All the Lights the Light
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This manuscript is hereby made available for research purposes only. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publication, are reserved to the University Library of the University of California, Los Angeles. No part of the manuscript may be quoted for publication without the written permission of the University Librarian of the University of California, Los Angeles.
Introduction
Alfred Ligon—spiritualist, doctor of letters, bookstore owner, former printer for the crusading journalist Ida B. Wells, former director-manager of a little theater group, and one of those who formed the great wave of Afro-Americans who migrated during the early 1900s to find the often times elusive "better way of life" in the North. Many events and activities charactize his life and lifestyle, not the least of which are the Aquarian Center and the Aquarian Bookstore which has been an important element in the intellectual life of Blacks in Southern California.
Bits and pieces of a self-effacing yet quietly determined, persevering, and programmatic personality emerge from this interview. Dr. Ligon would describe his life as a typical one. "My life has just been an average life, on the periphery of what was happening," he says at one point.
It is true, that in some respects, Dr. Ligon's has been a part of the flow of history, and not a life that has shaped that flow—in some instances by choice, in others by chance. His childhood in Atlanta was a happy one, seemingly unscathed by the poverty he grew up in. When his family moved to Chicago, Dr. Ligon was too young to realize the historical and political significance and impact the northern movement of Blacks would have on this country. Working as an apprentice in the printing shop of Ida B.
But Mr. Ligon has never been impressed with greatness for its own sake. In philosophic terms, Mr. Ligon argues that each person must look to himself or herself as a potential leader and develop those qualities of leadership that are inherent in each one of us. This view of the individual or "common man/woman" as an important historical element is one that is taken to heart by local and community historians, who are exploring a "new" approach to history, reconstructing history not from the personal and social history of kings and queens but from a perspective much closer to the "grassroots."
Although Dr. Ligon's life may be considered "average" in some respects, we must certainly consider this too self-effacing a statement for a man who has given us—and kept operating—for over forty years, the longest-lived, still extant, and thriving Black bookstore in Southern California. Dr. Ligon has been perceptive enough to relocate the bookstore as the Black community has moved and changed locations.
The origins of the bookstore are in Dr. Ligon's interest in astrology and metaphysics. During the 1960s the bookstore underwent a metamorphosis from a spiritual bookstore to one which emphasized Black culture. It is for this cultural emphasis that the bookstore is most widely known today.
Dr. Ligon is not, perhaps, aware of how significant a contribution he had made to the Los Angeles Black community as well as the entire Southern California intellectual community. Certainly the bookstore has been a significant link to the Black community for students in the widely dispersed Los Angeles area. As a new out-of-town UCLA student living in the rather sterile environment of Westwood, I recall that visits to the Black bookstore in Los Angeles were important links for myself and for other Black students with the vital creative community of Black writers and artists. By continuing to focus on Black people, their culture, and history, Dr. Ligon has been a leader in his own right in developing and nurturing a consciousness and intellectualism in the Black community.
Librarian
Black Studies Library Unit
University of California,
Santa Barbara
Interview History
Interviewer:
Ranford B. Hopkins, assistant editor/interviewer, Oral History Program. B.A., M.A., History, University of California, Santa Barbara. Ph.D. candidate, Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara; current research entitled, "Leadership and the Growth of the Afro-American Community of Los Angeles, 1900-1965;" interviewer was born, raised and resided in Los Angeles for twenty-two years.
Time and Setting of Interview:
Place: Office of the interviewee, above the Aquarian Bookshop, 1342 West Santa Barbara Avenue, Los Angeles, California.
Dates: February 10, 17; March 24, 1982.
Time of day, length of sessions, and total number of hours recorded: Interviews took place in the morning, beginning at eleven o'clock. Each session lasted about one hour. A total of three and one-quarter hours of conversation was recorded.
Persons present during interview: Ligon and Hopkins.
