization was by far the most formidable target for the Okhrana. Among its leaders were men of higher educational qualification -- professional people, a number of them with funds of their own, and more widely spread than all other political factions. They also proved to be more aggressive, with separate clandestine sections for the promotion and carrying out of terror, than other rebel groups. In addition, they developed an intelligence organization of their own, not only to carry conspiracies into Russia, but to counteract the efforts of the Okhrana at home and abroad.
The collection under this Index Number does not include all Okhrana materials on the Socialist Revolutionaries. The subsequent index, XVIb(4), with the collection of papers on the militant terrorist units, includes many documents on the fighting and mobile units maintained as the more clandestine and conspiratorial branches of the Party. The separate files under XVII for leaders like Chernov, Gots, and Savinkov likewise contain much information on the activities of the Party. Finally, the file on Vladimir Burtsev, the self-styled intelligence chief of the revolutionaries, gives another aspect of the activities of the Socialist Revolutionaries.
Among the contents in the folders on the Socialist Revolutionaries, the following are of particular significance: Folder 1: Instructions and briefs supplied by Headquarters. The case of Azef and its impact on the Party; Folder 3: Rosters, personal data on party leaders; Folder 5: Socialist Revolutionary groups by countries, conventions and conferences.

Access

Available on microfilm reels 343-346
Index XVIb(3), Folder 1

Dispatches and circulars

Access

Available on microfilm reel 343

Scope and Contents note

Includes instructions and intelligence on the Socialist Revolutionary Party from Headquarters (1901-1909); terrorism and expropriations (1905-1914); the Azef case and its impact (1909-1913); Socialist Revolutionary party activities in Russia (1910-1914); attitude toward the war (1914-1916); financial problems of the party (1903-1915); secret addresses for letters.
Index XVIb(3), Folder 2

Various revolutionary publications

Access

Available on microfilm reel 344
Index XVIb(3), Folder 3

Rosters, reports, and circulars with personal data on individual members, 1903-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 344
Index XVIb(3), Folder 4

Reports on the activities of Socialist Revolutionary groups abroad (rifts, splits and attempts at unification), 1903-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 345
Index XVIb(3), Folder 5

Reports on Socialist Revolutionary groups in New York, Montreal, Belgium, Switzerland, England, and Germany, 1901-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 345
Index XVIb(3), Folder 6

Reports on conventions of Socialist Revolutionary groups abroad, 1904-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 345
Index XVIb(3), Folder 7

Reports on the Socialist Revolutionary Party Central Committee, the Regional Committee, and the Council, 1908-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 345
Index XVIb(3), Folder 8

Dispatches pertaining to the activities of Socialist Revolutionary groups in Paris, 1910-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 346
Index XVIb(3), Folder 9

Publications, resolutions, and other materials, 1903-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 346
Index XVIb(3), Folder 10

Intercepted letters, 1905-1912

Access

Available on microfilm reel 346
Index XVIb(3), Folder 11

Cross-reference sheet

Index XVIb(3), Folder 12

Reference: See operational card file index for references to Socialist Revolutionary activities and congresses

Index XVIb(3), Folder 13

Reference: See intelligence summary no. 7, November 11, 1902, for a review of the activities, membership, and publications of the Socialist Revolutionary party in Russia, in XIIIc(2), folder 1

Index XVIb(3), Folder 14

Reference: See intelligence summary no. 43, July 23, 1903, for plans for organization of a foreign branch in Geneva, in XIIIc(2), folder 2

Index XVIb(3), Folder 15

Reference: See directive circular no. 10412, 1906, for instructions for the peasant union of the Socialist Revolutionary party, in XIIId(1), folder 9

Index XVIb(3), Folder 16

Reference: For a listing of individual leaders in the party and in its fighting unit, see XVIIn

