Inventory of the John Olmsted Papers

I-0 Exposed Rocky Coast, Low tide, surf grass, Mussel Rods; Mendocino coastline, gray sandstone bedrock with fossil ocean deposits on top (red-tan) fifteen feet - same materials underly pygny forest, 1 1/2 miles Inland. Low shrubs on cliff are wind-dwarfed Sitka Spruces, near their southern limit from Alaskan growing areas as much as 1500 miles to the north. 1968

I-1 Exposed ROCKY COAST, Medium Tide, SEA PALMS, with extreme wave exposure (if you're standing in sea palms on a rocky point you're in a very dangerous place - they grow here because the wave action is too vigorous for other plants). Mendocino Coast, gray sandstone bedrock, Summer. 1968

I-2 FOUR TIDE ZONES: Cormorants, their nests and guano; Sea Lions, Kelps. Bird Island, Seventeen Mile Drive, Monterey Coast. Kelps are in zones three and two, gray color below guano is in zone one. 1968

I-3 High-TIDE SPLASH ZONE: Green-colored Alga, middle and right, grows in splash pools with salinity up to ten times sea water (summer) or 1/10 sea water (winter, almost fresh, from rain); Since algae have no food and water veins (except rarely), when pool shrinks in summer (right), algae dies (white). Left image shows isopod or rock louse, a modern survivor of the ancient trilobites and seahorse relative of the "sow bug" we find under logs (RP-9) 1968

I-4 SEA PALMS; BULL KELP; Sea Palm, center has very short, stout stems for growing on wave-struck rocks (I-1); BUll Kalp, right (K-0) grows up from ocean bottom at 50 foot depths or more, each year, its large float forming when it reaches the surface, leaves stretching out from their; Its holdfast, or sea anchor, left, supports other algae, and uses a kind of glue. A new giant kelp (similar to bull kelp) has a tiny hold fast (K-1/2). 1968

I-5 LOWER HI-TIDE ZONE: Turban snails (S. Calif.), tracks in sand, Corona Del Mar. This type of snail shell is most sought after by hermit crabs (G-6). Whereas Zone One (Hi-Tide Splash) is out of water 90% or more, Zone Two is only out of water 70% or less. First real tide pools, with lined shore crabs and hermit crabs (G-6,P-7) are in this zone. 1968

I-6 MID-TIDE ZONE: Sun Star (Pycnopodia), Ochre Star (Pisaster ochraceus, brevisphinus), Giant Star (P. giganteus (pinker one); Urchins, caralline red algae, etc. Pescadero Coast South of San Francisco. 1968

I-7 Mid-TIDE ZONE: Octo. Star, tube feet, left, spines pedidellarae (mitune hook and pincer defenses against parasite, etc), right; Chiton, below center, has eight, shingle-like shell segments, is relative of snails but can roll up into ball for defense (See also I-9,left, D-17, A-9, C-24,top,whitw shell). 1968

I-8 MID-TIDE ZONE: Great Green Anemone (Antholeura xanthogranica) with single-cell green alga growing on its skin (Zoochlorella) - supplies oxygen, simialr relation occurs in coral reefs; Closed aggregating anemones, right, occur higher in Zone two and may keep cool at low tide in summer by reflection of heat by white shell particles it holds close to skin. (See I-15 for anemone predator).

I-9 MID-TIDE ZONE: SEA SACS on rock, Rockweeds; Half-covered Chiton (Katherina tunicata). Water streaks from pinched Sea Sacs, right. Mendocino, SUMMER (Sea Sacs are annual). The Sea Sacs store water while tide is out. 1968

I-10 Upwashed Octopi, one at left shooting ink for smokescreen, upper right changing color to light background of abalone shell, one at bottom right showing suction cups. 1968

I-11 Mid Tide ZONE: Red, Brown, Green Algae, July, Mendocino Coast. Dark color is Iridea, an iridescent brown-looking red alga. Green color is sea lettuce (K-1/2). Out of water less than 30% of time. 1968

I-12 MID-LOW TIDE ZONE: Purple Urchin occurs higher on tide scale than Red Urchin below (this one has been washed in beyond usual level). Urchin shell, top; Urchins are Echinoderms (J-7,P-1) 1968

I-13 MID-LOW TIDE ZONE: BAT STAR - top view, rt; underside, eating crab, left; Mendocino Coast. 1968

I-14 MID-LOW TIDE ZONE: Green Abalone, left, with red nudibranch on shell; Red sponge at right is usually eaten by the nudiibranch, with good protective coloration. Silica spiculues in sponge are incorporated into Nudibranch's Anatomy, becoming a protection (See I-15, also); Abalone eat kelps, are eaten by Sea Otters (S-21). See also Clingfish as far-right, rock undersides. 1968

I-15 Two Nudibranchs: Left, Hermissenda, eats sea anemones, incorporates stinging cells on anemone into own hairlike gill area and for own defense. Triopha Carpenteri, right. Nudibranchs are snails without shells - Sea slugs. Nudibranch means naked gills (Tactibranchs I-20). 1968

I-16 LOWER LOW-TIDE ZONE: Laminaria species, Hedophyllud, sponges (I-14), tunicates (J-8). Only out of water less than 10%. Mendocino. 1968

I-17 ROCK UNDERSIDE, LOWEST LOW-TIDES:7 Phyla Echinodermata-Echinoidea: urchin; Asteroidea; 6-leg Star. Porifera - sponges (orange-red spots + ocre matrix); Bryozoans - mixed in with sponges (P-2, lower rt. center white aggregate); Annelida - Polychaeta Serpilid Worms (P-2),P-o; Arthropoda - flattened under-rock Crab; Mollusca; small yellow nudibranchs, small chiton, rt; Coelenterata - hydroids (by water level)Mendocino. 1968

I-18 SAND BEACH - Jellyfish relatives: Upwashed by-the-wind-sailor floats, left; ostrich-plune hydroids, lower rt., comb jelly? upper right. 1968

I-19 SAND BEAC - Sand Hopper, top, on Cancer Crab, above sand-Hopper's Kelp dinner, burrows. Sand Crab, bottom. N. Calif., S.Cal. Coast. 1968

I-20 SANDY TIDEPOOLS, S. Calif. Tectibranchs: Lined Sea Slug, left; Sea Hare, rt. (P-3,I-21). 1968

II-1 FRESH WATER POND, surrounded by mixed evergreen forest, April, Inverness Ridge, Pt. Reyes Seashore, ca. 1000, covered with Duckweed (Lenna sp.). 1968

II-2 FRESH WATER POND, mid-view of II-1, fall, mallards in background, duckweed, cat-tails, bay trees, lichens. 1968

II-3 FRESH WATER POND, mid-close view, duckweed and cattail bases at left, cinnamon teal pair, right. Duckweed has the smallest flower in the world, one pistil, one stamen (unisexual flowers, three per plant). Main reproduction is vegetatir, transported on ducks feet from pond to pond. 1968

II-4 MICROSCOPIC LIFE in a drop of pond water: (from a 6' wide museum diorama as Los Angeles County Museum). Far up, left, rotifer, far left column with spiral chlorophyll structures, Spirogyra, right also and in conjugating stage (spirals less apparent); Vorticella, lower left; left center, Paranocia, conjugating, dividing; center, Hydra diatoms. 1968

II-5 POND SURFACE: Spirogyra (close-up II-4) colonies at pond surface, bottom, with mating pair of dragonflies, male (red) in front holding up female while she lays eggs into water. Dragonfly mating system is unique to animal world, designed and evolved over the millenia as a helicopter support system. Before mating the male bends his abdomen up to a bucket on his chest (second picture from top), placing sperms there. He then grabs a female in the air by his abdominal claspers (upper right) and she bends her abdomen by great contortion back to the sperm bucket on his chest (see T-2 for same process in damsel flies). Since she is being hel by the neck, she is ready to lay the eggs into or even under the water mmediately after fertilization while the male continues to hold her up. 1968

II-6 AQUATIC PLANTS: POND SURFACE, Monkey flower leaves, far left (Miculus guttatus) next to Duckweed Ferns (Azolla), more intricate texture than duckweeds (small ovalsm lower right corner); pink color of duckweed ferns usually seen in spring (upper right). Not a flower like duckweed but a true ally of ferns and horsetails. Mosquito fish, bot. rt. 1968

II-7 AQUATIC PLANTS: Stream Monkey Flowers, Dock leaves, Reshes, left; water cress and checkered white butterfly, right (w.cress w/4 petals, mustard fam.). 1968

II-8 FLOATING PLANTS, POND SURFACE: Aquatic knotweed, right (Polygonum sp.), pondweeds, duckweeds, Cal. native waterlillies (Auchar), center, leaves top, flowers, bottom; flower and fruit stages, left; early fl. type. 1968

II-9 AQUATIC REPTILES: Garter Snakes, non-aquatic types, aquatic (lower right); all with red tongues, ability to defecate odorously on disturbers. Main food is frogs; usualy hind-legs first. 1968

II-10 AQUATIC BIRDS: Long-billed marsh Wren, Bulrush Nest, May, cattails also used in weaving. Sac. Riv. 1968

II-11 AQUATIC BIRDS: Yellow-headed (Left) and Red-wing Blackbirds, mating display, upper right. Old cattail stalk, left shows column for feed flowers and thinner column at top where pollen flowers were; later were harvested, eaten by Indians, roots also, a very important food source. (See 0-9, cattail seeds). 1968

II-12 AQUATIC BIRDS: Canada Geese, Winter: Icebound Oregon Lake, left, ware Salton Sea, southeast California, right, spend about 4-5 months each winter. 1968

II-13 AQUATIC MAMMALS: Beaver lodge, top, high mountain lake in San Juan Mts., S. Colorado, 11,500 feet, large lake made by beaver dams; beaver lookout, slide marks, bottom, along Colorado River, southeastern California. Very few beavers in Calif. make lodges, burrowing rather in the banks of streams. Lodges are more desirable in areas of extreme winters. 1968

II-14 SLOW STREAM, intermittent through winter, drying completely for 6-8 months of year. Streamers of Spyrogyra (green alga) will die and turn white soon. Flowering hummingbird dhrub, left (Beloperone sp.) supports Costa's and other hummingbird nests, April, Deep Canyon, west side of Colorado desert near Palm Springs (G-14). 1968

II-15 SLOW STEAM, Mid and close views of stream in II-14. Spirogyra masses, far right, red dragonfly on twig (II-5), toad and tree frog tadpoles, right; Giant Water Bug male, left, carries eggs on back where placed be female, can eat tadpoles and other aquatic creatures, paralyzing bites. 1968

II-16 PERIODIC STREAM, more encrusting algae than Spirogyra, sometimes year round. Habitat for yellow-legged frog (0-10, left) and large garter snake (II-9, left). Trout surving in perennial pools sometimes eaten by garter snakes when water low. Both frogs and trout depend heavily on protective coloration as a garter snake defense. 1968

II-17 PERIODIC STREAM, Trapped Insects, Summer: Craneflies, Therevid Fly, Chrysidid wasp (metallic green). Insect wings are held by surface tension of water, but insects quite alive. Provide food for water striders (II-18, P-11) and for amazing flycatcher that became water strider to survive (H-6). Craneflies eat decaying plants. 1968

II-18 STREAM SURFACE AND BANK: Water strider, top left, is predator of trapped insects on water surface (II-17), also eats emerging mosquitoes; lycaenid Butterfly (blue), bottom left, is drinking from mud, larvae are protected by ants and supply them with honeydew like aphids. Two stages in decay of a bay leaf also shown. 1968

II-19 STREAMSIDE TREES: Sycamores, left and far right; Willow center (male flowers H-22, female flowers 0-10), and Fremont Cottonwood, right (female flowers 0-10). Sycamores exhibits a fungal disease common during humid mid-spring weeks, dies out with late spring heat; female flowers, seed heads with magpie, R-13, A-13. 1968

II-20 STREAMSIDE LEAVES: Willow, lichens, lef; Aspen (not as obligately streamside as cottonwoods), right with Black Cottonwood (pointed tips of leaves), common streamside tree at aspen elevations. All cottonwoods have trembling leaves because leaf patiole (stem) is flattened at right angles to leaf blade; structurally unstable leaf may cause closing of stomata in wind, save water. 1968

III-1 COASTAL REEF, Ducks (probably diving ducks - some type of scoter) in V-formation flying south along Mendocino coast, northern California, autumn. 1968

III-2 COASTAL BEACH BIRDS: Brown pelican, left (getting rare because egg shells are thin from DDT residues and very young birds over hatch); Sanderlings, mid picture, Heerman's gull, right, note orange beak, nests in Baja California, comes north for winter (a switch!). 1968

III-3 COASTAL BEACH BIRDS: Willets, feeding on sand life, right (I-19), in flight, left, typical black-white wings. 1968

III-4 COASTAL LAGOON BIRDS: Great Blue Heron, far right; Snowy Egrets, center, right with fish, left, stirring up sand with foot to scare out crustaceans, etc. and spear them with lightning thrust of spear-like beak. Would probably eat baby kildeer, left, if could see it; Note disruptive line across eye and camouflage colors (see C-10 and C-20 for incredible nat. selection story). 1968

III-5 COASTAL SALT FLATS, SALT MARSH: Salt grass, far left; pickleweed, top left, brass buttons, bottom left; habitat for these three plants and Kingfisher, center; Great Blue Heron and Western Gull, right, while tide is in and salt marsh plants are partially submerged. Pickleweed is salty to taste and both it and brass buttons are succulent. Salt water has a tendency to dry such plants out by osmosis, and saltiness of pickleweed counteracts. 1968

III-6 COASTAL SALT MARSH: Additional habitat for salt grass (Distichlis), pickleweed (Salicornia), Cord grass (Spartina) and Triglochin. Trinidad Beach NW of Eureka, N. Calif. Salt marsh and estuaries are important breathing mechanism are coastal waters, taking in oxygen in the mud flats while tide is out, releasing it to water when tide is in. Too few such areas remain. 1968

III-7 COASTAL DUNES: Yellow Sand Verbena, Artemisia pycnocephala (dune sagebrush), dune franseria (F. chamissonis). Fort Bragg coast, early July, N. California. 1968

III-8 COASTAL DUNES: Detail of III-7 dunes: Sand Verbena, top has tap roots tons of feet in length, upper parts shown here after wind blow-out; Sea rocket, top, also; Dune rush, center; Sea rocket, flower, succulent leaves, bottom, with owl skull for scale (see D-2, rocket fruits). 1968

III-9 COASTAL DUNES, stabilization by introduced Dune Grass Ammophila arenaria, Oso Flaco Dunes near Lompoc, NW of Santa Barbara, S. central California. This grass was tried out to be on the dunes that became Golden Gate Park but didn't work as fast as the Monterey Pine and Mont. Cypress. 1968

III-10 North COASTAL SCRUB: Coastal Sagebrush (gray, Artemisia californica), Bush Lupines (yellow, Lupines arboreus), Bush Paintbrushes (red), Coyote Brush (baccnaris), and many wildflowers. Lack of extreme frosts at coast (ocean moderating influence) has helped a community of bush wildflowers whose other Calif. relatives are mostly annuals or at least smaller in size. This contrasts with the chaparral community which exists independent of the coast and has mainly shrubby and very woody relatives and extreme fire and drouth adaptations. 1968

III-11 NORTH COASTAL SCRUB: Seaside Daisy, leave above; Coyote brush leaves, upper right, flowers, M-24; wild blackberry leaves over daisie, center; Douglas Iris leaves, lower right (see E-3). Coastal region near San Francisco, late spring when fog begins. 1968

III-12 NORTH COASTAL SCRUB BIRDS: Black Phoebe, far left; (flycatcher); Scrub Jay, mid left (insects, etc.); Songsparrow, note black chest patch, center (seed-eater); young white-crown sparrow on Cow Parsnip, rt. center; adult, right, on coyote brush, typical male territorial pose. 1968

III-13 COASTAL SCRUB FLOWERS: Owl's Clover, lower left (Orthocarpus erianthus); Sea Pink like cycle: flowers, upper left, close-up of hunting wasp pollination, top center, sees being scattered, eaten by goldfinches and siskins, right; female goldfinch eating dandelion seed by wallflower, bottom center; Mendo. coast. 1968

III-14 CLOSED-CONE CONIFER FOREST: Monterey Pine, Monterey Cypress, 17 mile drive, Monterey, Central Calif. coast. (See also L-19, 20, 21, K-3). Normal pines shed seeds after two years; closed cone species keep cones closed indefinitely till sun or fire open them by sufficient heat (B-16 shows Monterey cones closed also). In addition to fire protection, coastal calosed-cone pines appear to be able to float their cones for hundreds of miles in sea water and still have the seeds remain viable. Monterey pine occurs naturally near Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, and 800 miles south on Guadalupe Island, Mexico (L-19). Since this island is volcanic, columnization by floating cones seems only possibility. 1968