Conduct of Interview:
Research for the interview was conducted in three fields. First, a literature search was undertaken to locate any published material on Ligon. Two sources were found. One, a 1981 brochure commemorating the founding of the Aquarian Spiritual Center, Aquarian Library and Bookshop, and the Black Gnostic Studies, published by Ligon, was found to contain valuable biographical information. The other was provided by the Los Angeles Times article on Ligon and the establishment of his bookshop (March 29, 1982).
Secondly, Ligon and Hopkins had a preliminary discussion to identify and chronicle the major events in the interviewee's life.
Finally, an attempt was made to locate individuals who knew Ligon personally or by reputation and who might contribute still more information about him. These included Sylvia Curtis, a UCSB librarian, and Ann Powers, librarian at Santa Monica Public Library.
The interview proceeded chronologically based on this research. Questions were posed to yield an oral autobiography that would document concomitantly the interviewee's status as a community leader. While there was a definite structure to the conduct of the interview, Ligon was encouraged to speak freely about any subject he wished.
Editing:
Editing was done by Rebecca Torres, administrative assistant in the Oral History Program. She checked the verbatim transcript of the interview against the original tape recordings, edited for punctuation, paragraphing, and spelling, and verified proper names. Words and phrases inserted by the editor have been bracketed.
Ligon reviewed the manuscript and approved the edited transcript. He made minor corrections and additions and provided or confirmed spellings of names that had not been verified previously.
Mitch Tuchman, acting director, reviewed the edited transcript before it was typed in final form.
Sylvia Curtis wrote the introduction. Torres prepared the front matter and the index.
Supporting Documents:
The original tape recordings of the interview are in the University Archives and are available under the regulations governing the use of permanent noncurrent records of the University. Records relating to the interview are located in the office of the UCLA Oral History Program.
Table of Contents
- TAPE NUMBER: I, Side One (February 10, 1982)
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Childhood in Atlanta -- Early theatrical interests -- Move to Chicago--Jeni Ligon-Ballroom dancing in Chicago--Interest in metaphysics--The Brotherhood of Light-Black Gnostic Studies--Apprenticeship as a printer--Integrationists' and Self-helpers' debate.
- TAPE NUMBER: II, Side One (February 17, 1982)
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Working for the Southern Pacific Railroad -- Los Angeles black community, 1930s -- Founding the Aquarian Library and Bookshop -- Defining success -- Leaders -- Running a business -- Other black-oriented bookshops in Los Angeles -- Bernice Ligon -- Effect of black consciousness on Aquarian Bookshop.
- TAPE NUMBER: II, Side Two (February 17, 1982)
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Ron Karenga--Black studies.
- TAPE NUMBER: III, Side One (March 24, 1982)
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The Great Migration -- Religious background -- Chicago jazz clubs -- Ethel Waters at the Grand -- Chicago riot of 1919 -- Marcus Garvey movement -- Working in Saratoga, New York City, and Miami -- Charlotta Bass, Leon Washington, Frederick Roberts -- Architect Paul Williams -- The importance of publicity -- War years on the Southern Pacific -- Black migration to Los Angeles.
- TAPE NUMBER: III, Side Two (March 24, 1982)
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Traditional Baptist community and the Spiritualist Center -- Store on Rimpau -- Mail-order book service -- US.
Tape Number: Tape I, Side One
February 10, 1982
Hopkins
Dr. Ligon, I'd like to begin at the beginning. Where and when were you born?
Ligon
I was born at Atlanta, Georgia, in the year of 1906 on April 5.
Hopkins
Can you tell me something about your childhood?
Ligon
I might say that my childhood was very enjoyable, for the first ten years I spent in Georgia. I had a sister Belle—she was the oldest in the family—and a brother, and then another brother that during my early age passed away, and myself, and also a young sister. That was our family. Also, my mother, Hattie [Bell], and father, Hector. Most of the time he worked at one of the major hotels [in Atlanta] as a waiter. My mother, of course, was a housewife. I attended the public schools for the first three years of my life there in Georgia—the first, second and third grades.