Index XVIb(3), Folder 17

Reference: For "Report on Savinkov," 1915, see XVIIi

Box 192

(4) Militant terrorist units

Scope and Contents note

The collection of documents under this subject is supplemental to the materials gathered under XXIVi on terrorist techniques and XXVIId, threats upon the life of security personnel. All revolutionary groups resorted to terror, not so much to eliminate by assassination the individuals considered as oppressive tyrants, but for the purpose of creating confusion and, often, to eliminate popular personages in the Tsarist governmental and social structure. Of all the revolutionary groups, however, it was only the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries that maintained permanent fighting units (boevaia druzhina) which carried on a systematic program of terror under the subsequent leadership of Gershuni, Azef, and Savinkov. (See XVIIi.)
The Social Democratic Workers Party (Bolsheviks), at times on record as being opposed to terror as a revolutionary instrument, had in time of stress (1905) instructions on its program for attacks on government establishments, arsenals, banks, and liquidation of government organs. Also, the bloody armed robbery in Tiflis and similar excesses were organized by the RSDWP leaders, but the purpose of these was to obtain funds needed for the revolution rather than mere terror. The funds from the Tiflis and other robberies went for the needs of Lenin, Litvinov, Krassin, and their revolutionary plans. (See particularly the files on Litvinov and Krassin in XVII-1, XVIIm, and XXVc.)
The folders of this file contain dispatches about terrorists from 1890 to 1914. Folder 4 has a series of Headquarters circulars on individual terrorists.

Access

Available on microfilm reels 346-347
Index XVIb(4), Folder 1

Dispatches on terrorists, arms smuggling in Russia, and other activities, 1890-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 346
Index XVIb(4), Folder 2

Clippings, reports, and dispatches on terrorist publications, acts of terror, Burtsev's role, and criticism of his behavior (Bakai), 1906-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 346
Index XVIb(4), Folder 3

Intercepted letters written by terrorists, 1905-1912

Access

Available on microfilm reel 346
Index XVIb(4), Folder 4

Data on individual terrorists, with emphasis on Savinkov's group in Paris, 1903-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 347
Index XVIb(4), Folder 5

Reference: See operational card index file for reference to terrorist units

Index XVIb(4), Folder 6

Reference: For "Liste des actes terroristes et des pillages a main armee en Russie, commis depuis 15 octobre 1907 jusqu'au 8 avril 1910," a statistical and chronological account, see XXIVi

Boxes 192-193

(5) Anarcho-Communists

Scope and Contents note

This collection contains documents on anarchists of the "school" that followed the teachings of Prince Petr Kropotkin in his London and other European exiles, the descendants of the old nihilist school, and several factions that variously called themselves Anarcho-Communists.
As the files show, all these "schools" were strongly influenced by the Western European anarchists, fairly fashionable in pre-World War I days. The files show also that the Russian Anarcho-Communists were an assortment of militant exiles, but not as organized as the terrorist bands of the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries. Their principal purpose was akin to that of the West European anarchists -- to kill off the crowned monarchs or the ruling heads of governments, but by aiming primarily at the Russian rulers. The adherents were a conglomerate from all strata an occasional nobleman like Kropotkin, malcontent intellectuals, deserters, unemployed émigrés, and also ordinary criminals, as some of the police records indicate.
A document in Folder 1 reports on the plan of Italian anarchists in Hamburg conspiring attempts on the lives of the crowned heads of Europe. Several papers in other folders refer to European anarchists. The dispatches in Folder 1 deal with various acts of terror, such as the Houndsditch robbery and murders, committed by Russian Anarcho-Communists, which led to close cooperation with Scotland Yard.
Folder 2 has dispatches referring to anarchist publications, including five handwritten unpublished tracts and copies of the "Worker's Friend" in Yiddish.
Prince Kropotkin's file, in Folder 3 has papers on Russian liaison with European and American anarchists, intercepted letters, etc.
In Folder 4, a 61-page account on the First Conference of the Russian Anarcho-Communists in December 1913 is included. And Folder No. 5 has a Headquarters circular which gives a comprehensive brief on the Anarcho-Communists in 1909 and their organization and activities.

Access

Available on microfilm reels 347-350
Index XVIb(5), Folder 1

Dispatches, letters, and reports, 1901-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 347

Scope and Contents note

Includes reports on planned attemps by Italian anarchists in Hamburg on the lives of crowned heads of Europe; acts of terrorists and banditry committed by anarchists outside of Russia (including the Houndsditch affair).
Index XVIb(5), Folder 2

1905-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 347
Index XVIb(5), Folder 3

Letters and reports on and by Prince Kropotkin; reports on the liaison of Russian Anarcho-Communists with European and American anarchists (1909-1916); intercepted letters (1895-1909); list of non-Russian anarchists not permitted to enter Russia; appeals of anarchists against the war, 1895-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 348
Index XVIb(5), Folder 4

Dispatches on anarchist activities in Paris, London, Switzerland, and Belgium, including a protocol of the 1st United Conference of Russian Anarcho-Communists Abroad, 1907-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 348
Index XVIb(5), Folder 5