III-15 CLOSED-CONE CONIFER FOREST: Monterey Cypress, foreground, Hurricane Cypress, incredible root system, succulent Dudleyas around roots; Monterey Pines, background, Pt. Lobos, Mont. Coast. 1968

III-16 NORTH COAST CONIFERS: grow from the Mendocino Coast north in Alaska (also several spp. in Sonoma, 1 sp. in Marin County): Western Hemlock, left, has tiny yellow hairs on stems between different length needles, round ends; Lowland Fir Abies grandis, has notch-tipped needles (top), several needle lengths like hemlock but usually in flatter sprays. Undersides of both species needles have two white streaks (stomatal lines). Canadian Jay, bottom follows N. coast conifers S. 1968

III-17 NORTH COAST MIXTURE: Sitka Spruce, pointed conifer, center and left (L-6); Beach Pine, right (K-3), Myrica, left, Rhododendron, bot. center, Salal (Gaultheria snalion), lower left (B-5), and Huckleberry (Vaccinica ovatum, E-15). Southern Oregon coast, sim. to Fendo Fygay For. 1968

III-18 COASTAL WINE: Wind-blown huckleberries mixed with north COASTAL SCRUB, cow parsnips, poison oak, etc., Double Point, Lake Ranch, hopefully a part of Pt. Reyes National Seashore, Marin Co., Cal. April. Just as leak of frost is a special features of coastal winters, heavy west winds are special features of coastal springs and summers (for coastal summer fogs see IV-1, 2, for mildness during great valley fogs in winter, see F-2). 1968

III-19 COASTAL SAGE SCRUBS, southern California. Differs from north Coast Scrub by having true sages (gray leaves, left part of picture are white sage, III-20, top), more Mexican plants with late spring and early summer blooming times, very tall flower stalks (III-21); Chaparral at rt., this picture, is much taller, woodier. 1968

III-20 COASTAL SAGE SCRUB species: White sage, top (Salvia apiana) and Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon) Laurel Sumac, center (Reus laurina), a chaparral type scrub adapted for coastal climatel and Deerweed, bottom, lotus scoparius. 1968

IV-1 SPRING FOG: Coast Redwoods in ravines, surrounded by Mixed Evergreen Forest, Douglas Fir, Tan Oak, Madrone, etc., Mt. Tamalpais, 1800', Marin County, May (See F-2 for same place, fog from opposite direction). 1968

IV-2 SPRING-SUMMER FOG: Douglas fir, left, with coastal fog over Eel River Redwood region as backdrop, very important factor in coast redwood survival in an area otherwise almost rainless from April to October. 1968

IV-3 MORNING FOG: second-growth coast redwoods, Moraga east of Oakland, winter; Some of the largest coast Redwoods known occurred near Oakland, with diametes to 30 feet, but all were cut in the 1840s and 1850s. 1968

IV-4 PRIMEVAL REDWOODS: Coast redwood forest in 300 ft. wall, Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, 6 p.m. late August female and claf Roosevelt Elk are here while bulls are getting ready to do battle for their harens out at Gold Beach, 3-4 miles to west. Next to 300 ft. wall of redwoods, 100 ft. deciduous trees area dwarfed. 1968

IV-5 PRIMEVAL REDWOODS: Coast Redwood forest succession, Eel River, May 1966, two yr. after Dec. 1964 swept by over its bank and half way up the tan oak fringe at edge of River bank. Half grown redwoods in this area way indicate a 1964-magnitude flood several hundred years ago, since bare mineral soil and light are necessary to growth of redwood seedlings. 1968

IV-6 PRIMEVAL REDWOODS: Coast Redwood trunks, fallen logs and foliage, Hendy Woods State Park southwest of Ukiah and southeast of Mendocino and Fort Bragg. Sword ferns and redwood sorrel (Cxalis, IV-17,18) are main understory plants, and bay (Unbellularia is an understory tree (leaf decay of J-17, K-11, II-18). 1969

IV-7 REDWOOD BELT PLANTS: Horsetails (except for whisk fern, Psinlotum, horsetails are probably most ancient bring land plants group); vegetative plant left, and spore-bearing stalks, center, comprise one type of scouring rush plant with interconnected roots to both stalks, the leafy one for food production, the non-green one for spore production; Other horsetails at rt. two pictures, combine both functions on one stem. Horsetails have silica (fiberglass) in their stems and are poisonous to horses, but young spore cones are edible for man, and Indians used the stems as brillo pads derived the name scouring rush, adn today the stem section still make excellent fingernail files. Some horsetails during the age of dinosaurs were 100' high trees. 1968

IV-8 REDWOOD BELT PLANTS: Deer Ferns (bottom left have fertile and sterile fronds like horsetails); 5 finger fern, lower rt (E-5); Lady Fern, upper right (IV-9), and Alum-rootm white flowers, center of picture, Saxifrage Fam. 1968

IV-9 REDWOOD BELT PLANTS: Lady Fern spore spots (sori), left, with modest protective flap of induslus; Wood fern sori, right, more regular, more circular. 1968

IV-10 REDWOOD BELT PLANTS: Habitat for 7 fern species, Fern Canyon, Prairie Cr., Redwoods State Park. Some are Brachen (K-19), Chain Fern (K-22), Sword Fern (K-21), Licorice Fern (K-15 through 18), Lady, Wood Ferns (IV-9). 1968

IV-11 REDWOOD BELT ANIMALS: Banana slugs (5-12) and amphibians are most common redwood belt animals ; Bottom of Fern Canyon (IV-10) covered with orange iron bacteria has matching orange red-legged frogs, left; contrasting with mud-dwelling red-legged frogs in Mendocino pygmy forest, right. Both change color, but neither can fully match the habitat of the other (different races). 1968

IV-12 REDWOOD BELT AMPHIBIANS: Start Salamander life cycle w/ adult ENnotina salamander too, larva still w/ gills; aquatic food insects include stonefly, dragon fly larvae. 1968

IV-13 REDWOOD BELT PLANTS: moss with pore capsules on redwood log, w/ lowland fir needle for scale (1" long ); HairCapMoss, capsules. 1968

IV-14 REDWOOD BELT PLANTS: Liverworts, w/ gametophyte ( marriage plant) stalks + gemma cups for vegetative reproduction (on leaf surfaces). 1969

IV-15 REDWOOD BELT PLANTS: Bracket Fungi - Phomes specimens sometimes grow to core than a foot across, on decaying logs; Russian Gulch State Park, Northern Calif. coast. 1968

IV-16 REDWOOD BELT PLANTS: Coral-like fungus (Stereum hirsutum) primitive Basidiomycete, on log, compound Isnonin leaf, November, Van Damme State Park, northern Calif. Coast. 1968

IV-17 REDWOOD BELT PLANTS: Clinton lilies with leaves folded up w/ protection from high light intensities and maybe assoc. high water loss. 1968

IV-18 REDWOOD BELT PLANTS: Redwood Sorrel w/ folded down leaves from exposure to sunlight , w/ seed pods ready to fire off explosive seeds when touched or proper heat reached to 4 ft. 1968

IV-19 REDWOOD BELT PLANTS: Redwood Sorrel flower, left; Redwoof Violets, center; Redwood Ivy, rt., compound leaves, delicate white flowers have inside-out seeds w/ white ant-attachments on the green seed (Vancouviera sp.)-N. Cal. Coast. 1968

IV-20 REDWOOD BELT PLANTS: Carrion Fly Flowers, smell like decaying meat to attract flies because live in such dense shade that bees won't come; Wild Ginger (Asarun caudatum), left; Foetid Adder's Tongue (Scoliopus Eigelovii), rt; Both w/ attachments on seeds for ant dispersal after flower pollination is completed by flies. 1968

V-1 MIXED EVERGREEN FOREST, alternating with open coastal prairie areas, Mt. Tam, Marine Co., Feb.; left to rt. madrone, Doug Dir. Tanbark Pak, ; dead snag is old Doug Fir with 1000+ stored 1968

V-2 Windswept MIXED EVERGREEN FOREST, mostly Bay; Red Alders by creek, foreground, 1 low Doug Fir, up. rt. SW of Mt. Tamalpais, elevation 100 feet. 1968

V-3 MIXED EVERGREEN FOREST, S. Calif. type: Canyon Liveoak, Big-cone Doug Firs, winter; Mt. Baldy, 40000ft.; setting for V-4-11, 13, 14, 16. 1968

V-4 Spring under tree of V-3: Larger green leaves belong to white blossoms/milkmaid, left (closer view C-15); Bedstraw, small leaves (O-23, left); Big leaf maple dead Ivs (K-10). 1968

V-5 Spring under tree of V-3: Miner's Lettuce, encircling stem-leaves as right, 5 petal white flowers, left-centered: Ladybird beetle on Baby Blue Eyes blossom, April, seeds ant dispersed. 1968

V-6 Spring, same area: woodland violet, left, showing typical upside-down bee pollination system (nectar in upper back calyx); broken open seed pod, ant dispersal, Canyon Liveoak leaves, right. 1968

V-7 JUNE pollination time Canyon Liveoak: fallen pollen flowers on dead trunk, left, closer view, pollen on spider web, pollen flower, (low. rt.) fallen oak leaf, rt. cent. 1968

V-8 CANYON LIVEOAK LEAF DROP- beg. Summer (late June); fallen Canyon oak lvs. Doug Fir pollen cones, Buprestid beetle, Mt. Mahogany lvs, silvery fruits. 1968

V-9 CANYON LIVEOAK FOREST just after summer leaf drop, sword ferns, July. 1968

V-10 Mixed Evergreen Forest INSECTS: Hover Flies (Syrphidae), dogfighting areas under oak of V-9, left; wasp marked hover-fly, right, 2 wings. 1968

V-11 Mixed Evergreen Forest INSECTS Calif. Sister, left, drinking on mud; Oak Hairstreak, young acorns, rt; larvae of both eat liveoak leaves. 1968

V-12 Mixed Evergreen Forest INSECTS: Calif. Oak Moth Larvae, left; adult males and an empty pupa, center; Oak Wax scale insects, rt. on scrub oak stems, were used by Indian as chewing gum. 1968

V-13 Mixed Evergreen and Oak Forest Energy Storage: Canyon Liveoak Acorns (see also Tanbark Oak Acorns, J-7), important step of oak food pyramid. 1968

V-14 OAK REPRODUCTION: Tanbark Oak seedling, young leaves above, 1st year root system below; such acorns often planted by forgetful squirrels. 1968

V-15 ACORN EATERS: Bandtail Pigeons in large flocks eat Canyon Liveoak acorns (and other smaller types) intact, dissolving hard covering in stomach; Canyon Oak with Madrones, Santa Lucia Mts., Feb., 1962. 1968

V-16 ACORN EATERS one step higher on Food Pyramid: Young Spotted Owls, on Bay trunk. 6pm6/65, nr. setting V-3. Moments later parents bring mouse (A-20). 1968

V-17 MIXED EVERGREEN FOREST DECAY CYCLE: Top of food pyramid returned to bottom as red shouldered hawk in Tanbark forest decays into leaf mold. 1968

V-18 Madrone, Tanbark Oak in taller NW Mixed Evgr. Forest type, w/ redwoods, NW CAl. nr. Orick, 1000' (Madrone w/ red trunk; TanOak see J-7). 1968

V-19 Madrone Bark, flowers: peeling bark in rain, late flowers at right, turn into berries as in O-17, NW California in winter, spring. 1968

V-20 Madrone leaves eaten by Calif. Ten Caterpillars (a moth) eating chlorophyll cells, not thick, fibrous vein system; strong, leaves adapt to rainless summer. 1968

VI-0 Chaparral invasion after fire in previous pine forest (Pond Madrone: V-24). Middle Fk. American River, 2800', W. slope of Sierra; Madrone root sprts. left. 1968

VI-1 Chaparral snow. 2/22/62 Mt. Baldy, S. Cal. 3800'; Mule Deer Doe; Garrya, Ceanothus leucodermis, Arcto. glauca, Chap. currant, Red Berry, and Ceanothus crassifolius; all except first Ceanothus in bloom under snow after warm Jan. 1968

VI-2 Mariposa Manzanita blossoms in snow, Sierra foothills, early spring. 1968

VI-3 Parry manz. w/ black-throated gray warbler, 6/64, 7000', Baja Calif.; w/ Manzanita berries (fr. spanish manzana for apple); Indians made into lemonade. 1968

VI-4 Chaparral Distribution/North; Manzanita Rt. sprts; Chamise w/ Chaparral Pea (in blossom), center; low canyon liveoaks, 5/64; S. face Mt. Tamalpais w/ Mt. Diablo afar. 1968

VI-5 Chaparral Distribution/ Centr. Coast; Chamise Type/ S. facing south of Mill Cr. Watershed, St. Lucia Mts. 2500'; Cany. Liveoak/gulches, Madrone, R-wood at left coming up stream bottoms; Coulter Pines also; Coastal Scrub on seacoast below 1000 ft. 1968

VI-6 Chaparral Dist./S. Coast; Chamise (cream fls. rt. center); Holly Lf. Cherry (larger cream flower masses, rt.); Buckwheat (wht. fls. bot/successional); Coulter Pine and Canyon liveoak on op. NE/facing slope; Santa Ana Mts., Orange County, May 3700 ft. 1968

VI-7 Chaparral Dist./San Diego, S.; Red shanks in place of chamise; Coast Liveoaks and Sagebrush flats and deeper soils; Chamise-covered hills nr./S. of Mt. Palomar, 2500'. 1968

VI-8 Chaparral Dist./Desert Border; Chamise by Mojave Yuccas and Beavertail Cactus, w/ Incense Cedars nr.; Dramatic N. face Mt. San Jacinto 3000'; see X-12 to 18 series. 1968

VI-9 Chamise - 2 Blooming Times/due to dry wint. winds, 5/9/62 St. Ana Mts. (F-4-6). 1968

VI-10 Chamise In Seed: Late sum. w/ Coulter Pines, St. Lucia Mts. 4000', limestone soil. 1968

VI-11 Chaparral Succession I. Knobcone Pine, rt. before fire in following slide; Closed Knobcone cones/old branch, lft, 6-8 yr. unopened; Ceanothus pappillosus in bllom, left. 1968

VI-12 Chaparral Succession II. Knobcone Pine of VI-11, 6 mo. after summer fire, 1960; Mainstreet Can. looking N. to Mt. Baldy from Santa Ana Mts. over Pomona Valley; 3800'. 1968

VI-13 Chaparral Succession III. Nearby Manzanita root sprouts; Bush Poppy and Morning Glory blossoms (150' fr. V-11, 12, 14). 22 mo. after 6/60 fire; drier, s. facing slope. 1968

VI-14 Chaparral Succession IV. Beneath VI-10, 11 tree are Knobcone Seedlings; 4/65. 1968

VI-15 Other Knobcone Areas: Ten yr. trees/some w/ mature mcones; near lower edge of Ponderosa Forest belt w/ Kellogg Oak, Chamise Chap and Sac. Val. backdrop, 4500', Lake Co. 1968

VI-16 Older Knobcones: Fifteen-Twenty Yr. Forest , many mature cones; chamise, toyon, and manzanita (foreground), Hood Peak, Sonoma County, 1200', 10/61; Dour Fir upper rt. 1961 October

VI-17 Old Burn: 14 yr. old Chamise burn, partly wind-dwarfed shrubs on sterile, conglomerate soil, St. Ana Mts. 2800', winter 1962, note crown sprouts (See F-4 to 6). 1962

VI-18 Chaparral Associates - Parasites: Broom-rape, left w/ Ceanothuss host; Indian Warrior, rt. w. chamise host (often on manzanita and madrone); Spring, S. and N. Cal. 1968

VI-19 Chaparral Associates - Buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus) close of blossoms, left and Toyon berries, rt; Blossoms are out of season (11/20/62 aft. 10'10 early rain, Vaca Mts.). 1962 October 20

VI-20 Chaparral Associates - (Mountain Chaparral): Snowbrush (Ceanothus cordulatus), w/ White Fir, left; Deerbrush (C. integerrimus), w/ Kellogg Oak, cent., and Coarse-leaf Ceanothus (C. crassifolius), main chaparral belt at 3000', rt. San Bern amd Santa Ana Mts. 1968

VII-1 SALT MARSH PLANTS: Sedges, Bulrushes, Grasses, etc. Sacramento River Delta. 1968

VII-2 MARSH BIRDS, WINTER: Snow Geese, other aquatic birds, aerial view overlooking the central Sacramento Vallet and Gray Lodge Water Fowl Refuge, Mt. Lassen in background. 1968

VII-3 MARSH BIRDS, SUNSET: Aquativ birds, winter, central Sacramento Valley and Gray Lodge Water Fowl Refuge, numbers of birds reach 3/4 million in December. 1968

VII-4 MARSH BIRDS: Common Egret (taller) with Snowy Egret, Shovelers; Los Banos winter rain pools, some salinity; Northwestern San Joaquin Valley near San Luis Island ref. 1968