We lived in Atlanta at the fork of Atlanta University and Morehouse [College], also known as Atlanta Baptist College. We were right on the edge of the campus, and I can recall during one of the summer months—I guess it was back in 1910 or 1911, as I started to school— a preschool summer school on the the campus of Atlanta University. That was a rather interesting experience, going to the
Hopkins
What were your brothers' and sisters' names?
Ligon
My sister was Mary Bell and the brother was named after my father, Hector James. And my brother that passed away was Eddie Theodore, and the youngest sister was Jeni Ligon.
Hopkins
What were some of your hobbies and maybe some of your accomplishments or achievements in your early years?
Ligon
Well, interestingly enough, I guess when I was about seven or eight years old, my mother and auntie carried me to a performance of the Smarterset Company (that was a musical company that was known as [S.T.] Whitney and [J. Homer] Tutt). And they gave a live performance there in Atlanta, Georgia, and it so fascinated me that I became involved with that, and later on with the circus and the early movies and things; my hobby really became the theater, and for the next twenty-some odd years, I was caught up in the theater. The other hobbies— I had very little athletic hobbies, just childhood games, playing baseball, and various other things, but not to the great extent in which I became involved in the theater. After we moved into Chicago— There, with the experience that I had, with the background of the theater, I spent from 1916 to 1935 involved in the
Incidentally, I might say that just this week (in terms of Black History Month) there was a celebration, at least there was an honor given to Count Basie, out [at] [A.C.] Bilbrew Library. With my background in terms of the theater and the bands in Chicago and so forth, I did an exhibit of some of my books in the Library while they were giving this honor to Count Basie.
There was a map that had been printed some years ago defining the numerous theaters and nightclubs in Chicago in the jazz period, in the jazz area in Chicago. I studied the map, and practically every nightclub and theater, I knew exactly where they were. In fact, all the theaters that were on the South Side: that was what was called the Jazz Area. Of course, I was young at that particular time, so I wasn't able to go into a number of the nightclubs, but I knew them, knew the bands that were playing there. So that has been a very rewarding experience in terms of my life.
Hopkins
Dr. Ligon, when did you move to Chicago?
Ligon
I came to Chicago in 1916. There was ten years in Georgia, my first ten years, and then I came to Chicago in 1916. And I lived in Chicago from 1916 to 1935.
Hopkins
Why did your family move to Chicago?
Ligon
My grandmother pioneered to Chicago earlier, I think perhaps around 1912. She came to Chicago because a
Hopkins
What was your father's name?
Ligon
My father's name was Hector.
Hopkins
What was your mother's maiden name?
Ligon
She was Hattie Bell.
Hopkins
Why did you move in 1916? I understand that the family moved in order to better themselves in Chicago, but why 1916 as opposed to 1915 or 1920?
Ligon
Well, I think basically the answer to that is it was just more or less as a relationship to the time, to the time and the period. But I couldn't say definitely that that was just a particular year, that they had moved
Hopkins
Did you find life better in Chicago—your family?
Ligon
Well, I hadn't experienced that much of life to define it in terms of being either good or better as a young child. I enjoyed my experience in Atlanta. I had great experiences there that I can always relate to, although in sixty-some odd years I've never returned, but I've always anticipated going back so that I could see it. I know, of course, by this time it's an altogether different Atlanta, Georgia, but still there are fond memories which I had and experienced in Atlanta. I've been back to Chicago a number of times, but not to Atlanta.
Hopkins
Did your parents speak of Chicago at the time? Did they say, "Well, I'm glad we moved here," or "I'm not glad we moved here?" What were their impressions of Chicago as you can remember?
Ligon
I think we should all know that the South was different than the North. So that was one of the things: to move out of the South while there was a great deal of prejudice, because there were greater opportunities in the North than in the South. So that was one of the underlying factors that not only my family but the hundreds and thousands of families that moved out of the South, either
Hopkins
Can you give me a kind of profile of your mother and your father in terms of what their occupations were, and what their interests were, and what their goals were?
