Finding aid for the Oscar Birkett Payne views of China

Beth Ann Guynn

Descriptive Summary

Title: Oscar Birkett Payne Views of China

Date (inclusive): circa 1924-circa 1929

Number: 2004.R.2

Creator/Collector: Payne, Oscar Birkett

Physical Description: 14 Linear Feet (24 boxes)

Repository:

The Getty Research Institute

Special Collections

1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 1100

Los Angeles 90049-1688

reference@getty.edu

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10020/askref

(310) 440-7390

Abstract: The collection of glass and nitrate negatives contains almost 1,000 views of Shanghai and surrounding areas taken by Oscar Birkett Payne, especially documenting sites and scenes along the waterways going as far north as Ningbo (Ningpo) and Hangzhou (Hangchow). The geographical area represented comprises the provinces of Jiangsu (Kiangsu) and Zhejiang (Chekiang), and includes the towns or districts of Anting (Anking), Nanxiang (Nanshiang), Suzhou (Soochow), Songjiang (Sungkiang), Haining, Hangzhou, Jiaxing (Kashing), and Ningbo, as well as the city of Shanghai.

Request Materials: Request access to the physical materials described in this inventory through the catalog record for this collection. Click here for the access policy .

Language: Collection material is in English

Biographical / Historical

Oscar Birkett Payne was an English designer, decorator and furniture designer. He was born in Carnforth, Lancashire on 1 November 1886. His father was a Master Decorator who played a significant role in the decoration of Leighton Hall, Carnforth, which still stands today, and is open to the public for viewing of its beautiful interiors and furniture, much of which was made by Waring & Gillow of Lancaster.

Payne was educated at Warwick School, Britain's oldest private boy's school. As a young man he worked for Waring & Gillow, of Manchester, but his love of the Far East led him to travel and work in Burma, and for the firms Hall & Holtz and Arts & Crafts in Shanghai. After World War II he was solicited by the Peninsula Hotel in Hong Kong to oversee the extensive renovation of the hotel, which he did from approximately 1947 to 1955. Payne's hobby was photography, which he combined with his extensive travels.

Payne died on 23 June 1957.

Sources cited:

Archivist correspondence with Angeline Thompson, 2 May 2019.

Oscar Birkett Payne was an interior decorator employed by the Shanghai furnishing firm of Hall, Hotz & Co.

Administrative Information

Conditions Governing Access

Open for use by qualified reserchers. The nitrate negatives are restricted; copy print surrogates are to be used instead.

Publication Rights

Contact Library Reproductions and Permissions .

Preferred Citation

Oscar Birkett Payne Views of China, circa 1924-circa 1929, The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, Accession no. 2004.R.2.

http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cifa2004r2

Immediate Source of Acquisition

Gift of Joan and Clark Worswick.

Processing Information

The collection was processed by Jan Bender and Beth Ann Guynn in 2005. At that time Bender wrote a preliminary box list. Guynn wrote the finding aid in 2018.

Existence and Location of Copies

Series I., Nitrate negatives, was digitized in 2018 and the images are available online:

http://hdl.handle.net/10020/2004r2_d387156b428e2b1b2d2468a1d15a747a

Scope and Content of Collection

The collection of glass and nitrate negatives contains almost 1,000 views of Shanghai and surrounding areas taken by Oscar Birkett Payne, especially documenting sites and scenes along the waterways going as far north as Ningbo (Ningpo) and Hangzhou (Hangchow). The geographical area represented comprises the provinces of Jiangsu (Kiangsu) and Zhejiang (Chekiang), and includes the towns or districts of Anting (Anking), Nanxiang (Nanshiang), Suzhou (Soochow), Songjiang (Sungkiang), Haining, Hangzhou, Jiaxing (Kashing), and Ningbo, as well as the city of Shanghai. Views of Shanghai include the old Chinese city as well as the European commercial center along the river known as the Shanghai Bund. Hebei (Hopei) province is respresented in a map of Nakow pass and a view of the Great Wall.