VII-5 MARSH, RIPARIAN HABITATS: Lone willow clump, Bulrushed-Tules (Scirpus acutus and americanus) (sedges not rushes), old marsh wren nest on cattails Gray Lodge WFR. 1968

VII-6 RIPARIAN FLOODING, WINTER: Blue Racers, top; Pheasants, bottom, up in trees because of high water, Gray Lodge Refuge, Sacramento Valleys; trees are Noah's Arcs. 1968

VII-7 RIPARIAN MAMMALS, SPRING: Raccoons rading Pheasant nest, rip-gut Brome grass (Bromus rigidus-introduc. noxious weed); pheasant is not native. Gray Lodge WFR. 1968

VII-8 GREAT VALLEY PLANTS, SUMMER AND WINTER: Valley Oak - summer nr. Santa MAris w/ Ratmelina hanging lichens; winter, at right, fully deciduous branches in Sonoma Val. 1968

VII-9 GREAT VALLEY PLANTS, SPRING: Original bunchgrasses (Stipa pulchra), April, w/ Vernal Pool Plants (Orthocarpus erianthus + plants in VII-10). One of the only unplowed grassland-vernal pool sites left in Great Valley, south of Dixon. Introd. grasses everywhere else. 1968

VII-10 GREAT VALLEY PLANTS, SPRING: Vernal Pool Plants. Downingia (a Lobelia) with Meadowfoam, center and right (latter forms outermost ring); Goldfields, Tidytips, left, inner ring. 1968

VII-11 GREAT VALLEY PLANTS, SPRING: Foothill Vernal Pools, Meadowfoan shows high water mark, Wild Clovers are lower in pool zone, Goldfields will be in dried up bottom; WETTEST SPRING in 80 yr., Sierra Nevada foothills near Lincoln about 800' elev. 1963 April

VII-12 GREAT VALLEY PLANTS, SPRING: Foothill wildflowers,, Bear Val. Lake Co. 4/63 1968

VII-13 GREAT VALLEY PLANTS, SPRING: Tidytips, Desert Dandelions, Goldfields, Cal. Poppy. 1968

VII-14 GREAT VALLEY AUTUMN: Calif, Poppies, grasses; Riparian (middle) and Foothill Woodland Trees (upper), still w/ leaves. 7 wk. after 10/10/62 Hurricane, Vaca Mts. w/ of Davis. 1968

VII-15 GREAT VALLEY WINTER: Luxurious Grasses, Riparian (mid.) and Foothill Woodland Trees bare, 2/63, Wettest Season in 80 yr.; Vaca Mts. w. of Davis. Almond blooming center rt. 1963 February

VII-16 GREAT VALLEY SPRING: Calif. Poppies, Grasses; Riparian (mid.) and Foothill Woodland Trees in leaf and bloom. Wettest Season in 80 yr. (Fat Lambs), Vaca Mts. W. of Davis 150' elev. 1963 April 03

VII-17 GREAT VALLET SUMMER: Poppies, Grasses brown; Riparian and Foothill Woodland Trees full leaf, June '63. Riparian = Cottonwoods, Willows; Digger Pine center; Oaks above. 1963

VII-18 FOOTHILL WOODLAND AUTUMN: Digger Pines, Blue Oaks, Redbuds, California Buckeyes, Wild Oats, foregr. (introd.). Included Strata, W. side Grt. Valley, Colusa Co. 8/62, 800'. 1962 August

VII-19 FOOTHILL WOODLAND WINTER: Blue and Garrt Oak Hybrids, mosses and hanging lichens (Ramelina, etc.), Sonoma County (See S-17, Black-tail Deer in same setting). 1968

VII-20 FOOTHILL WOODLAND SPRING: Blue Oaks, Lupines, Forget-me-nots; April. 1968

VIII-1 YELLOW PINE FOREST WINTER: Ponderosa Pine, white Fir, nr. Mt. Lassen, 5000'. 1968

VIII-2 YELLOW PINE FOREST SPRING: Ponderosa Pine, Incense Cedar trunks, left w/ Mt. Misery, Flowering Dogwoods and Kellogg Oaks w/ Ponderosa Pine and Incense Cedar tops, rt., May, 4000'. 1968

VIII-3 YELLOW PINE FOREST SUMMER: Mule Deer Doe, Bracken Fern, w/ Half Dome, Yosemite. 1968

VIII-4 YELLOW PINE FOREST AUTUMN: Same loc. as VIII-3, Kellogg Oak and Ponderosa Pine. 1968

VIII-5 YELLOW PINE FOREST FLOOR, AUTUMN: Ponderosa Pine needles, Bracken Fern dying back (most widespread fern in n. hemisphere), Yosemite Val. 3800 ft. October, Inc. Cedars. 1968

VIII-6 YELLOW PINE FOREST WINTER: Ponderosa Pine, Kellogg Oak, Yosemite w/ El Capitan. 1968

VIII-7 YELLOW PINE FOREST LATE SPRING (upper zone): Jeffrey Pine (needs much less effective rainfall than Ponderosa so can grow in drier places like glaciated granite - also, pollinates 30 days later so can grow in colder and higher places subject to late snows (L-17); Late June view from Glacier point, Yosemite, 7500 ft. w/ Nevada and Vernal Falls, Merced R. and Mt. Lyell. 1968

VIII-8 YELLOW PINE FOREST UPPER LIMIT: Sugar and Jeffrey Pines and White Firs and Incense Cedars among winter avalanche paths (F-14, 15)), 8500 ft. June, Mt. Baldy (Mt. Mohogany also). 1968

VIII-9 RED FIR FOREST SUMMER-FALL: Red Firs w. mature cones (L-8, 9), Yosemite 6500'. 1968

VIII-10 RED FIR FOREST FALL-WINTER: Forest Island w/ Aspens in dry Corn Lily and Mule Ear Flats above Sierra Club Lodge, Borreal Ridge, Donner Pass 7200', 11/5/66. Last Day Autumn. 1966 November 05

VIII-11 RED FIR FOREST WINTER-SPRING: (See F-12, S-5 for winter). Emerging Corn Lilies show warming effect of water w/ more rapid growth; same loc. as VIII-10, June (see I-24). 1968

VIII-12 LODGEPOLE FOREST SPRING-SUMMER: Labrador Tea plants blooming (one of the most wide ranging shrubs in n. Hemisphere), Shadow Cr., Eastern Sierra 9200', July below Mt. Ritter. 1968

VIII-13 LODGEPOLE BELT, ROCKS: Western Juniper above Lodgepole bordered pond, Carson Pass, 8800', July. Lodgepole can grow in dry areas as well as with wet feet (VIII-14). 1968

VIII-14 LODGEPOLE BELT POND: Pond of VIII-13, Corn Lilies, Sedges, Lodgepole Pines. 1968

VIII-15 LODGEPOLE BELT MEADOW, AUTUMN: Willow turning by creek, E. Sierra, 9000', Oct. 1968

VIII-16 SUBALPINE BELT LAKE, SPRING: (see II-22 for winter) Lodgepole, whitebark Pine and Mt. Hemlock only confiers; Thousand Island Lake, Mt. Banner, 12,800' from 9800', July. 1963 July

VIII-17 SUBALPINE BELT AND TIMBERLINE, SPRING: Mt. and White Heather and Alpine Primrose (see D-8), with Krummholz Whitebark Pines, 9800', above Mammoth Lakes, E. Sierra. 8/67. 1967 August

VIII-18 SUBALPINE BELT AND GLACIER MEADOW: Southern Sierra 10,700'. Timberline higher. 1968

VIII-19 GLACIER MEADOW FLOWERS (following Glacial Lake): Alpine Gentian, left; Paintbrush and Parnassia, top and left; Alpine Willow-herb (epilobium), center; E. Sierra 8500-11000', Jul.-Aug. 1969

VIII-20 TIMBERLINE STORM, SUMMER: Evolution Lake, 10,850', Mt. Spencer, alp. Huckleberry. 1968

IX-0 BRISTLECONE habitat: White Mts., 10,800 ft., Sierra in back, wht. dolomite soil under Bristlecones, (has oldest animal fossils) dark soil doesn't support Brens. 1969

IX-1 OLDEST known trees; (by Grth. Ring Measurement), 4600 yr. Bristlecone Pines. This patriarch Tree-near grove of oldest ones, 10,000ft. 1968

IX-2 OLDEST known live trees: Bristlecone Pine-female cone, left, needles in 5, 1" branch growth/yr. Ripening female cone, center, 15 month old; open cones, old snag, right. 1968

IX-3 OLDEST tree colonies: Quaking Aspen, autumn leaves, edge of colony probably many thousand years old from one seed (O-12). 1968

IX-4 GREAT BASIN RIPARIAN TREES, WINTER: Quaking Aspen, Black Cottonwoods, Hwy 89, so. Lake Tahoe, 7500'. Water Birch (not shown) in E. Sierra Canyons. 1968

IX-5 GREAT BASIN SAGEBRUSH, SPRING: Antelope mother, young, SE Oregon to NE Calif., once extended down east side Sierra into Lower Calif. 6/23/64. 1968

IX-6 GREAT BASIN SAGEBRUSH: Badge under Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). Powerful front arms, claws, allow swift digging in soft soil. 1968

IX-7 MOUNTAIN SAGEBRUSH: Art. cana., Corn Lily, Water Lupines-Mammoyj Mtn. eastern Sierra from San Joaquin Mountain, 9000 feet elevation. 1967 August

IX-8 GRT. BASIN SAGE-BELT SUMMER YELLOW FLOWERS: August: Blazing Star. left; Sulphur Vuckwheat, Mariposa Lilies, cent; Felt Thorn, right center; Rabbit Brush (Chrysothamnus sp.) right. 1968

IX-9 GREAT BASIN SAGEBRUSH, AUTUMN: Art. tridentata. arbuscula. eastern side of Sierra south of Tioga Pass, 7000 feet. September SNOW. 1968

IX-10 NORTH JUNIPER WOODLAND: late WINTER. Typical Western Juniper, South Central Oregon, Northwest of Lakeview, 4500 feet elevation. 1968

IX-11 NORTH JUNIPER WOODLAND: late WINTER: Great Basin Sagebrush, Rabbit Brush. Western Junipers, distance Eagle Lake, north of Susanville, 4500 feet. 1967 March 02

IX-12 GREAT BASIN LAKE LIFE, WINTER: Kildeer, Willow with buds: March 1, 1967 South Central Oregon. Upper Klamath Lake, 4500 feet. 0967 March 01

IX-13 GREAT BASIN LAKE LIFE. SPRING: White Pelicans arriving, lower Klamath Lake. Northern California, 4000 feet. 1968

IX-14 PINYON-JUNIPER WOODLAND: Great Basin Sagebrush, White Mountains, 9700 feet looking south to Mount Whitney. Sierra. June. 1968

IX-15 PINYON-JUNIPER WOODLAND: Prince's Plume. Big Cone Douglas Firs, drouth resistant to grow with pinyons. Mts. west Mt. Pinos. Cuyama Valley. 1968

IX-16 PINYON-JUNIPER SPRING FLOWERS: Kennedy's Mariposa Lily, with Salvia Dorrii. upper edge Mojave Desert vegetation. Ridge Route Mts., 4500', May. 1968

IX-17 PINYON-JUNIPER SPRING in very wet, 5/62 and dry 5/63 years. Wild Onion Inflated Buckwheat Luxuriant. left 1/2 in bloom. right. seeds hidden. 1968

IX-18 PINYON-JUNIPER SUMMER: Pinus edulis, Utah Juniper Mesa Verde National Park. Colorado; July. 1968

IX-19 PINYON-JUNIPER AUTUMN: One-leaf Pinyon. Pinus monophylla, wing-less seeds, female cone, Sherwin Grade, Inyo County, 6500 feet; September. 1968

IX-20 PINYON-JUNIPER WATER-HOLE: Mountain Quail flock. some first year, September Joshua Tree National Monument. 1968

X-0 UPPER MOJAVE DESERT VEGETATION, AUTUMN: Winter Fat, 1. cent.: Shadscale rt. HopSage 1. left. View from 4500ft. East side Owen's Valley Looking west to Sierra Nevada with southernmost glacier. 1968

X-1 MOJAVE DESERT, CONIFEROUS AND ALPINE LIFE ZONES: Joshua Tree, right, points up to Mt. Whitney, 14,495' from Inyo Mts, 6000' . east Calif., November. 1968

X-2 DESERT DRY LAKES, FILLED, EARLY SPRING: Mile-long patches of Desert Dandelions, western Mojave Des, to San Gabriel Mts., 10000' from 3500', 3/26/58. (Year of Colin Fletcher's 1000 Mile Summer. In 2 weeks, this scene yellow.) 1968

X-3 DESERT WILDFLOWERS, SPRING: Desert Dandelions, Parish Poppies, Creosote Bush (most Common shrub in SWUSA, both Hi, Lo Deserts, Lo here nr. Indio 3/60.) 1968

X-4 CREOSOTE BUSH. SPRING (See M-13): Dumont Dune, So. Death Valley, full bloom. 1968

X-5 DEVIL'S CORNFIELD: Alkaline flats ne. Sea level, north-central Death Valley entirely comprised of Arrow-weed (pluchea sericea), used for Ind. arrows, bask. 1968

X-6 GIANT CACTUS FOREST: Mainly in Arizona, extends a bit into S.E. Calif. Sahuaro (Cereus giganteus), most imp. Indian food plant in Arizona deserts. Big, white flowers open in evening, pollinated by long-tongue, Sphinx Moths (N-10). 1968

X-7 LOW-DESERT WINTER: Bigelow Cholla, Beavertail, Barrel Cacti, Desert Agave, Palo Verde, Cheesebush, Main Springs, Colorado Des, Feb. San Jacinto Mts. above. 1968

X-8 LOW-DESERT SPRING: Ocatillo (full-bloom, i-5); Desert Agave (M-3); Creosote Bush (M-13). Anza Borrego State Parkm 1500', Southeastern California 3/24/67. 1967 March 24

X-9 DESERT GROUND BIRDS: gambel Quail, on rock and in Ocatillo; Roadrunner, returning from waterhole, hiding by cholla. Colorado Des, SE Palm Springs, May. 1968

X-10 LOW-DESERT DUNES: Sand Verbena east Palm Springs, Mt. San Jacinto, 10,800' from near sea level, late March, 1966. (See also X-11, M-9, G-3). 1966 March

X-11 LOW-DESERT DUNES: Typical plants include Desert Rhubarb center, Dune-Evening Primrose (i-17), pollinated by Sphinx Moths (Larva M-9, adults A-16, N-10, other flowers N-9). Des. Rhubarb tested as comm. tannin source. (phot. nr. Indio). 1968

X-12 LOW-DESERT CACTI: Engelmann Cholla, foreground; Beavertail, just left; Dudleya stalks, next left; Incense Bush, Hedgehog Cactus, rt., just north of San Gorgonio Pass at 1400'. 1968

X-13 WIND-BLOWN EPHEDRA, coastal winds, SPRING. Mt. San Jacinto, 10800' from SAn Gorgonio Pass, 1000' this picture, April (4mi. So. X-12) Ephedra, see L-23. 1968

X-14 SAND-BLASTED CREOSOTE BUSHES. SPRING: Coastal winds. Mt. San Jacinto, 10800', from San Gorgonio Pass 1000', X-13 site. 1968

X-15 LOW-DESERT TREES: Desert Willo, SPRING, Mt. San Jacinto, 10800' from San Gorgonio Pass, 1100' April. Des. Willows fls, frts. M-30, Seeds O-3; life/under C-11. 1968

X-16 LOW-DESERT CACTI: Hedgehig Cholla,Mt. San Jacinto fr. 1200' June H-23. 1968

X-17 LOW-DESERT SHRUBS: Incense Bush, full April bloom, Mt. San Jacinto, 1600'. 1968

X-18 HIGH-DESERT SHRUBS: Mojave Yucca, full bloom, Apr., 3100', below Mt. San Jacinto, 10800', desert edge of chaparral (VI-8), Coastal Sage Species (III-21). 1968

X-19 PINES TO PALMS VIEW: Above 8000' on east flank of Mt. San Jacinto, 10800' looking down on Colorado Des. Little San Bernardino Mts., North of Indio, 0-4500', October. 1968

X-20 LOW-DESERT OASIS: Calif. Fan Palms (Washington filifera), no. Indio, 1000' springs along SW edge, Little San Bernardino Mts., March. (see X-19). 1968

A-0 PLANT NUTRITION deficiencies: Clay soil nr. Ione w/ endemic Ione Buckwheat. 1968

A-1 PLANT NUTRITION, soil evolution: Black humus layer 2 ft. thick from 10,000 yr. of grassland; Sea Terrace Ecosystems, Mendocino Coast, beach sand over sandstone. 1968

A-2 PLANT NUTRITION, soil evolution: Acid, sterile, podsol soil derived from beach sand, grassland, pine and fir forest ; Mendocino Coast Pygmy Forest, Terrace 4, pH3. 70 ft. Redwood, Bishop Pines in back on old sand dune (III-7), dwarf Bishop Pines, cypress. 1968