Ligon
Well, as I said, of course, my mother basically was a housewife. My father was at first a waiter in some of the hotels there in Atlanta, Georgia. Then later on he opened up a restaurant himself and had a restaurant in Georgia for a number of years and sold the restaurant and came to Chicago. There wasn't any other basic background that I can recall. He was just a family man.
Hopkins
Was the restaurant successful, or not?
Ligon
Well, I guess, at that particular time, we would say that it was fairly well— It supported the family for a while.
Hopkins
In terms of income, how would you rate your family? Were they middle class, upper class or working class?
Ligon
Poor. Oh, they were poor. [laughter] Just struggling along.
Hopkins
How about your brother and your sisters, can you give me a little biographical sketch of each one of them?
Ligon
Well, not very much; I can only just say that they were average. My sisters both were married early, but
Hopkins
I remember when we talked last time, you mentioned that Jeni was involved in the theater and was fairly successful in the theater. Can you account for us?
Ligon
Yes, that was in 19—, I believe it was in 1934. My sister came out with a small stock company—what they call a musical stock company—out to Los Angeles. She was in Detroit at that particular time [and] had been appearing in one of the cabarets there as an entertainer. She had made quite a success being quite young at that particular time, and she was induced to come out with a group of entertainers to California, here in Los Angeles.
During that period, about 1935, she appeared on a program that was given by Earl Dancer, who at one time was a manager for Ethel Waters. He lived out here with his family, and he was a producer in the motion picture colony. I might say that he did a number of things. He had a group of singers out here that was quite prominent. I can't think of the names of them right now, but they gave a concert at the Wilshire Ebell [Theater],
Hopkins
She made a motion picture in England as well?
Ligon
No, she went for a stage presentation in England. It was a stage presentation. She went to England to appear [for] one of the big producers in England, Cochran, in a production called Follow the Sun.
Hopkins
When did she go to England?
Ligon
It was in 1936. No, 1935. She went to England in 1935, because I was in New York at the time that she went to England, and then I came out here to Los Angeles in 1936 to be with my mother—and other factors.
Can you trace for me, then, your activities or life in Chicago from 1916 to 1936 before coming to Los Angeles?
Ligon
Well, I was basically, as I say, interested in the theater, and I was involved in trying to be an actor. And I was also related to the dance field. I was an assistant instructor with a Professor [Oranto] Buckner, who conducted a number of dance schools in Chicago for quite a period of time. I was in what they call ballroom dancing and social dancing in Chicago; so my life revolved around that particular activity.
Hopkins
Were you trained by a professional?
Ligon
Professor Buckner. He taught, conducted ballroom dances. And he taught what we call also the social dances.
Hopkins
What was your visit to New York for? Why did you go to New York?
Ligon
Well, during the summer period, my brother and I went to New York, to work at one of the road houses as a waiter. Then after the summer season, we came— At least, we went to Saratoga, New York, and worked as waiters, and then we came down to New York for a short while. Then I came out here.
Hopkins
Did you have any formal education in Chicago at all? You were ten years old when you arrived.
Ligon
Oh, yes, I went to the public schools there.
Can you recall the public schools by name?
Ligon
Most of my schooling through the public schools was at the John Henry Farren School, and then I went into the technical business of printing. My sister was working at a printing shop, and I went in as an apprentice and came out as a finished pressman and printer.
Hopkins
Did you apply that skill at all?
Ligon
Well, during that particular period. Even now I still have a press in my workshop, and I do printing myself. I still do certain things that are printed.
Hopkins
Have you published any books?
Ligon
Published books? Of my own? No.
Hopkins
Where you were the publisher for an author?
Ligon
We didn't go into that particular line of books, but I've done things along that line—not directly off my press, but we've gotten into publishing things of that kind, sure. Since I've been in the book business, I've been involved in doing things of that kind.
Hopkins
Dr. Ligon, you came to Los Angeles in 1936. Why did you come to Los Angeles?
Ligon
Well, as I stated, basically I came out to be with my mother. Also I became interested in the metaphysical field of studies, and I came out here to study at one of the schools, known as the Brotherhood of Light. I studied under the Brotherhood of Light, or what is now known as the Church of Light, and then I later on studied to become
Hopkins
And did you achieve that goal?