Included are views of the countryside, canals and rivers, bridges, junks, city walls, houses, local agricultural practices, pagodas, temples, Buddhist sculptures, markets, and cloud studies. The views of temples, pagodas, and their contents are especially valuable to researchers, as they capture the religious sites at a particular moment in time before many were destroyed by war or fire during the upheavals of the Chinese revolution in the late 1920s.

There are numerous portraits of Buddhist priests, many holding religious implements such as ruyi scholar wands and prayer beads. Many of the priests are from the Tiger Hill Pagoda. Candid and posed portraits of local inhabitants include studies of men, women, children, and family groups from various walks of life and of various ages. They are shown engaged in a wide variety of daily activities such as ploughing, weaving, smoking and drinking tea, selling their wares, and making shoes. Several images include Western men or women; Oscar Birkett Payne can be identified in a few images.

Arrangement

The collection is arranged in two series: Series I. Nitrate negatives, circa 1924-circa 1929; Series II. Glass negatives, circa 1924-circa 1929.

Indexing Terms

Subjects - Corporate Bodies

Long hua si (Shanghai, China)

Subjects - Topics

Buddhist architecture -- China

Architecture, Domestic -- China

Buddhism -- Liturgical objects -- China

Buddhist monks -- China -- Portraits

City walls -- China

Indigeneous peoples -- China

Junks -- China

Landscapes -- China

Pagodas -- China

Buddhist temples -- China

Subjects - Places

Great Wall of China (China) -- Description and travel

China -- Description and travel

Hebei Sheng (China) -- Description and travel

Jiangsu Sheng (China) -- Description and travel

Zhejiang Sheng (China) -- Description and travel

Genres and Forms of Material

Dry collodion negatives -- China -- 20th century

Gelatin silver negatives -- China -- 20th century

Lantern slides -- China -- 20th century

Photographs, Original

Contributors

Payne, Oscar Birkett

Series I. Nitrate negatives, circa 1924-circa 1929

Physical Description: 6.5 Linear Feet (9 boxes)

Scope and Content Note

The 361 nitrate negatives are numbered N1-N362 with the following anomalies: numbers N71, N193; and N194 are lacking; there are 3 numbers N290 (A-C). For content description see boxes 19-24. All titles were devised by the catalogers.

Nitrate negatives are restricted; use copy prints in boxes 19-24.

Arrangement

Arranged in numerical order N1-N362.

box 1-3

Nitrate negatives

box 19-23

Copy prints

Copy prints (digitized version)

view online item

Box 19

2002.R.4-N1 [Two Men and a Boy Eating Noodles on a Junk]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N2 [Reclining Water Buffalo under Tree by River and Fields]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N3 [Ornate Roof Beam Details]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N4 [Junks Sailing]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N5 [Junks Sailing]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N6 [Cloud Study]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N7_2004.R.2-N26 [Junks Sailing]

Scope and Content Note

Twenty images.

Box 19

2002.R.4-N27 [Fishing Net on Riverbank, Held Suspended by Poles]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N28 [Fishing Net on Riverbank, Held Suspended by Poles]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N29-2002.R.4-N35 [Junks Sailing]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N36 [Cloud Study]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N37 [Junk Sailing]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N38 [Cloud Study]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N39-2002.R.4-N6 [Junks Sailing]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N47 [Junk with Tattered Sails Floats toward a Man on a Carpet of Floating Logs]

Box 19

2002.R.4-N48_2002.R.4-N60 [Junks Sailing]

Scope and Content Note

Thirteen images.

Box 20

2002.R.4-N61_2002.R.4-N70 [Junks Sailing]

Scope and Content Note

Ten images.