A-3 PLANT NUTRITION PROBLEMS: Nitrogen and Mineral Deficiencies, Acid and Sterile Beach-Sand 400,000 yr. old, Mendocino Pygmy Forest, Pygmy Manzanita, right w/ Pygmy Cypress 2' high, 15-20 yr. old trees w/ mature cones, some opened (L-5); 6' Hi, 80 years old. 1968

A-4 PLANT NUTRITION, CALCIUM DEFICIENCY: Serpentine Soil, Doug Fir-Madrone belt 15 mi. e. of Cape Mendocino, w/ Incense Cedar, Jeff Pine instead, (fr. mts.) 1968

A-5 PLANT NUTRITION , Poor Root Decay: Alpine Bunch Grasses and Sedges, unable to grow on own little-decayed roots, make 2-10 yr. ring colonies, advancing outwards. 1968

A-6 PLANT NUTRITION, Mtn. Bog; Coast Bog; Peat Bog nutrition deficiencies are offset by captured nitrogen, Insect-eating Sundew, Pygmy For. Staircase, Casper. 1969

A-7 PLANT NUTRITION, Mtn. Bog: Nutrition deficiencies offset thro captured Ni in Calif. Pitcher Plant, recurved hairs and sticky fluid inside, flower stalk, cent. 1968

A-8 LACK OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS: No chlorophyll in this Albino Buckeye seedling, died 2 wks. after this picture, used food stored in 2" seeds. Vaca Mts, w Davis. 1963 March

A-9 HERBIVOROUS SEA LIFE: Giant Chiton lying on back eating iridescent red alga, tidepool surface, Mendocino Coast, Northwest California, June. 1968

A-10 HERBIVOROUS INSECTS: Majority insects eat plants. Willow Sawfly houses, left, contain leaf-eating larvae, right, safe, dry in red houses. 1968

A-11 HERBIVOROUS MAMMALS: Blacktail deer browse line, DougFir, Marin Co. 1968

A-12 MAINLY HERBIVOROUS MAMMALS: Gray Squirrel, descaled Sugar Pine Cone core, empty seed husks, Yellow Pine Forest, So. Ca. Mts., 5000', September. 1968

A-13 PARTLY HERBIVOROUS BIRDS: Mistletoe water parasite, Sycamore, WINTER Migrant Waxwings, resident Scrub Jay. 1968

A-14 WINTER HERBIVOROUS BIRDS: Toyon berries. Linnet, left, Robin, Cedar Waxwings,one with berry in beak, San Gabriel Mts., So. Calif/December. 1968

A-15 INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS: Bark-patrolling Nuthatch at apple tree nest with flying termites. Usually works down trunk, flies up to next tree. 1968

A-16 CARNIVOROUS BIRDS: Roadrunner feeding Striped Morning Sphinx Moth to young lizards, snakes, insects, even mice, included a diet. Desert, May. 1968

A-17 CARNIVOROUS BIRDS: Sparrow Hawk, with Grasshopper, left; immature, right, June. 1968

A-18 CARNIVORE-OMNIVORE FOOD CHAIN: Long-tailed weasel watches Brewer's Blackbird with insects for nestling. Blackbird won't give up nest location. 1968

A-19 CARNIVORE-OMNIVORE FOOD CHAIN: Pacific Diamondback Rattler eating Wood Rat. Bitten rodents run away, die elsewhere. Kill rattlers nr. habitation. 1968

A-20 CARNIVORE-OMNIVORE FOOD CHAIN: Screech Owl, Wood Rat in talons. 1968

B-0 POISON WITHOUT WARNING: Camouflaged Trap-door spider uses poison for killing prey, possesses NO warning colors for larger predators (see B-12, 23). 1969

B-1 RED OFTEN WARNS OF POISON: Lady-bird Beetles on Maple Leaf (A. macrophylla); these beetles distasteful avoided by predators. 1968

B-2 POISONOUS PLANTS: Fly Mushroom (Amanita musceria); note basal cup, left, veil, right; Salal Leaves. Red color may warn. Most poisonous plants don't warn. 1968

B-3 POISONOUS PLANTS: Poison Oak, center, non-poisonous relatives: Squawbush, rt., Laurel Sumac, left, entire leaves, evergreen shrub. Others deciduous. 1968

B-4 POISONOUS PLANTS: Poison Oak in autumn, Mixed Evergreen Forest, Santa Lucia Mountains, 1000 feet elevation. 1968

B-5 POISONOUS PLANTS: Wild Rhododendron, avoided by deer; Mendocino Pine barrens, Northwest California Coast, May. 1968

B-6 POISONOUS PLANTS: Bog Laurel, one of the most poisonous plants of Health Family, grows in Subalpine meadows. Stamens develop as pollen catapults. 1968

B-7 POISONOUS PLANTS: Jimson Weed (Datura sp.) left, Nightshade (Solanum Xantii) right; Nightshade Family, many poisonous. 1968

B-8 POISONOUS PLANTS: California Buckeye, pollen, seeds poisonous, but Indians removed poison, ate the seeds, used poison to stupefly fish. 1968

B-9 POISONOUS PLANTS: Death Camas (Zigadenus Fremontii). Calif. Indians ate all Calif. bulbs but this; used, however, for rattlesnake remedy. 1968

B-10 POISONOUS GROUND ANTHROPODS: Scorpion, left, eating Dung Beetle, has severely poisonous sting, up. rt., lives under rocks, mainly nocturnal. 1968

B-11 POISONOUS GROUND ANTHROPODS: Velvet Ant, left; Centipede (42 legs) center; Tarantula, right. Mt. Baldy, Southern California, 4000 feet. 1968

B-12 POISONOUS INVERTEBRATES: Banana Slug (Ariolimax sp.) Slime foams up incredibly in predator's mouth. 1968

B-13 POISONOUS ANTHROPODS: Orb Weaver Spider (Argiope sp.), left, with wrapped up Carpenter Bee; right, detail of web; sticky tangential strands trap prey, radial are non-sticky. Markings like wasp warning coloration. 1968

B-14 POISONOUS INSECTS: Bees, wasps: Wasp-colored Bee, top, at gravel next on Yucca leaf; Yellow-Jackets: nest, left, drinking, right, on top of water. 1968

B-15 POISONOUS INSECTS: Monarch Butterfly Larva, Milkweed Bugs, both eat posionous Milkweed foliage, become poisonous in return, have warning colors. 1968

B-16 POISONOUS INSECTS: Monarch Butterflies, distasteful to birds, winter near Monterey, thousands sometimes on one Monterey Pine, come from far away. 1968

B-17 POISONOUS INSECTS: Pipe Vine Swallowtail larva, warning red spines, Pipe Vine leaves, pod. 1968

B-18 POISONOUS INSECTS: Tussock Moth Larva, left; Checkerspot larva, center, chrysalis, right. Both larvae have hairs, warning red. Tussock hairs detachable. 1968

B-19 POISONOUS INSECTS: Arcteid Moth on Deer Brush leaves, Northern California Strong warning colors. 1968

B-20 POISONOUS REPTILES: Gila Monster, taken in Arizona, extends into Southeast Calif.; strong warning coloration. Compare with B-19, 21. 1968

C-1 MIMETIC COLORS IN NON-POISONOUS INSECTS: Long-horn Beetles, Tragidion, right, imitates Tarantula Wasp (B-23); Alder Borez, left, has disruptive coloration. 1968

C-2 MIMICKING COLORS in NON-POISONOUS INSECTS: Scarab Beetle Family, compare June Beetle, left, with bee-imitating Scarab, center and right, from Northwest California Coast. 1968

C-3 POISONOUS BEE MODEL, NON-POISONOUS FLY MIMIC, left: Carpenter Bee, rt. four wings, Syrphid Fly-3. Both on Rabbit Brush, Sept., Mt. Baldy. 1968

C-4 POISONOUS HONEY-BEE MODEL, NON-POISONOUS HOVER FLY MIMIC, left: Also warning colors in Red Velvet Moths-all on Goldenrod, Oct., Mt. Baldy. 1968

C-5 MIMICKING SHAPES, BEHAVIOR: in Hairstreak Butterflies-hind wings marked, shaped like own heads. Hind wings move, invite attack, allow escape. 1968

C-6 MIMICKING COLORATION, NON-POISONOUS REPTILE: Bright Mt. King Snake resembles poisonous Coral Snake (Red by yellow, Kill fellow; Red by black, venom lack); Mt. Baldy, 4000' elevation, June. 1968

C-7 CAMOUFLAGING, WARNING COLORATION-POISONOUS REPTILE; Red Rattler. 1968

C-8 CAMOUFLAGING COLORS, REPTILES: Horned Lizard, camouflaged under Evening Primrose, left; under Popcorn Flower, protective spines, right. 1968

C-9 CAMOUFLAGING COLORATION, REPTILES: Granite-cheeked Whiptail Lizard, top, sand colored Desert Iguana, bottom herbivorous. 1968

C-10 CAMOUFLAGING COLORATION, INSECTS: Katydid on Spicebush Leaf, both with dicot venation. Photographed at rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden.

C-11 CAMOUFLAGING COLORATION, INSECTS: Short-horn Grasshoper Familt Markings resemble Feldspar, Mica, Hornblende Crystals of granite gravel. 1968

C-12 CAMOUFLAGING COLORATION, INSECTS: Phasmid Walking Stick, right, lived in tree-nest of young Shrike. Fledglings ate voraciously, though parents never saw Phasmid. 1968

C-13 CAMOUFLAGING COLORATION, INSECTS: Geometrid Moth Larvae (Inch Worms) on Scrub Oak, rt; on Deer Brush, center; on Coast Live Oak Pollen Flower, left. 1968

C-14 CAMOUFLAGING COLORATION, INSECTS: Lichen resemblance; Red Underwing Moth, lichen covered Canyon LiveOak bark, Oct., Inner hind wings RED. 1968

C-15 CAMOUFLAGING COLORATION in INSECTS: As C-14, Cinderella escape method used by Orangetip Butterfly, bright wings, left, can vanish instantly, rt. 1968

C-16 CAMOUFLAGING COLORATION in SPIDERS: Streamside Spider, top, long-bodied, long-leggec disappears next to twig, 1 rt., before approaching Beetle. 1968

C-17 CAMOUFLAGING COLORATION in SPIDERS: Yellow Crab Spider, left, resembles pollen Brodiaea, turns white in 5-10 days, on Azalea lower, right, eats Beefly. 1968

C-18 CAMOUFLAGING COLORATION in BIRDS: Comorants, 8 Oystercatchers, 3 Gulls, 1 Turnstone, far right, 1/2 way down rock; resting 2 Gulls, immature. 1968

C-19 CAMOUFLAGING COLORATIN, BIRDS: EGGS: Granite-color kildeer eggs, under parent on gravel have advantage over those in C-20. 1968

C-20 NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION: Sparrow Hawk, carried 1 baby, returns to Kildeer Nest for second baby, bottom center. 1968

D-1 PARASITISM IN INSECTS: 25 Braconid Wasp pupae on Buckwhear Caterpillar; cannot reach maturity. Cat. on dead log with 2-3 lichens, Mt. Baldy, 4000' elev. 1968

D-2 PARASITISM IN INSECTS: Hunting Wasp, cuts nerves, top, drags, digs, lays eggs, buries larva, but fly parasites eat it, bottom. 1968

D-3 PARASITISM IN PLANTS: Dwarf Mistletoe (Arceathobium), on hemlock, left, Lodgepole Pine, rt., porcupine marks. Fruits, L, explode seeds several feet.

D-4 PARASITISM IN PLANTS: Dodder (Cuscuta) on Indigo Bush, close-up at left. Palms to Pines Highway, 800 feet, south of Palm Desert, April. 1968

D-5 PARASITISM IN PLANTS: Pholisma plants, parasitic on Cheesebush, Colorado Desert, Southern California; May. 1968

D-6 SAPROPHYTISM IN PLANTS: Clump 4 Snowplants, fallen Poderosa Cone, needles, mt. Baldy, 6500 feet, June. 1968

D-7 SAPROPHYTISM IN PLANTS: Altho Wintergreen, left, has green leaves, others don't, resembling pinedrops, right, obtaining food from soil decay fungi as does Snowplant. 1968

D-8 SYMBIOSIS IN PLANTS: Mountain Heather, center; White Heather, rt., nourish Symbiotic Fungi in cortex of their roots, aid in uptake of minerals; Alpine Primrose, left. 1968

D-9 SYMBIOSIS IN PLANTS: Orchuds need symbiotic root fungi for proper seedling development; stream, Rein, Woodland Orchids, Coral-Root Pods, right. 1968

D-10 SYMBIOSIS IN PLANTS: Several Lichen species, mtn. rocks Lichens 1/2 Alga, which makes food, 1/2 Fungus, supplies shelter, water, minerals, both in one body. 1968

D-11 SYMBIOSIS IN PLANTS: White Alder Roots, lft., torn in flood, 1" diameter, coral-like root growths, formed with symbiotic root fungi above water table; Underwater willow Roots, right. 1968

D-12 SYMBIOSIS IN PLANTS: Symbiotic Roots Fungi under Canyon Live Oak can include Russula mushroom, shown rising thro leaf mold; Mt. Baldy, October, 4000'. 1968

D-13 SYMBIOSIS IN PLANTS: Nitrogen Bacteria Nodules in Clover Root (white bumps, center, left center). Pea Family plants (Legumes), increase nitrogen in soil. 1968

D-14 SYMBIOSIS IN ANIMALS: Termites, right, feed on wood, fungi decayed by bacteria, protozoans in termite intestinal tract. Carpenter Bee, left, bores in wood. 1968

D-15 SYMBIOSIS IN ANIMALS: Skippers, top, Satyr, bottom. Larvae eat Grass, probably have cellulose stomach fauna like termites. Meadow Butterfly at right. 1968

D-16 SYMBIOSIS IN INSECTS: Ants tend Aphids, left; tend scale insects, April, grow to 3/16" by July, right. Ants obtain nectar from both, return protection. 1968

D-17 COMMENSALISM IN ANIMALS: Giant Chiton on Kepp, left, underside with commensal Scale Worm, right, living in gill cavity, eats food there. 1968

D-18 PLANT-ANIMAL SYMBIOSIS IN WHIPPLE'S YUCCA: Full-bloom specimen, 15 feet high, Mt. Baldy, 6300 feet, Southern California: 6/15/61. 1961 June 15

D-19 PLANT-ANIMAL SYMBIOSIS IN WHIPPLE'S YUCCA: Yucca Moth in Blossom, left, pollen in mouth, abdomen in position for laying eggs in pistil base; sliced green pods, bottom, right; larva holes, dry pod, top. 1968

D-20 PLANT-ANIMAL SYMBIOSIS IN WHIPPLE'S YUCCA: Yucca Moth adults dead by late August when off-season Yucca bloomed, left, blossoms all dropping. One man-pollinated flower set fruit, right; 9/15/63, Mt. Baldy, 3000'. 1963 September 15

E-1 HOUSING, HUNTING PLANTS: Doug Fir; planks for houses, roots for baskets, branches for salmon-harpoon shaft, salmon dip-net pole; needles fir medicinal tea for lung troubles; Muir Woods, Marin County. 1968

E-2 N-CALIF. HUNTING PLANTS: Hazel: Stems straightened for arrow shafts (top with pollen flowers), nuts eaten. 1968

E-3 NORTHERN CALIFORNIA FIBER, BASKET PLANTS: Rope made from Iris leaves, baskets from Poison Oak stems. Took 6 weeks to make 12 feet of Iris rope. 1968

E-4 NORTHERN CALIFORNIA BASKET PLANTS: Beargrass or Squawgrass, blooms best after fires; Northwestern California. Used w/ 5 finger for black-white pattern. 1968

E-5 NORTHERN CALIFORNIA BASKET PLANTS: Five Finger Fern- Black strands used Bear Grass for black and white basket patterns. 1968

E-6 NORTHERN CALIFORNIA BASKET PLANTS: Vanilla Grass; fibrous leaves, sturdy stems used in basket making; Russian Gulch, Mendocino County. 1968

E-7 MID-SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BASKET PLANTS: Deer Grass, left, bound in sheafs by Squwbush or Poison Oak branchlets, coiled into basket. Rice Grass, center and Stipa, right, occur near but not used. 1968

E-8 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA FIBER PLANTS: Nolina (yucca relative) leaves used for fiber by Palm Springs area Indians. Mojave Yucca, rt., fibers on edge, w/ cucumber. 1968

E-9 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DRINK, COOK PLANTS: Barrel Cactus: topped, hollowed makes cooking pot, juice used, awls made from spines. 1968

E-10 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA FIBER, FOOD PLANTS: Mojave Yucca, main fiber source (E-8) for southwest Indians, also eaten (seeds removed). Climbing Cucumber, left huge roots eaten, righht, after many washings. 1969

E-11 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA FIBER, FOOD PLANTS: Mescal (Agave) young flower heads cooking in earth oven like giant asparagus. Seeds, leaves eaten. Leaf, stalk-fibers. 1968