Ligon
Oh, yes.
Hopkins
And now you are Doctor Ligon?
Ligon
Yes. [tape recorder turned off]
Hopkins
Can you tell me something about the Brotherhood of Light?
Well, the Brotherhood of Light is what we refer to as an occult organization, teaching the metaphysical philosophy that has been taught over periods of years, defining the insight or utilization of the tarot cards, the astrology, the basics of psychism, and various other phenomenons. That's the background of their teachings. They take their basic philosophy from the Egyptian Pharaoh known as Akhnaton, and so that's the background of their teachings.
Now, you received a doctor's degree from this organization?
Ligon
Not from that one, no. I received my doctorate and ministerial papers from Dr. [Marie] Pence's School of Christ and also the School of Universal Science. Dr. [Susie] Jackson's is where I received my [doctorate]. They are both established teachers here in Los Angeles.
Hopkins
Are they in a similar belief as the Brotherhood of Light?
Ligon
Yes, they are. The Brotherhood of Light, they do
Hopkins
I'd like to go into this in a little more depth. Can you tell me what kind of training you had? How did it start, what were the various phases, are you still undergoing the process or has it ended?
Ligon
Well, no, in the matter of learning, nothing ends. We are continuously expanding, in terms of the knowledge that's available. It's always expanding into further and further fields of research, and so, therefore, we do not say that this has ever stopped to a great extent. I have related [to] or associated myself with various fields of the philosophical ideas. Of course, as I said, the earlier one was the Church of Light; however, I've studied
Hopkins
When did you become interested in the occult and
Ligon
Back in 1930, '31, '32, I first became interested.
Hopkins
How and why?
Ligon
Oh, I began to listen to one of America's greatest astrologers, Evangeline Adams. [I] became interested in astrology, and that led me to begin to read other material that is related to astrology. I got into the philosophical teachings of the Rosicrucians [Ancient Mystic Order of the Rosy Cross], and from that, I picked up Dane Rudhyar. From that I got into Mark Jones, and from that Manly P. Hall, and I guess you could name numbers of others in my background. One evolved into the others.
Hopkins
I'd like to come back to the Black Gnostic Studies later, because I know that it's very much a part of the whole Aquarian Spiritual Center and the Aquarian Bookstore. As I was reading your biographical sketch, I understand it's in the third cycle of your life that a lot of these—
Ligon
Yes, that's what I, at the present time, I am devoting myself, my time, to these studies, to what we refer to as the black gnostic studies. Actually, the black means "the hidden" and the gnostic means "to know wisdom." It's the hidden wisdom which we are relating to and studying to enable a person to know themselves, and that's the background of the material, of what we define as gnosticism.
And we have gotten into certain books, that were first given insights from the teachings of the books of J. A. Rogers. His books were the ones in which I found—In terms of his research, he went to certain books that, although [they] had been published several hundreds of years ago, embodied certain basic ideas that we as black people should begin to understand. Certain books that I would like to show you or speak about. J. A. Rogers and his book Africa's Gift to America stated that the Africans were knowledgeable in the sense of masonry, because he says that masonry actually started in Africa. And the book The Arcana of Freemasonry defines that insight, or gives us that insight, as to what masonry is and taught in Africa. And [in] his other books, J. A. Rogers defines that the origin and evolution of the human race started in Africa, and the origin and evolution of religion started in Africa, and that masonry found its grand climax in the Great Pyramid of Egypt.
The book by Dr. [Albert] Churchward [The Arcana of Freemasonry] defines that the Great Pyramid of Egypt, which was the greatest monument or structure that has ever been built, was built by black people. And his other book, the Signs and Symbols of Primordial Man, also defines the ideas that man, as he originated in Africa, moved out of Africa and populated the whole world. So that's the further insight that we give, in references to
Hopkins
Now, the Black Gnostic Studies [group], do you have students that attend sessions? Can you tell me something of the structure?