Exchange of intelligence on Anarcho-Communists between Headquarters and the Paris office, 1893-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reels 348-350

Scope and Contents note

Includes a 120-page brief for agents (1909); dispatches referring to anarchist activities in the United States (1914); established identity and personal data on individual anarchists (1903-1916); Headquarters circulars (1910-1911); copies of the publication V pomoshch in Russian and Yiddish (1910-1913).
Index XVIb(5), Folder 6

Cross-reference sheet

Index XVIb(5), Folder 7

Reference: See operational card index file for references to anarchist organizations

Index XVIb(5), Folder 8

Reference: For a listing of individual Anarcho-Communists, see XVIIn

Index XVIb(5), Folder 9

Reference: For letters, raw reports from various agents in London, in French, Polish, and Russian, 1891-1902, see XIIIa

Index XVIb(5), Folder 10

Reference: For letters on Erofeev, drafts of telegrams on "Falstaff," see XIb

Index XVIb(5), Folder 11

Reference: See agent Farce's reports from London, 1901-1907, in VIk, folder 23

Boxes 193-194

(6) Russian Social Democratic Workers Party

Scope and Contents note

Many papers in this collection have sections dealing with Bolshevik and Menshevik factions, for which materials are grouped under subsequent specific index numbers. These two folders cover general papers and reviews discussing all the factions of the party.
A set of circulars from Headquarters includes extensive intelligence briefs based on all available intelligence on the structure, leadership, programs, and activities of the party. These valuable documents, based on information obtained from Okhrana agents participating in the party, are analyses made at various periods of growth,from 1903 to 1916.
A number of charts in the collection adds to the interpretation of the RSDWP and its relation to the Polish, Latvian, and Jewish parallel organizations. A chart prepared by the Okhrana in 1909 depicts the pattern of subsequent Communist Party pyramidal structures, from the local and functional cells to the hierarchy of the Central Committee and the top bureau. Full texts of resolutions and appeals of the party, or excerpts from them, add further to the historic source materials on the pre-revolution Russian communist movement.

Access

Available on microfilm reels 350-351
Index XVIb(6), Folder 1a

Exchange of intelligence between Headquarters and the Paris office, 1901-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 350
Index XVIb(6), Folder 1b

Structural charts of the RSDWP (1909); letter with official seal, 1909

Access

Available on microfilm reel 350
Index XVIb(6), Folder 1c

Circulars and briefs from Headquarters on the RSDWP and its leaders, 1903-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 350
Index XVIb(6), Folder 1d

Intercepted letters, 1904-1909

Access

Available on microfilm reel 350
Index XVIb(6), Folder 1e

Resolutions and appeals issued by the Party, 1905-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 350
Index XVIb(6), Folder 2

Drafts and reports on the RSDWP, 1903-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6), Folder 3

Cross-reference sheet

Index XVIb(6), Folder 4

Reference: For summary report by principal agent Henry Bint, May 16, 1916, see VIk

Box 194

(a) Bolsheviks

Scope and Contents note

The rudiments of split in the RSDWP into the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions became apparent in the very first years of its existence. Much of the information on the growing friction because of ideology, tactics, as well as differences in the character of the leaders, may be observed in many documents of the preceding folders under XVIb(6).
This folder concerns the emerging Bolshevik or Communist Party. At the end of the file are two copies of the leaflet announcing the publication of the newspaper Kommunist in Geneva.

Access

Available on microfilm reels 350-351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 1

Drafts and dispatches on the RSDWP, 1908-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 2

Activities of the Latvian group in the Party (intercepted letters), 1914-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 3

Intercepted letters referring to the Bolsheviks; Aleksinskii's letters, 1904-1912

Access

Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 4

Report on the Russian revolutionary press in Paris, 1915 December

Access

Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 5

Circular issued by the Social Democratic group "Vpered," 1910

Access

Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 6

Letters with official seals; announcement of the publication Kommunist, 1905, 1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 7

Reference: For a review of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, see XVIb(6), folder 1

Box 194

(b) Mensheviks

Scope and Contents note

The split between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks widened particularly after the outbreak of World War I. Lenin's partisans dubbed those of Plekhanov the "Social-patriots". Roughly, the major issue of the two was exemplified in dispute as to whether Russia and the Allies should be supported to win the war, against Germany or not. While the Mensheviks were vacillating and some of them were even in favor of supporting the imperial regime to win the war, to the Bolsheviks, the defeat of Russia became the most desirable step for the advancement of the revolution.
Among the documents in this file dealing with the activities of the Mensheviks is a Headquarters circular giving the contents of a resolution the Mensheviks adopted at Lausanne in August 1915. The included list of leaders shows that the majority of the important revolutionaries abroad, even up to 1916-1917, were Mensheviks, holding on to the socialist ideology but supporting the war effort against the Central Powers. (For materials on Plekhanov, leader of the Mensheviks, see XVIIlb.)