E-12 FOOTHILL FOOD PLANTS: Soap plant: bulbs washing chores, fiber cover for bushes, bulbs roasted, eaten; crushed, stupefly fish in damned steams. 1968

E-13 WATERSIDE FOOD PLANTS: Tule potato (Arrowhead): tuberous roots roasted in earth oven. Untypical Monocot leaf, Soap plant bulb at right, has fibers also. 1968

E-14 HILL, DESERT FOOD PLANTS: Chia (an annual Sage): seeds harvested Central and Southern California, used for concentrated food source; flowers, left; seeds, right. 1968

E-15 COAST, FOOTHILL BERRY PLANTS: Common Elderberry, Monarch Butterfly, left, common, red Huckleberries, center, right, used mainly in Northwest California. 1968

E-16 FOREST BERRY PLANTS: Normal Gooseberry, left; spineless Gooseberry of high mountains center, typical Currants, leaf, right; October. 1968

E-17 CHAPARRAL AND LIVEOAK FOREST FRUITS: Calif. Laurel fruits, left; seeds roasted, leached; Chaparral Cherries eaten; Sugarbush, right, used in drink. 1968

E-18 CALIFORNIA EDIBLE NUTS: Goatnut, lower right, very nutritious, desert shurb; Native Walnut, left; Hazelnut, top center; Screwbean Mesquite, top right; Buckeye seeds, bottom. 1968

E-19 MEDICINAL PLANTS: Coffee Berry, top, bark-laxative. Turkey Mullein leaves med. 1968

E-20 MEDICINAL PLANTS: Flannel Bush (fremontodendron) sore throat remedy; flower left, has stamens in column, Young Horned Owl in shrub, right. 1968

F-1 CALIFORNIA CLIMATE: Physiography is key to rainfall, humidity, temperature variation. 1968

F-2 WINTER TULE FOG: advances west from Great Valley, over Mt. Tamalpais towards Pacific. 12/22/62 looking north toward Tomales Bay, Marin County. 1968

F-3 SPRING COASTAL WINDS: Lodgepole Pines, Mt. Spring, 8000', branches bent away. 1968

F-4 SPRING DESERT WINDS: April-May Santa Ana Winds kill branch buds in Big Cone Doug Fir, left, resembles Oak; Santa Ana Mts. Right: tree is 54 years old. 1968

F-5 SPRING, SUMMER DROUGHT: Driest year of century, So. Calif. '60-'61; shown in needle, shoot length Doug Fir seedling; '62 grth, rt., '61, left of center; '59, '60 left. 1962 May

F-6 SPRING, SUMMER DROUGHT: Driest year in century, So. Calif., '60-'61; 70 days of 60MPH Santa Ana Winds, and only 7 inches rain, mainly in November, kill 6 inch high, wind and soil dwarfed chamise, 3 miles south F-4. 1962 January

F-7 SPRING, SUMMER DROUGHT: Driest year of Century, So. Calif. '60-'61; 70 days of 60 MPH Santa Ana Winds; kill most White Firs below 5500', San Bernardino Mts. 1962 June

F-8 SPRING, SUMMER DROUGHT: Driest year of Century, So. Calif., '60-'61; Coulter Pines dead, 3/61, left; All dead, right, 6 months later; Beetles secondary cause. 1968

F-9 SUMMER THUNDERSTORM, HAIL DAMAGE: Calif. Fuchsia blossoms fallen from storm, 8/11/65, flash flood passed by 10' deep, 100' away; Mt. Baldy, 7500'. 1968

F-10 FALL, WINTER NORTH WINDS: Warm, dry Santa Ana Winds blow into LA Basin from Mojave Desert, seen from air over Mira Loma sand dunes n. Santa Ana Mts. 1968

F-11 WINTER ICE, LAKES; PONDS: Geese, top, melt hole for night protection; Coots, bot. 1968

F-12 WINTER SNOW, RED FIR FOREST: Boreal Ridge, nr. VIII-10 picture, Donner Summit, 7400', north Sierra, Feb. 1962. Note drifts, wind effects, upper left. 1968

F-13 WINTER ICESTORM: Upper Yellow Pine Forest, Jeffrey Pine, White Fir, 7500' on Mt. Baldy in March; Fir is 40 feet high. 1968

F-14 WINTER SNOW AVALANCHE: Late spring remnant of March avalanche, torn foliage, lower left. Mt. Baldy, 7000' elevation. 1968

F-15 WINTER SNOW AVALANCHE: Avalanche-broken White Firs, left; White Alders, right. Fir damage from F-14 Avalanche, 3/67; NW face Mt. Baldy 7300 feet; Alders, April 1965 on east ridge at 6800 feet elevation. 1968

F-16 SNOW-LESS WINTER FROST: 3' high Lodgepole seedlings, mid-foreground, frozen in winter '62-'63; first snow 3/63: parent tress frost hardy, snow keeps seedlings warm if present; Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains. 1968

F-17 SPRING TIME STORM: Frost damage late 5/62, freezing fog, 7000-8000' So. Calif. Mts. Yucca stalk flower, left, killed; Jeffrey Pine needles, rt. showed brown tips, July. 1968

F-18 WINTER CHILLING REQUIREMENTS: Deciduous plants: Redbud needs winter cold to bloom, Buckeye needs winter cold to leaf out. 1968

F-19 WINTER CHILLING REQUIREMENTS: Deciduous plants: Same picture as F-18, June, Buckeye in bloom, Vaca Mountains. 1968

F-20 FOUR-SEASONS MAPLE, AUTUMN: Big-leaf Maple, Whipple's Yucca, Mid-November. 1968

G-1 ANIMAL TRACKS IN SNOW under FOUR-SEASONS MAPLE: (F-21) Coyote, Gray Squirrel, both coming towards us. (note heel notches on coyote track). March. 1968

G-2 ANIMAL TRACKS, DRIED MUD: Raccoon, Small Deer, Small Cat; Nov., Pt. Lobos. 1968

G-3 ANIMAL TRACKS, DUNE SAND: Sidewinder, left, Hind-leg-running Lizard, tail down, lame Beetle, (one foot missing). Left 2 moving up photos. 1968

G-4 CRATERS, BURROWS IN SAND: Ant Lion Larva, left, lives 1" in ant-trap crater; crater entrance to desert ant burrow, center; Sagebrush belt and burrow, right, cut Pinyon Needles, probably Harvester Ants. 1968

G-5 UNDERGROUNF TUNNELS in GRASSLAND SOIL: Pocket Gopher excavation mounds indicate course of subway system, Dec. Mt. Tamalpais, 2000', Mt. Diablo in distance. 1968

G-6 SEASHORE BURROW HOUSES: Portable burrow, left made of old turban snail shell by Hermit Crab, other crab shell in claw. Burrowing clams, rt., grind in rock. 1968

G-7 FOOD STORAGE BURROWS: Acorn Woodpecker, lft., storing acorns, sharp end first, in pecked trunk; old holes, Doug Fir Bark, rt. Acorn insects then eaten. 1968

G-8 KELLOGG OAK NEST HOLE, used for WINTER FOOD STORAGE: Calif. Acorn Woodpecker male flies down, left, dips in, cent, joined by second male, right. 1969

G-9 JOSHUA TREE OWL BURROW: in old trunk, rt., another Joshua trunk, left, rubbed, scraped, by Desert Nig Horn Ram, Joshua Tree National Monument. 1968

G-10 PACK RAT CACTUS BURROWS: Engelmann Cholla, left, eaten out from inside by Neotoma, right. Colorado Desert, southeastern California. (Pack Rats). 1968

G-11 TERMITE CACTUS HOUSES: Mud-coated at night, Needle Cactus Stems then eaten from within; December. Rat nests often lined with these cactus spines. 1968

G-12 OAK GALL WASP HOUSE: Scrub Oak apple, left, on twigs; pollen flowers, May, right. Tiny wasp stings stem to form house, lays eggs to hatch inside, eat as house grows. Different wasp species produce different house with their sting. 1968

G-13 OAK GALL WASP HOUSE: Canyon Live Oak twig gall, top, broken open, right, to show central larval compartment, connecting strands to papery covering. 1968

G-14 HUMMINGBIRD HOUSES: Costa females at nests, setting, pollen on throat; feeding 2, bottom, showing camouflaged nest, dead Desert Lavender shrub. 1968

G-15 FLOATING NEST HOUSES: Eared Grebe nest, covered while mother away, left, uncovered when photographer surprised her. Gray Lodge Waterfowl Refuge. 1968

G-16 ANCIENT RAT NEST HOUSE: Desert Pack Rat house perhaps 10,000 yrs. old by carbon dating. Plant remains in droppings indicate wetter climate then, 4000', Joshua Tree National Monument. 1968

G-17 YUCCA WOOD-RAT HOUSE: in basal water, old stalk, left, cut chaparral plants by entry: Redberry, twigs, leaves, man-root shoots, Mt. Baldy 4200 feet. 1968

G-18 CATTAIL MUSKRAT HOUSE: Muskrat, left, often builds large houses in Great Valley water courses. Not mative west of Sierra, introduced by man. 1968

G-19 SPITTLEBUG BUBBLE HOUSE: Homoptera: not true bug, Aphid relative hides in bubblebath of its own making, sucks plant juices, bubbles blown away, right. 1968

G-20 MOTH LARVA TENT HOUSE: Calif. Tent Caterpillars on Coast Live Oak, convex shiny leaf, left. Caterpillars have irritating hairs, disappear into web. Mt. Diablo. 1968

H-1 BARK-BEETLE TRAILS, PREDATORS: left in Doug Fir limb among bark-beetle larva casts. Trails at right under Incense Cedar Bark; both Mt. Baldy. 1968

H-2 PERCHING-BIRD FOOT TYPE: 3 toes forward, one toe back; Chickadee nest in bark-less trunk, parent feeding fledging, nest in dead conifer wood. 1968

H-3 WOODPECKER FOOT TYPE: Twos toes forward, two back. Red-breasted Sapsucker. 1968

H-4 BIRD OF PREY FOOT TYPE: Grasping talons, thickened toes. White-tailed Kite at nest in Riparian Tree, Sacramento River Delta, May 1962. 1968

H-4.5 SWIMMING BIRDS, WEDDBED FOOT TYPES: Cormorant, Gull, Duck, Western Grebe. 1968

H-5 WADING BIRD LEGS, BEAK: Black-necked Stilt, Honey Lake Refuge, NE Calif. 1968

H-6 FLY-CATCHING BEAK, USELESSLY CROSSED: left, center. Ash-throated Fly-catcher survives anyway, wading in beaver pond to suck in trapped insects on water surface; August, 6000 feet. (Same food niche as Water Strider, II-17, 18). 1968

H-7 FRONT LIMBS OD BIRD: Young White-Throated Swift, left, can't quite fly. Cliff Swallows, right, come back annually to San Juan Capistrano Mission. 1968

H-8 FRONT LIMBS OF BAT: showing 5th, 4th, 3rd, 2nd fingers, thumb, at 12 o'clock, 2, 3, 3; 15, 5:30 respectively around palm, right center. Note elbow below Douglas Fir needle. See S-1 for thumb, ears, etc. (Bats-Chiroptera-hand-wing). 1968

H-9 FRONT LIMBS OF MOLE: Compare with Bat, H-8, and seal, H-10. Leverage for rowing through soil similar to short arm of seal for sculling water. Moles are entirely carnivorous, eat earth-worms, soil insects, die quickly with no food. 1968

H-10 FRONT LIMBS OF SEAL: Compare with Mole, H-9. relatively short arms gives good leverage in skulling type of use in water. Harbor seal killed by fisherman. 1968

H-11 RODENT FRONT, HIND LIMBS: Hand-like front feet, top; jumping hind feet, Kangaroo Rat. (Compare with H-12, 13). Many rodents have only four toes on front feet. 1968

H-12 LIZARD FRONT, HIND LIMBS: Hand-like front feet, jumping hind feet, Collared Lizard, Arizona. Most Calif. forms browner, but some Low Desert ones blueish. 1968

H-13 FROG FRONT, HIND LIMBS: Compare center Tree Frogs limbs with Collared Lizard, H-12. Jumping hind legs are more of body weight, her. Note suction cups, right, 3 color phases. 1968

H-14 PART, ALL-ABORTED LIMBS: Alligator Lizard, right, more snake-like than most. Defends self by biting own tail, cannot then be swallowed; or bites snake, left. 1968

H-15 DISPENSABLE LIMBS: Monarch Butterfly Life Cycle: Egg. left, larva hanging up for Chrysalis formation, center, right, 1/2 finished, 16 legs about to vanish. 1968

H-16 DISPENSABLE LIMBS: Monarch Butterfly Life Cycle: 16 larval eggs gone, Chrysalis instead. Note how larval skin shrinks up leaving green chrysalis underwear. 1968

H-17 DISPENSABLE LIMBS: Monarch Butterfly, Chrysalis turns clear before emergence. Has 4 legs now. (two are aborted in Brush-footed Butterfly Family). 1968

H-18 DISPENSABLE LIMBS: Saturnid Moth, 6 legs. Cocoon is overcoat, Chrysalis under wear. (h-16). Most adult insects have 6 functional legs. 1968

H-19 DISPENSABLE SPINES: Polyphemus Moth, relative of H-18 Moth, perches on young Canyon Live Oak spiny leaves. Most mature leaves above deer-browse level are smooth (V-13). Mt. Baldy, 4000'. turned upside down, moth looks like owl. 1968

H-20 BARBERRY LEAF-SPINES: Despite discomfort, deer browse spiny leaves, though prefer spineless, if available. Mating Crane-flies, feed on fungi. 1968

i-1 BEAVERTAIL, PRICKLY-PEAR: type Cacti, Beavertail flower, left, mainly spineless stem-pads; Prickly-pear type, right, edible fruits, spiny stem-pads. 1968

i-2 FISHHOOK CACTUS, CATCLAW: Mammillaria, left, with fishhook spines. Desert Catclaw, Acacia Greggii, right, catches clothes, called 'Wait-A-Minute-Bush.' 1968

i-3 PRICKLY POPPY, THISTLE SAGE: Desert plants choose spiny defenses, have spineless coastal cousins. (poppy, N-1; sage, N-16). Antelopes once grazed here. 1968

i-4 SMOKETREE, SPINY SEEDLING: Pea Family Desert Wash Plant, year old seedling right, defensive spines, compound juvenile leaves, root perhaps 6-10 feet down. 1968

i-5 OCATILLO, SPINE FORMATION: Fresh growing stem, mid, upper rt., primary leaves about to drop, petioles forming spines, bot., rt. Secondary leaves at spine bases, take over photosynthesis chores (Buckthorn spines similar, M-14). 1968

i-6 FAN PALM THORNS, FIBERS: Leaf0base thorns, left; fan leaves, straight veins, leaf-fiber oriole nest, center; leaf-tip fibers, right; Southeastern California. 1968

i-7 CHINQUAPIN, TANBARK OAK, Castanopsis spiny acorns, top, probably evolved for protection. Tan Oak, bottom; 7,000 feet, Northern California. 1969

i-8 OLD MAN'S BEARD LICHEN, top, Prickly Pear pad-skeleton on ground, bottom, reticulare patterns, from very different sources (lichen, K-14, cactus, i-1). 1968

i-9 DESERT CANDLE: 4 petal Mustard Family desert plant, inflated stem-dispersal. 1968

i-10 DESERT TRUMPET: inflated Buckwheat, ste swollen below branch nodes, often with insects living inside. Inflations may aid dispersal (See IX-17). 1968

i-11 ICE PLANT: Many petalled flowers, left; close-up ant, center; extreme close-up right, of water-sensitive fruit pods, crystal-coating giving name. 1968

i-12 WOODLAND STAR, WALLFLOWER: growing under Canyon Live Oak, May-June, Mt. Baldy, 4000', Wallflower pods below flowers, long. 4 petals fall off at base pod. 1968

i-13 DUTCHMAN'S PIPE: Flower, right, is partial insect trap (note shadow of Mosquito), smells like carrion, used flies, etc. for pollination. Leaves, Pipe-Vine Swallowtail Chrysalis, left photo. (Swallowtail restricted to this food-plant). 1968

i-14 TIGER LILY, POLLINATION BY TIGER SWALLOWTAIL: Carrying pollen on hind wings (Note brown pollen streak). Hummingbirds less frequent visitors; Mt. Baldy. 1968

i-15 HENS AND CHICKENS: Family: relatives of this Catalina I. Stonecrop (Dudleya Hessii) with similar leaf-clumps, multiply new plants around parent. 1968

i-16 COYOTE MELON, CALABAZILLA: Flower, young fruit of this desert gourd, left; ripening melon, right; fruit, root, leaves used for soap, medicine by Indians. 1968

i-17 DESERT BIRD CAGE PLANT: recurved fruiting stalks, center, of white, dune Evening Primrose, left, flowers designed for long-tongues Sphinx Moth. 1968

i-18 MONKEY FLOWERS: 1000, 4000, 8000'; desert, chaparral, alpine meadows. All Mimulus have movable stigmas (pistil tops) to receive incoming pollen. 1968

i-19 CHINESE HOUSES, OWL CLOVER, ELEPHANT SNOUTS: right, all members Snapdragon Family. Woodland, Grassland, Mountain meadow habitats, respectively 2000, 1000, 10000, feet elevation. 1968