Ligon
We have had series of lectures over the past ten years that people here in the Los Angeles area have attended, and now we are circulating our lesson material throughout the United States and the Caribbean. So that's the extent of the studies now.
Hopkins
Is there a formal membership?
Ligon
One becomes a member of the Aquarian Spiritual Center, and then they can receive the black gnostic studies.
Hopkins
Can you estimate your enrollment?
Ligon
Well, our enrollment at the present time is running about one hundred persons. Constantly, we keep up with that enrollment, but over the period of the last ten years, we have had several hundreds that have been members. They come in and stay for maybe a couple years or
Hopkins
Dr. Ligon, I neglected to ask you a couple of questions about your experience in Chicago, and I'd like to go back to that if I might. I noticed that you were involved as director/manager of the Aethiops Little Theater School.
Ligon
That was because somehow I've always been interested in the black approach that relates to our people. And when in Chicago, as I stated, I was interested in the theater, and in order to name a small group which I had that was expressing through the little theaters, we referred to them as the Aethiops, meaning the Ethiopian Theater—that's the Greek spelling for the word Ethiopia.
Hopkins
Has that theater continued in Los Angeles?
Ligon
Not after I left [Chicago]. As I say, when I came out here, my theatrical career was somewhat diminished because I became more interested in the metaphysical field. So that was a period in my life which I have enjoyed immensely—the theater, the dance theater, and other things—but I haven't continued it at the present time.
When you were in Chicago and were apprenticing as a printer, you knew or met Ida Barnett-Wells, the political activist?
Ligon
Yes, at the time in which I was working there in one of the printing shops that was was owned by Ida B. Wells' sister. And of course, Mrs. Barnett-Wells came a number of times to sit in the front office, and a number of the politicians and social personages in Chicago would come and talk with her. I was in my late teens at that particular time, but she was a very beautiful and gracious lady, [whom] I now value having been in her presence and having known her to that extent. That is one of the things that I have cherished and, as I said, other personages that came into the printing shop and things of this kind; so I knew them by sight. That was one of the things that evolved in that community at that particular time, back in 1923, '24, '25.
Hopkins
Did that heighten any interest in political activity for you or any greater enthusiasm for black people? What was your impression?
Ligon
Living in Chicago at that particular time, so much history was being made in that particular time. Reading one of the newspapers, especially the Chicago Defender and the New Pittsburgh Courier, which carried so much information about the blacks at large, I just read and observed the things that were going on around us in the
Hopkins
I don't want to put you on the spot with this question, but it's been fascinating to me in reading black urban history that there's always this debate between the integrationists (DuBois)—this is generalizing, of course—and the self-helpers on the side of [Booker T.] Washington. Do you line up on one side or another? What are your feelings in terms of blacks' involvement in politics?
Ligon
I think basically that they both had their forte in their approach towards life. Lots of times people don't understand them when they come to eclectical factors, but what could we have done without DuBois and also Booker T.? They each had so much to offer to the ongoing conditions of people at various stages, in relationship to their life. So perhaps their philosophical ideas to some extent may have been somewhat different. It was not that it was not needed to advance people in the totality of their approach. I would never divide them in terms of an opposite factor, but we just more or less have to study each one of their philosophical ideas as [it]
Hopkins
Could you detect in the Chicago black community—as much as you could being you were a youth at that time—a certain allegiance in the black community on one side or another? That is, in the community at large, did there seem to be a split in the black community, lining up between DuBois and Washington?
Ligon
No. Just basically, to look back [at] it, as I said, each one carried their own weight in terms of the black community. There were those who were related basically to DuBois and accepted DuBois in terms of his teaching and his ideas and, of course, also Marcus Garvey. There were thousands—I have seen in relationship to Marcus Garvey, through Chicago—the parades and the pomp and ceremony that was expressed at that particular time. Each carried their owned masses that were relating to their particular ideas, but one did not annihilate the other or downplay the others—only more or less the propaganda that was expressed. DuBois would define Marcus Garvey as a buffoon or something of that kind, but that was DuBois in terms of his approach, because he was more or less on what was defined as the intellectual field, and Marcus Garvey was more or less relating to the masses on a more man-to-man relationship, more of the commonness of man, man's common humanity. That was related, and he appealed to people along that line. DuBois was, in
Hopkins
I know we have to close soon because I know you have other obligations, but I would like to end by asking you, when you arrived in Los Angeles, what were your impressions before coming to the city? Did you have some preconceived notions about Los Angeles?