Access

Available on microfilm reels 350-351
Index XVIb(6)(b), Folder 1

Dispatches and circulars pertaining to the Mensheviks and activities of various groups, 1909-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(b), Folder 2

Dispatches and circulars on Menshevik leaders ("Socialpatriots"), 1910-1912

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Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(b), Folder 3

Intercepted letters, 1905

Access

Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(b), Folder 4

Cross-reference sheet

Box 194

(c) Lenintsy

Scope and Contents note

The term "Lenintsy" (Lenin's men) was used primarily in some of the Okhrana Headquarters circulars relating to a rather narrow circle within the Bolshevist group of the RSDWP. Essentially the same group was originally referred to as the "Iskrovtsy" (from Iskra, the paper founded by Lenin at the turn of the century). During the war, this informal group of zealous supporters aggressively advocated the defeat of Russia and was, for that reason, often referred to as Germanophile.
The circulars in this collection carry pre-war dates. They refer to the illegal, secret organization of the Lenintsy and the conspiratorial work to foment the revolution. Several notes in French dated 1916 discuss the activities of Lenin, Trotsky, and others, and their publication Nashe Slovo.

Access

Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(c), Folder 1

Drafts and reports on the activities of Social Democratic "Lenintsy" group, 1902-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(c), Folder 2

Headquarters circulars briefing officers and agents of the Okhrana on the "Lenintsy" group, 1912-1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(c), Folder 3

Cross-reference sheet

Boxes 194-195

(7) Students and other émigré groups

Scope and Contents note

Hundreds of students from Russia were enrolled by the end of the 19th century in French, Swiss, and German universities. Many of these came from Russian universities, where they had already been subjected to much of the prohibited revolutionary propaganda. Abroad, the exposure to leftist ideologies became more intense. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party in particular was interested in spreading its ideology among students. Various circles were formed -- early student unions, mutual self-help units, most of which soon became little more than front organizations for the RSDWP. Similarly, other émigrés not organized in the major political groups but forming circles, libraries, mutual aid clubs like the "Emigrantskaia Kassa" (a kind of émigré savings and loan unit), though loyal to the regime as individuals, often became convenient front organizations of the RSDWP.
There is no record to show that the Okhrana used such groups as anti-propaganda instruments. Instead, it engaged individual students for reporting on the activities of these leftist front organizations. (On the latter, see XXIVg, on early types of communist front organizations.)
Folders 1-4 of this collection contains dispatches, drafted reports, and rosters of Russian student groups in European countries. In Folders 5-13, the reports are on Polish and Georgian students, activities of all-Russian émigré organizations, etc.
Folder 14 contains a collection of 15 intelligence summaries on student movements in Russia, published by Okhrana Headquarters in book form through school semesters of 1900 and 1901. There is no evidence whether these lengthy summaries were discontinued after 1901. In the box at the end of this collection are some 600 handwritten cards prepared by agents for biographic information on Russian students in Europe in 1899-1901. (A much more extensive record on students in Europe has been placed under Xlllh.)

Access

Available on microfilm reels 352-353
Index XVIb(7), Folder 1

Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris Okhrana referring to the actitivies of Russian students abroad, including 3 reports, 1901-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 2

Rosters and data on individual Russian students in Western Europe, 1893-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 3

Dispatches and reports referring to conventions and meetings of Russian students abroad, 1910-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 4

Dispatches on the activities of Russian students in London, Germany, Paris, Switzerland, and Belgium

Access

Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 5

Reports on Polish student organizations in Krakow and on Georgian student organizations of a revolutionary character, 1911, 1913

Access

Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 6

Intercepted letters, 1899-1904

Access

Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 7

Student Iosif Gotthelf's notes on the Swiss government; drafts of articles on social problems, 1902, 1905

Access

Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 8

Dispatches relating to activities of Russian émigré organizations of political and social character, 1912-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 9

Dispatch concerning the failure of revolutionaries to gain teachers for their cause when touring Western Europe, 1912

Access

Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 10

Dispatches on the dormant organization Independent Socialists and its leader Mikhailovich, 1913