J-1 PINE POLLEN ON GLACIER: Mt. Lyell, 13,000'. A sign of recent earth-life, this pollen is part of an immense journey as old as galaxies and gas clouds it resembles. Heavy elements on earth probably made in much older star than sun, 10 Bil. B.C. 1968

J-2 WORLD'S BEST TIME MUSEUM: Grand Canyon of Colorado, Arizona goes from 2 billion B.C. at bottom here, to 200 million B.C. at top (J-11). Permian deposits. 1968

J-3 TWO INTERTIDAL ALGAE: Feather Boa Kelp, Sea Lettuce, symbolize invention of photosynthesis, 2-3 billion B.C. Atmosphere poisonous until plants supply O2. 1968

J-4 TWO JELLYFISH SPECIES: No. Cal., So. Cal.; fossil forms claimed near bottom of Grand Canyon, 1.5 billion years. Rock-forming algae like J-5, also 1.5 Bil. age. 1968

J-5 ARMORED MOLLUSCSS, ALGAE: symbolize calcareous hard parts like to be preserved in first main fossil assemblages, Cambrian Deposits near bottom of Grand Canyon, 500 million B.C. (See J-6). No large fossil deposits before Cambrian. 1968

J-5.5 MAIN BEGINNING FOSSIL RECORD: rim of inner gorge of Grand Canyon, Cambrian Tapeats Formation. 1968

J-6 EARLY FOSSIL TYPES: living Brachiopod Lingula, left, solitary corals, right; descended from forms in Cambrian, Ordovician strata near bottom Grand Canyon 400-500 million B.C. (Brachiopods were very common in Paleozoic, but most died out). 1968

J-7 ORIGIN OF ECHINODERMS: This seems to have taken place during Cambrian, including such present day diversity as sea cucumbers, left, urchins, bottom, starfish, and sand dollars (I-22), parts often in 5's. (many fossil forms died out). 1968

J-8 ORIGIN OF CHORDATES: may have been in Cambrian, oldest fish were Ordivician 400 million B.C. Many animal Tunicate Colony, cent, made by free-swimming nerve-chord larvae, descended from pre-fish ancestry, remains much more primitive. 1968

J-9 EARLY FISH TYPES: sharks, bottom, salmon, upper right; pectoral, ventral fins same anatomical position as amphibian limbs. Striped Bass, upper left, has ventral fins under chest, typical of modern bony fish (fins evolved forward). 1968

J-10 ROUGH-SKINNED NEWT: Untypical of first amphibians in skin, terrestrial habits, but still illustrates transitional form between fish, reptiles. 1968

J-11 NEARING GRAND CANYON RIM: Carboniferous, foreground, Perimianm white beds on top across way, 200 million B.C., beginning of age of dinosaurs, seed plants. 1968

J-12 AGE OF DINOSAURS: Plesiosaurs like this specimen at L.A. Co. Museum illustrate potential dinosaur size as well as re-adaptation to full aquatic life. Compare seal front limb (H-10). CAught fish in fresh water and open ocean. 1968

J-13 FOSSIL REDWOODS: Petrified Forest, Calistoga. Smaller seed plants preceded Conifers, but more drought-resistant forms colonized uplands 180 million, B.C. 1968

J-14 CONIFER WIND POLLINATION: Bishop Pine, pollen cones: way in which conifers colonized dry places. Wet-land spore plants need water for swimming sperms, but pollen has self-enclosed swim-tube that grows into seed, need no water at pollination time. 1968

J-15 FLOWERS: EDIBLE POLLEN: Increased genetic communication over J-14 by insect me messenger service. California Bay, primitive Dicot Flowering treeflowers in shade.

J-16 FLOWERING PLANTS: by edible fruits, seeds, leaves, expanded development of Birds, Mammals, Social Insects, 80 million B.C., 2 groups: Monocots (Iris, left) 1 seed leaf, one-way veins; dicots (Alder, right) 2 seedling leaves, Net Veins (J-15). 1968

J-17 FALL COLORS, WILD GRAPE: Frost susceptible. Broadleaf Flowering Dicots colonize cold climates, losing leavesin winter; chlorophyll disappears, shows background leaf pigment (5-6 conifer speices are deciduous also, like Dawn Redwood). 1968

J-18 REVERSION TO WILD POLLEN: Deciduous flowering (Big-Leaf) Maple retains insect pollination, Northern Pacific cool Rainforest Belt (Bumblebee on flowers, right). But most maples petal-less, use wind pollen (J-19), as Ca. Box Elder; Sugar Maple. 1968

J-19 NON FLOWERING MAPLE: California Box Elder illustrates how separate male and female flower head for wind-pollination evolve from complete petal-flowers. 1968

J-20 REVERSION TO WIND POLLEN: White Alder, male wind flowers, left; female cone fruits, right. 1968

K-0 BROWN ALGAE, KELPS: Bull Kelp, other algae on holdfast; Feather Boa, low left. 1968

K-1/2 BROWN ALGAE, ROCKWEEDS: Centerwith baby Bull kelp; Surfgrass, Feather Boa, bottom. 1968

K-1 BROWN ALGAE (KELPS): Searsucker, left; unidentified Kelp, left center, attached by holdfast to tiny oyster (algae have no roots); water worn Bishop Pine Cone, giant Kelp float; giant Kelp in water, right. (S-21 also). Bull Kelp, Sea Palm (I-4). Sea Quill, far left (Alaria). 1968

K-2 RED BROWN ALGAE (6 spp.): Laminaria, red sheet, top; Desmarestis, Iridaea, Corallina, center; Sea Fan, bottom. (Desm. yellowish, eats self up with own acid). 1968

K-3 GREEN ALGAE, LICHENS: internally identified as a Green Alga, this red plant occurs on coastal bluffs, shaded rocks, branches, on Beach Pine; Mendocino. 1968

K-5 JELLY FUNGUS, MUSHROOMS: Tremella mesenterica, marasmius sp. on dead trunk, Northern California; April NE of Vallejo. Both are decaying wood fungi. 1968

K-6 PORE FUNGI (POLYPORALES): Boletus chrysenteron? So. Calif.; April, 2500 feet. Some pore pungi resemble ordinary gill mushrooms (K-9), with stem (stipe) and top (pileus), but spore tubes underneath, left, show it to be a Polypore. 1968

K-7 PORE FUNGI (POLYRALES): Chicken Mushroom (Polyporus sulphureus), soft edges edible; on decaying Big Cone Doug Fir log, Mt. Baldy, 4000', So. Calif. 10/63. Many pore fungi are shelves, very important in the decay cycle of wood (IV-15). 1968

K-8 GILL FUNGI (AGARICALES): Milk Cap (lactarius scrobiculatus), left, typical gill mushroom cap, stem; Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus sapidus), right, less frequent shelf-type Aspen trunk. Relatively few Gill Fungi form shelves. 1968

K-9 GILL FUNGI (AGARICALES): Unidentified Mushroom, top; Agaricus, lower left, note ring: Russula, right. Gills bear spores, make beautiful prints on paper. 1968

K-10 MUSHROOMS. AUTUMN LEAVES: Psathyrella sp., Big Leaf Maple, White Alder leaves, near F-20, 10/63, Mt. Baldy, Southern California; 4000' elevation. 1968

K-11 LEAF-MOLD MUSHROOMS, right: (Xeromphalina campanella). Stages in decay of bay leaf: leaf-miner insect tracks, left; several month dead bay leaf, right. (See J-15, II-18) Other leaf-mold mushrooms, some symbiotic: K-10, 13; D-12. 1968

K-12 INKY CAP MUSHROOMS: Ceprinus spp. disperse spores by entire cap liquifying self intoinky mass. Shaggy manes, several other inky caps edible. 1968

K-13 MUSHROOMS: Tooth fungus, left (Hydnum) over Red Russula cap (many Russula spp. mycorrhizal, see D-12). Lactarius deliciosus center; Panther fungus, rt., poisonous. 1968

K-14 LICHENS, CLUB MOSS, right: Old Man's Beard Lichen (Ramelida reticulata), Cladonia sp. top center; Caloplaca elegans, orange; Selaginella, sp. right. 1968

K-15 FERN LIFE CYCLE: Young Calif. Polypody growing out of liverwort-like marriage plant (hidden in moss, see IV-14, K-20, left); Russian Gulch State Park. 1968

K-16 FERN LIFE CYCLE: Developing California Polypody fronds, Red Alder trunk. 1968

K-17 FERN LIFE CYCLE: Mature Calif. Polypody fronds, topside, rt; underside, left, showing spore-spot (sori, spore-stalk clusters, 64 spores per stalk, thousands of sorus, millions per fern). Spores differ from seeds by carrying no stored food. 1968

K-18 FERN LIFE CYCLE: Most Calif. ferns deciduous. Calif. Polypody often with spores shed, fronds dead, by May, as these growing on Red Alder trunk, Russian Gulch. 1968

K-19 BRACKEN: Unfurling frond, rightm grows 2-5 feet high by August, forms spore spots in continuous rows around outside of upper frond margins, Northern California Coast. Bracken probably most widely distributed fern in world. 1968

K-20 GOLD-BACK FERN, MOSSES: Spore stalks, golden spores, cover back of fern when ripe, making beautiful spore print on black paper. Liverworts, fern marriage plants, left (Fern marriage plants resemble Liverwort leaves, IV-14). 1968

L-0 YELLOW PINE REPRODUCTIONl Ponderosa pollen cones, young and adult seed cones, Jeffrey larger. 1968

L-1 COAST REDWOOD FOLIAGE: Seed Cone, left, 3/4' cone, needle-like leaves; GIANT SEQUOIA, right 2 1/2" cone, scale-like foliage (derivable from first type of leaf reduction). Cst. Redwood cone matures in 1 year, Giant Sequoia cone in 2 years. 1968

L-2 GIANT SEQUOIA GENERAL GRANT TREE: One of the largest trees in the world; Sequoia National Park, Central Ca., 6000' elev., (largest is Gen. Sherman, 34' diameter). 1968 November

L-3 GIANT SEQUOIA (REDWOOD FAMILY): young tree, old trunks; Sequoia Nat'l Park. 1968

L-4 LAWSON CYPRESS, FOLIAGE: cones, left, compared with those of Giant Cedar, right, both N. Coast Conifers. Lawson: x-marks under leaves; Cedar has marks, rt. 1968

L-5 CYPRESSES. CYPRESS FAMILY: Pygmy Cypress, branches, cones, Pygmy Forest; Sargent Cypress NW Calif., close-up 1" female cones, next years pollen cones. 1968

L-6 SITKA SPRUCE, PINE FAMILY: 3 types of branch shoots: pollen cone, lower right, seed cones, upper left; new leaves, upper right; Northern Coast, 1968

L-7 MT. HEMLOCK PINE FAMILY: Foliage, cones, L-16. Young trees to 40' high, bend beneath snow every winter, emerge in June. Late June '63,900', Mammoth Mtn. 1968

L-8 RED, WHITE FIRS, PINE FAMILY: True firs have upright seed cones, other Calif. Pine family tress have pendant cones; Sierra, 8000', 6000' elev. respectively. 1968

L-9 RED, GRAND FIRS, PINE FAMILY: True firs seed cones shatter on tree, cone spindle remains; High Sierra, top (Red Fir); Mendocino Coast, bottom-Grand Fir. 1968

L-10 WHITE FIRS PINE FAMILY: Brand new seedlings 8 weeks old, left; 6 year old young white firs, right, dry eastern side Mt. San Jacinto, So. California, 8000' elevation, March. Seedlings with 6-8 cotyledons: June. 1968

L-11 PINE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE: Big Cone Douglas fir: small red-brown pollen cones, larger young female cones (yellowish), left, before freezing; right, after freezing: 3/67 Mt. Baldy 5000 feet, Southern California. 1967 March

L-12 PINE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE: Big Cone Doug Fir: pollen-cones, pollen on snow, left, March; last year's fallen female cone, shut by moisture, winged-seeds, right. 1968

L-13 PINE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE: Big Cone Doug Fir: Unopened Cone, 2 frozen sisters, left, August; Seedlings, older with 6" root, late April. Younger w/ seed cover, top. 1968

L-14 PINE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE: Big Cone Doug Fir: seed cone, upper left: pollen cone, lower left; seedlings, with seed, broken-wing, center; insect eaten seed, compete with, right; April, Mt. Baldy, 4000' elevation. 1968

L-15 WHITE PINES: SUGAR PINE: 1 year female cones, left, March; 3" long; 17 month female cones, rt, 12-15' long (L-16, A-12). Pines, G. Sequoia take 2 yrs. mature seeds. 1968

L-16 SUBALPINE PINES, HEMLOCK: compared to Sugar Pine cones, 12" left: Mt. Pine, 6" cone, 5 needle; Whitebark Pine 3" cones, 5 needle; Lodgepole Pine, 2-3" cones, 2 needle; Mt. Hemlock, 1" needle, right; 5 needles are White Pines. 1968

L-17 YELLOW PINES: JEFFREY PINE: Famous Sentinel Dome tree, Yosemite, October, 800'; 3 needle per bundle, 5-6" cone (D-7 lower right). Close relative Ponderosa Pine, 3-4" cone (D-6), needs 50% more rainfall, grows in floor of valley, (VIII-1-6). 1968

L-18 YELLOW PINES: DIGGER PINE: pollen cones, young needles (not split in 3 yet) left; 2 yr. old seed cones, 5x7" right yellow clumps of dwarf mistletoe. One of most heat resistant pines in world, 1000' elev., temperatures may reach 120 degrees. 1968

L-19 CLOSED-CONE PINESS: (Yellow pines w/ cones remain shut after seeds mature): Monterey Pine, Guadalupe Isl., Mexico, 250 mi. so. San Diego, 2 needle form, not 3. 1968

M-1 LILY FAMILY: 3, 6 petals: Mariposa Lilies left hairy petals, Sierra Foothills; C. Venustus, right, foot hills to 4500'. Note dark petalglands behind stamens. 1968

M-2 AMARYLLIS FAMILY: UMBEL type flower heads, Brodiaea spp. B. IdaMaia (hummingbird flowers), left; B. laxa (Ithuriel's Spear, Pipe vine Swallowtail pollinated, rt. Edge of Great Valley. 1968

M-3 AGAVE FAMILY- Desert Agave (Century Plant) blooms but once, left; dies except seeds and root (root, however, makes new plants at side giving colony effect). 1968

M-4 ARUM LILY FAM: SKUNK CABBAGE (Calla Lily-type flower heads, leaf, spathes) Skunk Cabbage grows in North Coast Forest swamps, springs; April. 1968

M-5 GRASS FAMILY: (stems with joints): Elymus? left; Agrostis? Phalaris? left center; Rattlesnake Grass (Briza maxima), detachable wind-boats right; Mendocino. 1968

M-6 BUTTERCUP FAMILY: Mt. Buttercup, left, blooms under melting snow, Mt. San Gorgonia, 9000"; July. Clematis, right: sepals serve as petals. Evolutionary series from petal-flowers to non-petal wind flowers in this family resulted in Rue. 1968

M-7 MUSTARD FAMILY: 4 petals (0-2), pods with dividing membrane: Wallflower, left; Spectacle Pod; Pepper Grass, right, center; Fringe Pod, right. Petals fall from pod base (see M-16). Six stamens, two shorter, making cross-shape (0-2). 1968

M-8 CAPER FAMILY: 4 petals, 6 -many equal stamens (Mustard's 6 stamens, 2 shorter than others); Bladderpod (Desert shrub) flowers, left; inflated pods, right. 1968

M-9 FOUR O'CLOCK FAMILY: Sand Verbena. Like Clematis, sepals serve as petals, but here also make nectar tubes, left. Flowers in heads with involucral bracts. Sphinx larva, right; Desert. Adult moth pollinates flowers, as do daytime insects. 1968

M-11 MALLOW FAMILY: 5 petals, stamens in column around pistils; Lavatera, left, Channel Is.; Rose Mallow, center, meadows; Apricot Mallow, right, deserts. borders. 1968

M-12 GERANIUM FAMILY: Filaree flowers, low. left; fruits, upper left, 5 pistil tops joined about central stalk, curl, drill in soil by water changes. Mountain Geranium, right; High Sierra, 8000 ft. Stamens mostly 5. Compare with Mallow Family. 1968

M-13 CALTROPS FAMILY: 5 petals, 10 stamens; Creosote Bush, fuzzy fruits, left; gall midge house, right, next to inch-worm. Roots irritate skin, leaves are medicinal. 1968