Ligon
I didn't. I didn't have any preconceived [notions]. I just wanted to see Los Angeles, and things of that kind. Naturally, when I came out here and [saw] what was going on, I became interested, naturally, in Los Angeles and [in] observing what was going on in the theater, and in the political area, although I don't try to say that I was completely involved in these things. But I have always—I guess I could define in terms of my life—I've been interested in the black evolutionary movement. Evolutionary and revolutionary movement, I should say. So observing from that particular phase of life, I knew and read people like Leon [H.] Washington, [Jr.], who, in the early phases of the jobs, defined "Do not
Tape Number: Tape II, Side One
February 17, 1982
Hopkins
Dr. Ligon, the last time we left off, we were about to bring you to Los Angeles. I understand that when you arrived in Los Angeles in 1936, you took a job with the Southern Pacific Railroad.
Ligon
Yes that's right.
Hopkins
Can you describe that experience?
Ligon
What the job was like?
Hopkins
What I'm after is to find out how you became employed by the Southern Pacific Railroad? Was it difficult for a black person to become employed for that job?
Ligon
Well, no. At that particular time, of course, in '36, jobs were opening up out here on the coast. There had been numbers of jobs only for blacks in certain categories, such as maids and butlers and chauffeurs and things of that kind. However, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, they had been employed as waiters for quite a number of years. And, although they were just coming out of the Depression, the road was opening up now to hire more waiters on the railroad. So I went down and applied for a job as a waiter, since that was my background. And within about three or four weeks, I was called to go to work. I was given a trial run up to San Francisco and back, and, of course, I was able to take care of myself as a waiter. Then I became a permanent employee and
Hopkins
For thirty years?
Ligon
Yes, I worked for thirty years, then retired after sixty-two years of age.
So I found a job. The working conditions were changing from what they had previously been. There had been a lot of difficulties in terms of the antagonistic conditions that exist between the stewards and the waiters and the personnel at large, but at that particular time, changes were beginning to take place, and over a period of time, there were a number of great changes that—Before I retired, I became a steward. Some of the first black stewards [were] on the Southern Pacific Railroad, or on the railroads in general. So that was the extent of my experience with the Southern Pacific.
Hopkins
Was there a union?
Ligon
Yes, yes. The union was just forming at that time, and it was quite viable in helping the working conditions at large in terms of the waiters, as we began to get upgraded in the sense of our salaries and so forth. So that very helpful for those who were the newer employees that were coming in and for the workers at large—the waiters and cooks on the road. Of course, prior to that time, [A. Philip] Randolph and the Pullman porters had been organized; so then the waiters began to follow along that particular line too. And we began to
Hopkins
So, you were saying, then, that the waiters were part of the Sleeping Car Porters Union [Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters].
Ligon
That was an independent group, but then they were basically under the national group of the A.F.L., American Federation of Labor.
Hopkins
Was there a name for that union that the waiters belonged to?
Ligon
Just a— We'd usually go by numbers.
Hopkins
Was that union integrated racially?
Ligon
No, that was just for the waiters and cooks, which were all black. At that time there were one or two Caucasians, persons that were cooks prior to my coming to [be] employed by the Southern Pacific, and they were also, of course, admitted to the union.
Hopkins
So in the main, then, the majority of the cooks and waiters would have been black. How about conductors and engineers?
Ligon
No, they were a different group.
Hopkins
Were there blacks, as you can recall, when you were employed there, as conductors or engineers?
Ligon
Not in our division, not in the Los Angeles division.