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Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 11

Dispatch on Wallach (Litvinov) and Lebedev, leaders of a Russian émigré group in London, 1915

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Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 12

Dispatch reporting on the Jewish colony in London (Whitechapel) and pro-German feelings, 1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 13

Leaflets issued by the Russian Seaman's Union Abroad (front organization), 1914

Access

Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 14

Weekly intelligence summaries from Headquarters on the student movement, 1901-1902

Access

Available on microfilm reels 352-353
Index XVIb(7), Folder 15

Student biographic cards and circulars issued by students, 1899-1901

Access

Available on microfilm reel 353
Boxes 195-196

c. Congresses and important conferences

Scope and Contents note

Conventions and meetings of Russian revolutionaries were of prime importance to the Okhrana for the following reasons: most of them were held outside of Russia, thus escaping surveillance of the home police; these gatherings disclosed plans of action; they revealed contacts the revolutionaries had with other leftist organizations in Europe and America as well as the degree of their cooperation; and the conferences often disclosed sources of funds for the revolutionaries.
While many conferences of the revolutionaries were held in secret, with the place and time known only to the subversives, they were usually well covered by the Paris Office through penetration agents, at times themselves attending as recognized revolutionaries. Detailed reports on the composition, agenda, resolutions, and plans of action were thus forwarded to Headquarters promptly. The latter, in turn, informed the Paris Office on certain conferences not attended by agents of the Paris Okhrana.
Folders 1-4 contain dispatches from and to Headquarters pertaining to various meetings of the RSDWP, the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, all-Russian conferences and meetings (mostly during World War I), and meetings with foreign groups. Folders 5-7 have the correspondence on the international socialist movement and cooperation of Russian revolutionaries, their attendance at conferences at Stuttgart, Copenhagen, London, Vienna, Zurich, Zimmerwald, Bern, Kintal, and The Hague (1906-1916). Resolutions and manifestos and some intercepted mail is included. Folders 8-9 contain data on revolutionary leaders and meetings of the Baltic Slavs, Maksimalists, Austrian Slavs, Macedonian revolutionaries, the Russian cultural congress in Italy, Trade Union Conventions in London, the Zionist Conference in Vienna, etc.

Access

Available on microfilm reels 354-355
Index XVIc, Folder 1

Dispatches concerning conventions and meetings of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, 1901-1917

Access

Available on microfilm reel 354
Index XVIc, Folder 2

Dispatches, notes, and letters on conventions and meetings of the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party, 1906-1912

Access

Available on microfilm reel 354
Index XVIc, Folder 3

Dispatches pertaining to meetings and contacts with Bulgarian anarchists (Chashin), 1901-1915

Access

Available on microfilm reel 354
Index XVIc, Folder 4

Dispatches and drafts on all-Russian conferences, meetings, and unified actions, 1908-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 354
Index XVIc, Folder 5

Dispatches and reports on the International Socialist movement, 1906-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 354

Scope and Contents note

Includes directives on contacts with Russian revolutionaries at congresses and conferences in Stuttgart, Copenhagen, London, Vienna, Zurich, Zimmerwald, Bern, and The Hague.
Index XVIc, Folder 6

Resolutions and manifests of the Socialist Revolutionary and Social Democratic parties, 1909-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 354
Index XVIc, Folder 7

Intercepted letters referring to revolutionary congresses, 1904-1909

Access

Available on microfilm reel 355
Index XVIc, Folder 8

Data on individual revolutionary leaders and their activities, 1909-1916

Access

Available on microfilm reel 355
Index XVIc, Folder 9

Miscellaneous reports

Access

Available on microfilm reel 355

Scope and Contents note

Topics include the Maksimalists (1907); convention of Macedonian revolutionaries and elections of the Supreme Committee (1908); meeting of the right wing of the Socialist Revolutionaries in Paris on the Azef case (1909); Congress of Austrian Slavs in Krakow (1911); Social Democratic Party conference in Vienna (1912); Russian cultural congress in Italy (1913); International Zionist Conference in Vienna (1913); 1st Trade Union Convention in London (1914); meetings of Balkan Slavs in Sofia and Bucharest (1915). Also includes notebook listing revolutionary conferences and meetings (1914).
Index XVIc, Folder 10

Cross-reference sheet

Index XVIc, Folder 11

Reference: See operational card index file for references on revolutionary meetings and congresses

Index XVIc, Folder 12

Reference: See operational card index file for references to International Socialist conferences

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