M-14 BUCKTHORN FAMILY: Blue-flowered Ceanothus spp.; tiny flowers, petals, stamens in dense head. pollinated by Bumblebees, smaller insects. Thorns, right. 1968

M-15 TRUE PRIMROSE FAMILY: Flowers in umbels; Shooting Star, 3-10 flowers per head; Wallflowers, Buttercups. (Mt. Primrose, D-8, Umbel Families: M-2, 21, 22; N-18). 1968

M-16 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY: Summer's Darling, left (Clarkia amoena), fruit pods below flower; Willow Herb, center fruit pod-flower stem; Firewood, rt. Also i-21, N-10. 1968

M-17 GILIA FAMILY: 5 petals, 5 stamens, symmetrical tube flowers; Scarlet Gilia, left; Mojave Bush Gilia, center; Woodland Gilia right, long tongue Bee-flies. 1968

M-18 PHACELIA FAMILY: 2 sp: P. Campanularia (Calif. Bluebell) left, right; P. cicutaria hispida, center. (Hairy Phacelia): Note one-sided fiddle-neck flower stems, 2 split pistil tops; So. California. Fruit one, not in 4 nutlets like M-19. 1968

M-19 FIDDLENECK FAMILY: As M-18 symmet. tube flowers, 5 petals, 5 stamens, 1 side curled flower stems; But Hound Tongue , Forget-Me-Not, left, cent, inlike Pacelias have 4 nutlets, lack 2 split style. Common Fiddleneck (Amsinckia), right. 1968

M-20 BIGNONIA FAMILY: 5 petals, lop-sided tube flowers, pea-like pods: Desert Willow (Chilopsis), flowers, young pods, left; Old pods, right, late summer (seeds O-3), Entire plant and habitat shown in X-15, grasshopper on sand beneath, C-11. 1968

N-1 POLLEN FLOWER, NO NECTAR: Matilija Poppy, top, 6 petals; Calif =. Poppies, bottom: Bumble, Honeybees with pollen on legs, 4 petals. Pollen flowers were first type. 1968

N-2 PEA FAMILY: NECTAR, ADDED special flower construction explodes pollen on Bee abdomen when sits down for nectar, left, pollen then scraped onto legs. Pod development, right. Key to flower structure is evolution as insect, bird lunch counters. 1968

N-3 PEA FAMILY: RED ADDED, insects see blue, yellow; Development of pure red flowers, Scarlett Locoweed, center, long nectar tubes, usually adaptation for hummingbirds. Locoweed, balloon pods, right. Tube-effect, but petals not fused. 1968

N-4 HUMMINGBIRD FLOWERS: Many families: Maritime Lily, Scarlet Fritillary, Campion, Chaparral pink-flowered Currant with Rufous Hummingbird; Galvetia, Catalina Island, right. First 3 achieve nectar tubes without fused petals in last 2. 1968

N-5 HUMMINGBIRD GOOSEBERRY: Ribes speciosum, Fuchsia-flowered G.berry, close-up left, showing long stamens which dust hummingbird forehead; same on right, Apr. 1968

N-6 SPUR-PETAL NECTAR TUBES: Desert Larkspur, left, wasp-colored green fly pollinator; Scarlet Larkspur, right, Anna's Hummingbird pollinator, longer spur, red, Buttercup Family; May, August. Insects see mainly blue, yellow, not red. 1968

N-7 SPUR-PETAL NECTAR TUBES: Larkspur, left, one spur per flower; Columbine, rt., 5 spurs/fower; But each has 5 separate petals; more highly-evolved flowers have fused-petal nectar tubes (N-10-19; M-16,21,23; i-16-19,22,23,5). 1968

N-8 SPUR-PETAL NECTAR TUBES COLUMBINE HYBRIDS: High mountain Columbine, center combines reddish spurs of hummingbird species, left, with long spurs of Alpine-Sphinx Moth species, right. Hybrid is much closer to mtn. form. 1968

N-9 SPHINZ MOTH FLOWERS: Long stamens Agave, left, color, fragrance=adaptation for Sphinx Moths, also Desert Lily, center, right, opens at night; Hummingbirds occasionally visit it, but purely adapted hummer flowers usually non-fragrant, red. 1968

N-10 SPHINZ MOTH FLOWERS: Evening Primrose, fused-nectar tubes 2" below flower, main pollination by night by S. Moths; 2 spp. shown; left injured, dangerously exposed in daytime. Moth tongue goes 1-2" into tube you can't see (i-17, left). 1968

N-11 FUSED-PETAL NECTAR TUBES: for small insects, long tongue, in Manzanita; proper pollination by bee-colored Hover-fly, left; non-pollinating robbing by wild bee, holes cut to nectar, right. Main robber is carpenter bee, N-12. 1968

N-12 LOP-SIDED TUBE FLOWERS, SNAPDRAGON, MINT FAMILIES: Stream Monkey Fl., left, robbed bt Carpenter Bee cutting hold at base; Hedge Nettle, right, Green Lynx Spider earing captured Carpenter Bee. Others in family; N-13-17; i-18, 19; E-21. 1968

N-13 LOP-SIDED TUBE FLOWERS, SNAPDRAGON FAMILY: Bush Monkey Flowers, movavle pistil top (stigma) open at left; closed upon incoming pollen during bee entry, center: hummer version, rt., stamens out. Pistil reopens in 1/2hr. In all Mimulus. 1968

N-14 LOP-SIDED TUBE FLOWERS SNAPDRAGON FAMILY: Paintbrush flowers yellow, not red (projecting beak up, left); red colored flower leaves (bracts) give impression of red flowers, attract hummers. 1969

N-15 LOP-SIDED TUBE FLOWERS, MINT FAMILY: Pollination system illustrated in pitcher Sage Flower, upper right (shadow shows hinged stamens). Bee enters, hits, short lever, pulling stamens, pollen, down on back while getting honey. 1968

N-16 LOP-SIDED TUBE FLOWERS, MINT FAMILY: Sage hybrid, center, combines flowerhead clusters of Black Sage, left, with larger flowers, longer stamens of White Sage, right, Skipper visitor. Hybrid grows on fire-break, hybrid habitats. 1968

N-17 LOP-SIDED TUBE FLOWERS: 3 pollination types in one mint family genus Pennyroyal; Day insect type, Silverspot, left; Night-insect type center; Hummingbird type, right, much longer tube, stamens. (Insects don't see red). 1968

N-18 MINI-FLOWERS, LEAF-PETALS: 'Non-flowering' Stream Dogwood left; has larger flowers than 'flowering' form right, whose flowers evolved so small as to need nearby whitened leaves for attraction. In next family, mini-flowers at outer edge of head evolved long petal-flaps, each apparent petal being 1 flower. 1968

N-19 CIRCULAR LUNCH COUNTER MINI FLOWER FAMILY: Sunflowers; Thistle tribe. 1968

N-20 WIND-Pollution in Sunflower Family: Desert Cheesebush, left; Burrobush, right. 1968

O-1 VOLCANIC SPOREDISPERSAL: Giant Puffball, 8" across, left explodes millions oof air-floating spores when poked, right, disturbed by animals or wind. 1968

O-2 SEED DISPERSAL: Water Sea Rocket Pods, right, can float in salt water, land on distant beach. Each compartment has different kind seed, one needs dormancy, other not. Mustard Family, 6 stamens, 4 petals. (Other Mustard Family pods, M-7). 1968

O-3 SEED DISPERSAL WIND: Desert Willow Seeds, Double Parachute Wind Wafers, (not true Willow, O-11). See X-15 for habitat, M-20 for snapdragon-like flowers. 1968

O-4 SEED DISPERSAL: WIND two stages in development of Milkweed Seeds: unopened pod, M. weed bug, left; partly opened pod, un-fluffed parachutes, right, drying-out process. Flowers, B-15, Milkweed butterfly (Monarch) series, B-15, H-15-17, N-19. 1968

O-5 SEED DISPERSAL: WIND final stage, development of Milkweed seeds: pod fully open, parachutes fully expanded, pushing out, expose seeds to wind. Milky Juice, rt. 1968

O-6 SEED DISPERSAL: WIND, Wind Flower seeds (Clematis), Feather Parachutes, Butterrcup Family, 1 flower, (M-6). Similar feather parachutes, O-7, fewer per flower. 1968

O-7 SEED DISPERSAL: WIND, Feathery Parachutes, Rose Family shrub: Birch-leaf Mt. Mahogany. Autumn, shrub looks silver when sun is behind; Chaparral-belt through much of California. Strong north wind can carry seeds many miles in mountains. 1968

O-8 SEED DISPERSAL: WIND Umbrella-like Parachute, Sunflower Family, herb: Mt. Dandelion, July. Seeds, center, fan out from flower head by contraction of hemispherical receptacle. (When seeds still in flower, all point straight up, i-23). 1968

O-9 SEED DISPERSAL: WIND Fluffy Parachutes, Mini-seeds, common Cattail; many thousands seeds per head; pollen from thin top. Both pollen, seed fls. very very tiny. 1968

O-10 SEED DISPERSAL: WIND Willow Family: Cottonwood fluff-seeds, left; Willow seed flower heads, right. Both have separate pollen flowers, in willow, N-22. 1968

O-11 PLANT DISPERSAL: ROOTS Sandbar Willow (Salix melanopsis) underground runners recently exposed, flood, winter '66-'67, American River, south of Auburn. 1968

O-12 PLANT DISPERSAL: ROOTS quaking aspen, young-tree understory from colonial root system. Entire groves grow from 1 seed, live tens of thousands of years. 1968

O-13 SEED DISPERSAL: CATAPULT Lily Family type, Tiger Lily, ripening pods, right; 6 stacks of black poker chip seeds already shed, left (D-19, i-14), by some push (wind, animals), seeds fly out opposite side. Certain minimum escape velocity. 1968

O-14 SEED DISPERSAL: CATAPULT Amaryllis-Lily type, 3 chamber pods in umbel, resilient stalk, Wild Onion; July. See IX-17 for habitat. 1968

O-15 SEED DISPERSAL: SLING Pea Family, Lupine Pods, twist open explosively, slinging seeds many feet. Other explosive dispersal includes Redwood Sorrel, IV-18. 1968

O-16 SEED DISPERSAL: SLING Pea Family pods: Wild Pea, left, torsion type: Fairy Duster, center, opens straight; Red Bud, right, slight torsion. Note compound, Pea Family-type leaves, left. Same fam. pod can become wind balloon, N-13. 1968

O-17 SEED DISPERSAL: BIRDS Madrone Berries, eaten by Waxwings, Robins, etc., carried air-mail, voided. Other edible berries, often by birds eaten, E-15, 16; A-14. 1968

O-18 SEED DISPERSAL: BIRDS Bitter berries: Wild Honeysuckle, left; Redberry, center; Elk Clover (Aralia) right. First 2, chaparral-belt, last rainforest streamsides. 1968

O-19 SEED DISPERSAL: BIRDS Bitter Berries, deciduous leaves: Fat Solomon, left, Flowering Dogwood, center, Wild Rose, right; first 2 moist forests, shade; last, streamside, sun or partial shade. Despite bitterness still eaten, (latter least bitter). 1968

O-20 SEED DISPERSAL: BIRDS Desert Mistletoe on Mesquite, left; Berries close-up left center; seeds pushed away from bush branch by sap ejectum, right, center; on dead twig, right. When mistletoe hosts die in drought; birds without food. 1968

P-0 ANNELID & NEMERTEAN WORMS: Polychaete, left; Flowering Peanut Worm, center Nemertea, top. 1968

P-1 ECHINODERMS: Red Ribbon Worm, top Sea Urchin Shell, Aristotle's Lantern (urchin jaws) left; Brittle Star, bottom. See J-7 for other Echinoderms, also I-22. 1968

P-2 MOLLUSC EGGS: FLATWORM: Upper left; Tunicate Colonies; Serpulid Worm (tiny white spiral, low. right); Turret Snail (Bittium), up. right; Rock Underside-.5 tide level; Mendocino Coast, Northern California, July. (Other rock underside I-17). 1968

P-3 MOLLUSC EGGS: FLATWORM: Underwater ink defense, bottom; head, center, fresh eggs: egg close-up, top. Millions of eggs laid at one laying (I-21), Southern California. 1968

P-4 GASTROPOD MOLLUSC SHELLS: Abalone, bottom, left, very shallow, open spiral; moderate spiral: Moon Snail, center (Fossil above-left); Brown Turban low. right; Blue Top: Steep spiral: Whelk, low, left. Cowry (this is not native) snail-like too. 1968

P-5 PELECYCPOD MOLLUSC SHELLS: Pismo Clam (smooth); 40 rib Cockle; Purple-hinge Scallop (Giant Pecten). See also I-23 for fossils, G-6 for rock-clam burrows; A-21. 1968

P-6 CRUSTACEA, BRYOZOAN COLONY under Sponge: bottom; Fish Eggs, center; Hydrozoa hydroid colony just over fish eggs; Gooseneck Barnacle, top, left has feeding legs. 1968

P-7 ARTHROPODS: CRUSTACEA, Lined Shore Crab, top, female with eggs; Spiny Lobster, bottom. Barnacles (P-6, I-3) are blind crustaceans, head on rocks, eat with feet. 1968

P-8 ARTHROPODS: MYRIAPODS, large Millipede, left, to 4" long, 4 legs to each of 60 segments, nocturnal, eats decaying matter; Redwood Millip, right, ca. 20 segments, diurnal, may be distasteful to predator. See Centipede, 42 legs, B-11. 1968

P-9 GROUND ARTHROPODS, SLUG, EARTHWORMS; under rocks, logs, etc.: Jerusalem Cricket, left, carnivore; Sow Bugs (isopods), right. Earwigs, Earth Worms, eat decaying material, Slugs eat plants. Centipedes, B-11, also under rocks, and millipedes. 1968

P-10 INSECT MUSICIANS: Snowy Tree Cricket, top, under leaf; Cicada, cent; Field Cricket bottom. Cicada rasping call in daytime, others at night 1968

P-12 HEMIPTERA: Gymnocerata (non-under-Waterbugs): immature, mature Bob Elder bugs low, upper left, illustrate incomplete metamorphosis; Stink Bug, top center; Leaf-footed Bugs, Mojave Yucca flowers right. Other bugs: II-15, P-11, P-14, O-4. 1968

P-13 HOMOPTERA (Cicadas, Aphids, Leaf-hoppers, Scale Insects): Creosote Lac-Scale insect: immature female, left; adults, right, resinous secretions used by Indians for waterproof baskets. Others: V-12, A-22, G-19, D-16, P-10. 1968

P-14 DIPTERA, HEMIPTERA: Tachinid Fly, left, lesser Milkweed Bug; carnivorous Ambush Bugs, center, upper right, ambushing Bee-fly, low. right, eating captured Hover Fly; Southern California Washweed, September-October. 1968

P-15 DIPTERA (FLIES-2WINGS): Gravid Cranefly female (Tipula sp.) on Lupine pod, Mt. Diablo, April, Northern Calif. Craneflies eat decaying material, harmless. 1968

DIPTERA, Robber Flies eating honey bee, flying ant, own kind; cent; Hover flies rt w/fungus larvae predatory; c1968, 69. L.R. Brown, J. Olmstead, R. Patterson. 1968

P-17 BLOOD-SUCKING ARTHROPODS: Arachnids: tick, left, females survive months without food; Diptera: Mosquito, center, larva with horse-hair Worm, in hand, right. 1968

P-18 NEUROPTERA-LACEWINGS: nerve-wing insects: Snakefly on leaf; Mantispid, grass; adult Ant Lion, Ladybird; green Lacewing, bottom. All extremely predatory. 1968

P-19 HYMENOPTERA: Ants, Wasps, Bees. Ants have wings at mating time (left center), bring pupae up under bark, logs, etc. for incubation, left; Mountain Red Ant nest, right. Neither stings, only bite. Harvester ants (nest? G-4) sting vigorously! 1968

P-20 COLEOPTERA: Beetles, sheath-wing insects; Sculptured Pine Beetle, left; Stink Beetle (Eleodes), center; Eyes Elater (Alaus sp.), on Kellogg Oak leaf, right. 1968

Q-1 FRESH-WATER FISHES: Sucker, eats algae, other organisms off rocks; Merced R., Yosemite Valley. Note primitive position of ventral, Pectoral Fin-pairs (J-9). (same anat., position as salamander limbs, J-10) Doesn't drink water. 1968

Q-2 FRESH-WATER FISHES: Albino Rainbow Trout, left; Golden Trout, S.E. HiSierra. rt. Blood-rich trout air-bladder, center, & all Land Vertebrate Lungs, have common ancestry (all bony fish had lung that became ours, 300 million B.C.). 1968

Q-3 SALT-WATER BONY FISHES: Surf fish, left, illustrates, fin-pr. positions of most salt-water, bony fishes: ventral fins over chest: Tidepool Fish, cent., right, spiny fins; Northern California Coast. (Compare fins with Q-1, 2). 1968