Box 20

2002.R.4-N71 Number not assigned

Box 20

2002.R.4-N72-2002.R.4-N84 [Junks Sailing]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N85 [Shanghai Street Scene: Classical Facade and Two Rickshaws]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N86 [Shanghai Bund]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N87 [Shanghai Street Scene: Chinese Shop Facade and Pedestrians]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N88 [Shanghai Bund]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N89 [Shanghai: Government Buildings (?)]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N90 [Shanghai: Battleships on River]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N91 [Shanghai Bund: Quays, Ships and Shoreline Street]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N92 [Shanghai Bund]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N93 [Shanghai Bund]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N94 [Shanghai: Waterfront Monument]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N95 [Shanghai: Classical Buildings]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N96 [Shanghai: Riverfront Scene with Clock Tower]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N97 [Shanghai Bund]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N98 [Man in a Junk]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N99 [Temple Eaves in a Forested Environment]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N100 [Man in Cap]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N101 [Man in Cap]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N102 [Old Man with Wispy Beard and Moustache]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N103 [Old Man with Wispy Beard and Moustache]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N104 [Old Man with Wispy Beard and Moustache]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N105 [Three Riverside Pagodas]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N106 [Man]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N107 [Ornate Curved Eaves with Dragon and Human Ornamentation]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N108 [Beams under Chines-style Eaves]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N109 [European Man Standing amidst Shrubbery]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N110 [Old Man]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N111 [Old Man in Fur Cap and Large Round Wire Rim Glasses]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N112 [Old Man in Fur Cap and Large Round Wire Rim Glasses]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N113 [Old Man]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N114 [Old Man]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N115 [Old Man]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N116 [Old Man in Fur Cap and Large Round Wire Rim Glasses]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N117 [Two Seated Monks Holding Religious Accoutrements]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N118 [Man]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N119 [Old Man]

Box 20

2002.R.4-N120 [Chubby Baby Seated on Ground]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N121 [Man Seated with Baskets in front of Shop]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N122 [Man with Baskets of Chickens]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N123 [Seated Priest]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N124 [Standing Man Posing, Building in Distance]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N125 [Ragged Beggar Standing along a Dirt Road]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N126 [Barber and Seated Customer]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N127 [Man Seated In Front of Shop with Bundles of Old Shoes]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N128 [Man Seated In Doorway, Holding Rag]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N129 [Man Standing Pensively in front of Tall Piles of Split Wood]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N130 [Man Examining Something While Standing in Street]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N131 [Young Boy and Toddler]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N132 [Seated Man Stitching Shoe Soles]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N133 [Seated Man with Arms Akimbo]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N134 [Seated Man Reaching over His Tray of Sticks]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N135 [Man Standing in front of Stacks of Full Burlap Sacks]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N136 [Elderly Roadside Beggar]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N137 [Old Woman Seated with Sack]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N138 [Seated Dark-Skinned Man in Padded Coat]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N139 [Smoking Elder with Cane]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N140 [Man in Long Quilted and Hooded Coat]

Scope and Content Note

Monk?

Box 21

2002.R.4-N141 [Children Clustered around Man, Examining What He Is Showing Them]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N142 [Seated Priest]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N143 [Monk Standing in Garden]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N144 [Young Monk with Fan]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N145 [Merchant with Baskets of Leafy Produce]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N146 [Three Children Seated by Upended Wheelbarrow and Piles of Full Sacks]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N147 [Fortune Teller or Calligrapher Seated at a Table]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N148 [Man on Sawhorse, Splitting Bricks]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N149 [Man Strolling Past Baskets]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N150 [Kneeling Man Supplicating or Praying]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N151 [Ragged Old Woman in Wadded Pants Pausing along Dirt Road]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N152 [Two Men Seated on Wheelbarrow-like Cart]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N153 [Man Relaxing and Smoking at Outdoor Table of a Teahouse]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N154 [Three Children Posing with Reclining Water Buffalo]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N155 [Man in Long Coat, Standing on Riverbank]

Scope and Content Note

Priest?