Q-4 SALT-WATER BONY FISHES: advanced fin-pair positions, Garbaldi, top, Rockfish, bottom. Ventral fins under pectorals. All salt water fish drink water. 1968

Q-5 SALT-WATER BONY FISHES: adaptive convergence: Sand-dwelling Flatfish, swims on side; Shark evolved flat body. Young flatfish eyes move to one side of head. 1968

Q-6 SALT-WATER BONY FISHES: Eel skeleton, top; Eel-like Blenny, bottom, lives under tidepool rocks. Fins fused to long flaps, ventrals entirely missing. 1968

Q-7 AMPHIBIAN LIFE CYCLE: Tree Frog eggs, freshly hatched tadpole, top; adult, croaking, bottom. Pigment bodies in skin expand, contract, change color (H-13). 1968

Q-8 AMPHIBIAN LIFE CYCLE: Bull Frog tadpole, hind-legs partly developed, has gills like fish, eats algae, animal material; matures, gills become lungs. 1968

Q-9 BULLL-FROG, HABITAT: (See Pond, II-1 to II-5); Bull frog, rt., duckweed plants on back, peers back from shaded, duckweed-covered water, not California native. 1968

Q-10 YELLOW-LEGGED FROGS: Foothill species on rock-forming algae, left, escaped garter snake. II-10 stream, like Mountain species, right underwater, E. Sierra. 1968

Q-11 BOREAL TOAD TADPOLES: 3-5,000, trapped in drying stream in wet winter, few with legs. Majority will die. High Sierra San Pedro Martir; June. 1968

Q-12 YOSEMITE, DESERT TOADS: Adult stage terrestrial, like reptiles. "Warts" secrete poisonous fluid, protection against predators. Eats insects. 1968

Q-13 AQUATIC REPTILES: Pond Turtle, in shell, Vaca Mts., intermittent stream, perennial pool, 300', May. Few reptiles are aquatic now, many dinosaurs were. 1968

Q-14 DESERT REPTILES: Desert Tortoise, spring wildflowers (Scale Bud-Anisecoma) N. Colorado Deser. entirely herbivorous. (See T-5 for eggs, young). 1968

Q-15 HERBIVOROUS LIZARDS: Chuckawalla, rt., normal rock habitat, wedge self in cracks, inflate (Indians punctured w/ sharp sticks to deflate, eat); eats Prince's Plume. 1968

Q-16 NOCTURNAL LIZARDS: Banded Gecko, Deep Canyon, S. Palm Desert, 1100ft. Skin looks vulnerable to sun, smooth; burrows during day to escape heat. 1968

Q-17 ROCK LIZARDS: Side blotched Lizard (Uta Stansburiana), immobilized by running on snowl Spider in snow, quite able to run (warm sun), Mt. Baldy, steep slope, 5000ft. 1968

Q-18 SMOOTH, ROUGH SCALES: Blue-tail/Western Skink, left w/ smooth, quilted skin; Western Fence or Scaly Lizard Male, rt., blue underside, rough scales, help burrow. 1968

Q-19 SNAKE-LIKE LIZARDS: Southern Alligator Lizard on Bay-Laurel trunk, in forest has short legs, wriggles in running, jaws strong as those of snake 3-4 times length. 1968

Q-20 SNAKE SKELETON DESERT: possibly Gopher Snake, vertebrae & ribs separated, Baja California. See eel skeleton, Q-6, convergent snake-like fish. 1968

R- OPEN-AIR, AQUATIC BIRDS: Whistling Swans, took off, looped back overhead, from rice field, Sacramento Delta nr. Rio Vista-January. Often poisoned by DDT in rice. Nest in Canada, Pacific Northwest. DDT also, cuts down reproduction rate. 1968

R-2 OPEN-AIR, CARRION BIRDS: Calif. Condor, Mt. Pinos, W US 99. Wing-span to 9 feet. Perhaps only 65 left, range from So. Sierra to Ventura, Santa Barbara Mountains. 1968

R-3 OPEN-AIR, BIRDS OF PREY: Golden Eagle, about to leave nest, left, So. Oregon, June. 16-17 mos. old, right, white spots on wings nearly gone; Mt. Baldy, 9500'. 1968

R-4 OPEN-AIR, AQUATIC BIRDS: Sandhill Cranes, So. Oregon, June, Malheur Refuge. Note Red-wing Blackbird on Crane back, left. Cranes frequently winter in central California. 1968

R-4.5 SPOTTED SANDPIPERS: Camouflaged young, left; right, parents with cousin hunting. 1968 August

R-5 OPEN-AIR, SEASHORE BIRDS: Western Gulls, San Francisco Bay, Angel Island in background. Wings black on top. See also III-5. Perhaps Herring, Ring-bills too. 1968

R-6 GROUND CARNIVOROUS BIRDS: Burrowing Owls, at least 8, So. Oregon in June. 1968

R-7 NECTAR, INSECT BIRDS: Costa's Hummingbird male, purple gorget, on Palo Verde (green tree means green bark). Desert Palo Verde flowers, pods, leaves, left, place, it in Pea Family. See G-14, N-5, 6, 19 for other hummingbirds. 1968

R-8 WOOD-PECKING BIRDS: Red-shafted Flicker, parent feeds young at nest, hollow trunk. Woodpecker heads have hole in bottom of skull for tongue to go around back head. 1968

R-9 WOOD-PECKING BIRDS: dead Flicker on giant Mushroom long tongue pulls insects from holes. Climbing foot, bottom. Tongue muscle goes clear to top of skull. 1968

R-10 PERCHING BIRDS, DOVES: Vermillion Flycatcher, left; Mourning Dove, right, in Mesquite; Colorado Desert, near 29 Palms; May. See other Flycatchers in III-12, H-6, R-11. 1968

R-11 R-11: FLY-CATCHING BIRDS: Young Western Kingbirds? (Flycatchers) in Aspen nest. High Sierra. Other young birds in nests: T-7, 10, 11; G-14; A-15, 16; R-8; C-20. 1968

R-12 BLUE-COLORED MT. BIRDS: Crested (Stellar) Jay, bottom, April 4000', Sept. 8000'; Mt. Bluebird, top, July, 9000', Lodgepole Pine. See also R-21. 1968

R-13 CORVINE BIRDS, CROWS: Yellow-billed Magpie, left, in Sycamore, seed balls, leaves; summer, No. Santa Barbara County; Common Crow, right, in Cottonwood, N. of Sacto. 1968

R-14 BLACK, GREY, WHITE MT. BIRDS: Oregon Junco, left, 0-10,000'; Clark's Nutcracker. 7-11,000', 5000' winter; Townsend's Solitaire, right, 10,000', August, E. High Sierra. 1968

R-15 BARK-SEARCHING BIRDS: Brown Creeper, left, goes up trees searching insects, flies down to next tree-base; White breasted Nuthatch, right, goes down, flies back up tree. Nuthatch parent at nest, A-15. Other Bark Birds: R-8, H-3, C-7,8. 1968

R-16 WRENS: House Wren looks out of dead-branch nest, left, by Bewick's Wren, dead twigs. Rock Wren center, 1000' and 10,000'; Canyon Wrens, right have white throat, dip lie Ouzel (II-21). Wrens have short tail, often erect, stubby body. Cactus wren untypical, H-23. 1968

R-17 THRUSH-LIKE BIRDS: Young robin on hand still has thrush-type speckled breast, loses it as adult (A-14). Hermit Thrush breast always stays speckled. 1968

R-18 GRASSLAND BIRDS: Western Meadowlark, left, has black spot on yellow breast nest, center; American Goldfinch, right, largely riparian, eats summer grass seeds. 1968

R-19 RIPARIAN BIRDS: Bullock's Oriole nests mainly in streamside or moist slope trees. Woven mistletow-clump nest contains seeds of Cottonwood host, left. 1968

R-20 THICK-BILLED BIRDS: Black-headed Grosbeak in Flowering Ash (chaparral belt), nesting plumage, April, 2500'. Females have protective coloration in shade (See R-21, 8000'). Food: flowers, seeds, fruits. Other thick-billed birds: A-14, R-18, R-14, III-12. 1968

S-1 FLYING MAMMALS, BATS: Lump-nosed Bat on log, thumb, bottom, Yosemite Park; Hoary Bat hanging from twig by hind feet, wings folded; (2nd-5th fingers make wing H-8). Chiroptera-hand-wing mammals. Flying dinosaurs used elongated 4th finger. 1968

S-2 GNAWING MAMMALS: RODENTS, white footed Mice: Deer Mouse, perhaps most common in mammal in foothill and Mtn California; 0-10,000 feet, rarer on deserts. 1968

S-3 GNAWING MAMMALS: RODENTS, Desert Black-tailed Jackrabbit; Deep Canyon Wash 800', So Palm Desert, May Flowers nearby were in full bloom late March. 1968

S-4 MOUNTAIN ROCK RODENTS: Pika, left, related to rabbits, cuts grass, leaves for winter hay, 10,50', August. Upper right, watched by Marten. 1968

S-4.5 MT. ROCK RODENTS: Marmot, eating Newberry Penstemon; stores food as fat, unlike Pika hibernates in winter. 1969 August

S-5 MOUNTAIN FOREST RODENTS Porcupine (also coast conifer forest) winter bark foraging in Jeffrey Pine, Boreal Ridge; near Donner Pass (setting of F-12, VIII-10). 1968

S-6 MOUNTAIN FOREST RODENTS: Lodgepole Chipmunks, at spring; Mt. Baldy, 8000', left, on pine trunk, 8 a.m., 850', right, fur silvery in early sun; August, 1965. 1968

S-7 MOUNTAIN FOREST RODENTS: Northern Flying Squirrel at dusk, left, glides from treetops to ground, lower trunks, nocturnal; Douglas Squirrel (Chickaree), right. 1968

S-8 MOUNTAIN MEADOW RODENTS: Belding Ground Squirrel, 6500'-11800', High Sierra, eats mainly grass, seeds, preyed upon by Mt. Coyote, right, Martens, Weasels, Hawks, Habitat: See VIII-18 May Hibernated 8 months like Cony, Marmot, warning cry. 1968

S-9 MT. FOREST DRY SLOPE RODENTS: Golden Mantle Ground Squirrel, lower elevations than S-8, most conspicuous Sierra rodents, often tame, stuffs cheeks with food. 1968

S-10 COAST FOOTHILL RODENTS: Calif. Ground Squirrel (Beechey's) by coast Sagebrush, Pt. Lobos Reserve Range, 0-8000ft., mostly grassland, eats seeds of annual grasses. 1968

S-11 DAYTIME DESERT RODENTS: Antelope Ground Squirrel, resembles Golden Mantle, left, but has white stripe on back tail, rt. Other desert ground squirrels: Round Tail, Mojave Ground Squirrel (not shown). Desert rodents except rabbits, all nocturnal. 1968

S-12 HERBIVOROUS TEETH SKULLS: Rodent upper jaw, bottom; Desert Big-Horn Ram, upper jaw, worn-teeth, center; skeleton top, 3 weeks old. Fly important part of decay. 1968

S-13 HOOFED MAMMALS: SHEEP, Nelson's Big Horn Ram, frequent visitor Joshua Tree National Monument water holes in summer. Human visits to crucial springs harmful. 1968

S-14 HOOFED MAMMAL: SHEEP, Nelson's Big Horn family Ram, left; Mother, left top of rock: two daughters, right about 10 mo. old; Mt. Mahogany Forage, Mt. Baldy, 5000', 1/2/66, 7 other animals nearby. See T-14, 15 for mothers & lambs, Spring. 1968

S-15 DESERT SHEEP. DEER PREDATOR: Waiting for rams, Mt. Baldy spring, something else waits too: Mt. Lion, small bump on rock, upper left, watches us 60 yards. 1968

S-16 HOOFED MAMMALS: DEER, Mule Deer Buck; winter, Yosemite Park floor, 4000 ft. 1968

S-17 BLACK-TAIL DEER, FALL: 3 bucks, 2 fawns, after Oct. hurricane, 1962 in Sonoma County. Blue Oak leaves still un-shed. Black-tails much smaller than Mule Deer. 1968

S-18 DOG DAMILY: COYOTE, Audubon Cottontail, left, one of Coyote's favorite meals in Joshua Tree belt; Joshua Tree National Monument, 4300', May. 1968

S-19 DOG FAMILY: KIT FOX, Desert grass, Juniper foliage and berry, bottom. Mostly nocturnal animal, but can eat fruits, berries as well as animal life. 1968

S-20 BEAR ALLIES: RINGTAILS, young Ringtail Cat, Manzanita bark, Yosemite Park. Ringtails-closest to Raccoons, entirely nocturnal, rarely seen, eat rodents, etc. 1968

T-1 INVERTEBRATE EGGS: Ladybird Beetle eggs, left, yellow; (red unidentified); Noctuid? Moth eggs, center; Aquatic Snail eggs, edge of aquarium, right, embryos. 1968

T-2 INSECT REPRODUCTION: Red-bordered bugs, up. rt. & Box Elder Bugs, low. rt. Mating Bee-flies, top, Grasshoppers, center; Damsel fly, bottom, rt. lays eggs on twig near water. (Dragonfly egg laying, II-5). 1968

T-3 INSECT REPRODUCTION: Mating Damsel Flies on Horsetail, female gets sperms from male's chest, where he puts them before. (Dragonfly egg laying, II-5). 1969

T-4 JUVENILE COMPETITION: Praying Mantis egg case, left; on desert shrub; adult (another species), right. Young may ea each other until few strongest remain. 1969

T-5 REPTILE CHILDREN, EGGS: Desert Tortoise hatching from strong eggs, usually laid in June, usually hatch in autumn in shallow burrow in gravel.

T-6 BIRD PARENTHOOD, NESTING: nesting Snowy Egrets, left, in Redwoods, Audubon Canyon Ranch, Marin Co.; Egrets, Great Blue Heron, nests in river-side trees, Los Banos, spring. (See VII-4 for Los Banos feeding sit, III-4 for Marin County). 1968

T-7 BIRD ONTOGENY, GULLS: California Gull life cycle; adults, right, mate, nest on freshwater lakes, protective coloration fledglings, left, stay brown-gray, right, first year. (C-18), other species. Gain mating plumage, right, second year. 1968

T-8 JUVENILE SURVIVAL, BIRDS: Broken-wing routing, parent Avocet, left, designed to draw predator away from nearby nest; typical Avocet habitat, Salton Sea, right. 1968

T-9 BIRD PARENTHOOD, after nest; Western Grebe parent, left, baby on back; with captured catfish, right, Bear Refuge, Utah. May winter at seashore. 1968

T-10 BIRD PARENT NEST SITE: Marsh Hawk, left, builds ground nest, right, in absence of trees, Great Valley nest-Gray Lodge Waterfowl Refuge. (Compare T-11). 1968

T-11 BIRD CHILDREN, NEST: Cooper Hawk next in Canyon Liveoak, more typical Hawk meeting site than T-10; San Jacino Mountains, Southern California, 4500', June. 1968

T-12 BIRD PARENTHOOD AFTER NEST: Mockingbird parent, left, Dec., on Toyon bush, often must protect fledglings in spring, right, which sit still while predators nearby, parent diving, coaxing all the while. But young blinks eye occasionally. 1968

T-13 MAMMAL PARENTHOOD, MARSUPIALS: Virginia Possum, introduced in Calif. in 1800's, streamside woodland, often near civilization. Tiny babies lie in pouch. 1968

T-14 MAMMAL PARENTHOOD, SHEEP: Nelson Big-horn mother chews on Yucca leaves while lambs gambol, once returned 10 yd. to 10 yd. from author to lead lingering lamb safely up My. Baldy. 1968

T-15 MAMMAL PARENTHOOD, SHEEP: Nelson Big-horn mother, daughter, summer at 10,000', winter at 3500', Mt. Baldy. Young ewes stay with mother longer than rams, 1 1/2 yrs. 1968

T-16 JUVENILE SURVIVAL, DEER: Adaptive coloration, Mule Deer fawn, even crawled under branch, shadow disrupts spot pattern; Yosemite, Sept., Red Fir forest. 1968

T-17 JUVENILE SURVIVAL, DEER: Mother stays with fawn after it loses spots. Raised parent's tail, white target for escape; Coast Blacktail Deer, Mt. Tamalpais, Marin Co. 1968

T-18 FAMILY GROUP, TULE ELK: Bulls with huge horns fight only late summer, early fall, for harems. North Bakersfield, fenced in. None survive in original habitat. 1968

T-19 MAMMAL, CHILDREN, CAT FAMILY: Bobcat kittens, on old Sycamore log. Mostly nocturnal, however, as they grow up. San Gabriel Mountains, So. California. 1968

T-20 MAMMAL CHILDREN, BEARS: Young black (cinnamon) bear, hackles raised, Yosemite par, Aug., should not be touched, as mother nearby. Eats all kinds of food. 1968

My Father Who Art in Nature 2012

Stories of the Yuba: A Filmmaker's Journey on the River of His Youth, by Gregg Schiffner undated