Box 21

2002.R.4-N156 [Young Child Seated outside Hut]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N157 [Old Standing Man Wearing Thickly Padded Clothing]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N158 [Man Seated on Wheelbarrow Cart]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N159 [Two Men Seated with Bundles of Straw]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N160 [Standing Child in Padded Coat]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N161 [Calligrapher (?) at Desk]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N162 [Elder Standing Proudly]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N163 [Smoking Man Seated at Teahouse Table]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N164 [Man Seated outside Shopfront]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N165 [Seated Monk Posing with Young Girl; Dog on Steps]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N166 [Man Enjoying a Mug of Tea]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N167 [Priest with Feather Fan]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N168 [Man in Broad-rimmed Hat]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N169 [Priest in Garden]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N170 [Monk in Garden]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N171 [Woman Seated with Long Pole]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N172 [Young Monk in Garden]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N173 [Three Young Monks in Garden, Holding Fans]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N174 [Seated Priest]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N175 [Seated Monk with Fan]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N176 [Young Man or Woman in Knicker-Length Pants, Holding Large Fan]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N177 [Seated Monk with Fan]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N178 [Young Man or Woman Seated with Fan]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N179 [Priest Seated with Fan]

Box 21

2002.R.4-N180 [Monk Standing with Fan on Steps]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N181 [Standing Man]

Scope and Content Note

Blind man?

Box 22

2002.R.4-N182 [Seated Smoking Man]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N183 [Old Woman on Rural Road with Staff and Sack]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N184 [Children Playing with Butter Churn]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N185 [Old Man in Straw Hat with Cane and Basket]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N186 [Seated Old Woman with Cane]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N187 [Man in Fur Cap and Round Glasses Seated at Outdoor Table]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N188 [Man Seated at Carved Table with Tray of Cylindrical Objects]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N189 [Man Seated at Carved Table with Tray of Cylindrical Objects]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N190 [Two Men Seated on Outdoor Steps]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N191 [Children Playing with a Cane]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N192 [People around a Table with a Mound of Cotton Bolls (?)]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N193 Number not assigned

Box 22

2002.R.4-N194 Number not assigned

Box 22

2002.R.4-N195 [Five Children Holding Flowers]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N196 [Standing Priest with Fan]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N197 [Five Children Holding Flowers]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N198 [Standing Monk Holding Fan]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N199 [Two Standing Monks Holding Fans]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N200 [Two Standing Monks Holding Fan and Vase of Flowers]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N201 [Two Seated Monks with Religious Paraphernalia]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N202 [Seated Monk]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N203 [Seated Monk with Fan]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N204 [Standing Monk with Fan]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N205 [Seated Child with Fan and Person of Ambiguous Sex]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N206 [Standing Monk and Person of Ambiguous Sex, Holding Fans]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N207 [Young Monk Holding Fan]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N208 [Three Monks Holding Fans]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N209 [Two Seated Monks Holding Fans]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N210 [Old Seated Priest with Long Pipe]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N211 [Seated Monk with Gourd]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N212 [Seated Monk or Priest with Handful of Leaves]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N213 [Seated Priest with Gourd]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N214 [Group of Five Standing Monks with Priest, Holding Paraphernalia]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N215 [Seated Priest with Gourd]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N216 [Half-length Portrait of an Old Man]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N217 [Group of Five Standing Monks with Priest, Holding Paraphernalia]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N218 [Group of Five Standing Monks with Priest, Holding Paraphernalia]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N219 [Priest Wearing Striped Robe in Meditation Pose and Holding a Fly Whisk]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N220 [Seated Priest with Fan]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N221 [Priest Wearing Striped Robe in Meditation Pose and Holding a Fly Whisk]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N222 [Three Standing Priests Holding Paraphernalia]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N223 [Priest Wearing Striped Robe in Meditation Pose and Holding a Fly Whisk]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N224 [Old Priest Seated, Smoking Long Pipe]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N225 [Monk Sitting Cross-Legged, Holding Flywhisk]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N226 [Seated Monk Holding Fan]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N227 [Thumb Sucking Child by Cistern]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N228 [Old Woman Seated with Child]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N229 [Old Man Standing in Road]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N230 [Seated Woman Performing a Task]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N231 [Boy Child and Girl Child Playing in the Dirt]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N232 Number not assigned

Box 22

2002.R.4-N233 [Children Clustered around Something in the Dirt]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N234 [Young Boy Standing]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N235 [Water Buffalo Swimming in River]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N236 [Canal, River Boat and Village Buildings]

Scope and Content Note

Two photos numbered as 236. One now assigned #235.

Box 22

2002.R.4-N237 [Outdoors Stone Statue of Crouching Mythical Beast]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N238 [Small Riverboat Being Paddled past Village]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N239 [Large Net Suspended by Poles over River]

Box 22

2002.R.4-N240 [Outdoors Stone Statue of a Sage or Emperor]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N241 [Small Junks by Village River Shore]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N242 [Outdoors Stone Statue of Winged Western-Style Dragon]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N243 [Small Junks Sailing along Village River Shore]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N244 [Small Junks Sailing along Village River Shore]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N245 [Roof Beams]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N246 [Outdoor Stone Sculpture of Ancient Warrior General]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N247 [Three Riverside Pagodas]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N248 [Three Riverside Pagodas]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N249 [Three Riverside Pagodas]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N250 [Three Riverside Pagodas]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N251 [Ornamental Riverside Gateway]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N252 [Clothes Drying on a Line]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N253 [Outdoors Stone Statues: Emperors, Mythical Beasts, Lantern Pagoda]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N254 [Outdoor Stone Statues: Emperors, Mythical Beasts, Lantern Pagoda]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N255 [Man Striding Across Stone Bridge in Village]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N256 [Decaying Stone Pagoda in the Woods]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N257 [Stone Lion Dog Sculpture outside Building]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N258 [Stone Lion Dog Sculpture outside Old Building]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N259 [Walkway and Tree along Shore]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N260 [Large Bell Mounted on Plinth]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N261 [Two Facing Rows of Stone Sage or Emperor Outdoor Statues]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N262 [Row of Steamboats Floating along a River]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N263 [Ornamental Gateway]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N264 [Ornamental Two-story Pagoda at Riverside]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N265 [Cloud Study over Wide Water]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N266 [Moon Door Flanked by Painted Wall Decoration, Entering Similar Area]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N267 [Riverside Building Complex with Two Large Odd Staffs]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N268 [Temple Complex, Including Brazier, and Visitors Ascending Steps]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N269 [Temple Complex Seen from Lawn]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N270 [Waterside Pavilion and Trees with Reflections]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N271 [Waterside Building and Reflection]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N272 [Pavilion on Moon Bridge over a Stream]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N273 [Pavilion on Moon Bridge over a Stream]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N274 [Hillside Pathway Curving under Trees toward Downhill Cottage]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N275 [Riverside Town from the Water with Pagoda on Hilltop]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N276 [Twelve-story Pagoda on Hillock]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N277 [Group of Bronze Temple Buddhas]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N278 [Garden Bridge Zigzagging over Placid Water Reflections]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N279 [Canal-side Houses]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N280 [Ornate Chinese-style Facades along a City Street]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N281 [Ornate Chinese-style Facades along a City Street]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N282 [Dead Hog Strapped onto a Cart]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N283 [Stone Lion Dog Playing with Cub outside Building]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N284 [Stone Lion Dog Playing with Ball or Cub outside Building]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N285 [Small Ornamental Bronze Pagoda with Bells]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N286 [Ornamental Temple Gate in the Woods]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N287 [Ornamental Stone Tablets in Field]

Box 23

2002.R.4-N288 [Tall Ornamental Stone Pagoda, and Grotto Entrance Embellished with Calligraphy]

Scope and Content Note