You came in 1936, and the Depression was still going on?
Ligon
Somewhat, yes.
Hopkins
How would you compare the employment possibilities for blacks in Chicago with that of Los Angeles? Can you speak to that at all?
Ligon
Well, I didn't work that long in Chicago—as being employed in that particular sense—so I couldn't make a very good comparison, because, as I said, at that particular time unions were just beginning to form. Although when I first started to work, I worked for a short while in Chicago at the Palmer House as a waiter, but we were not in a union at that time. But later on, of course, the hotels formed a union and that was helpful for them, those who were in the hotels. But I wasn't. That's some forty-six years ago now, so that's a condition [about which] I can't make a comparison in relationship to the groups there in Chicago. Although I know that when the waiters began to organize, they were organized nationally in the sense of the different branches of the waiters, union.
Hopkins
Can you tell me something about the character of the Palmer [House] hotel? Was it a large hotel for whites, but they employed blacks, or am I wrong there?
Ligon
A large hotel for blacks?
Hopkins
For whites? But they employed blacks? I don't
Ligon
No, you have to ask questions, because I just don't know what you would like to know in reference to the history. But as I understand, for years some of the employees that the hotel employed were bellboys and waiters and things of that kind, especially through the South. And when we came north, there were waiters and bellboys that were also black and white. However, I understand (this was the history that was oral more or less than otherwise that I know) that the owner of the Palmer House, Mr. Palmer, had left in his will that as long as there was a Palmer House, there would have to be black employees. That was something at that particular time that had been spoken of. I think at that time the bellhops were Caucasian. I believe they had some black maids. The maids in the hotel were black, but perhaps all the other personnel were Caucasian. But the waiters were still black—not the captains, what we would define as the head waiters: they were Caucasians—but the others were all black.
Hopkins
When you came to Los Angeles, where did you live when you first arrived?
Ligon
When we first arrived we were living on Adams and Stanford, near the corner: 2602—something like that—Stanford Avenue.
Can you describe the black community in Los Angeles when you arrived around 1936? Were most of the blacks in that area, or were they elsewhere?
Ligon
At that time most of the blacks were from Central Avenue back to about Hooper and Pomona and various other places like that. And there were just a few perhaps in some pockets on the West Side. But the extent of the black community was, we could say, from Twelfth Street down along Central, perhaps just a very little west of Central, but mostly in the area east of Central over to maybe Pomona and Hooper and, I guess, up to Alameda. I'm not definitely sure; I'm not familiar with all that territory now. Coming on back down to Fortieth Street or that region along Central—east and west of Central—that was the largest proportion of the blacks at that time. That was in 1936.
In about five or six more years, the population began to grow, because of the airplane plants opening up during the war period. Then, of course, Los Angeles has taken a complete turn since that time.
Hopkins
When you first arrived in the thirties, in the pre-World War II era, where would you say the wealthiest blacks lived? Or did they also live in this Central Avenue area?
Ligon
Oh, yes, there were a few. I don't know, I never keep up with things of that kind. [laughter] There were
Hopkins
I'm sorry, which tract?
Ligon
The Blodgett Tract. It's out south now, and it's known as the Blodgett Tract, and he [Louis Blodgett] had a building around Twenty-fourth and Central, right next to the big theater there, the Lincoln Theater. He was a pioneer in real estate and was building very beautiful homes for blacks out in South Central Los Angeles. And there were perhaps others that I wasn't familiar with that would be defined in the higher echelon that was here in Los Angeles, but I didn't pay that much attention to where they were living.
Hopkins
The Blodgett Tract, do you know any of the streets that encompass that tract now?
Ligon
Not now. It was out about 118th Street and, I guess it was still around—I don't know—about around Avelon, I think it was, in that region.
Hopkins
Materially speaking, did the average black, if I can use that term, seem to live better or worse than the average black in Chicago? Can you make a comparison along those lines?
Ligon
Well, I think all cities produce the same thing: from those who are, perhaps, in some of the better jobs to those who are unable to find employment. I found that
Hopkins
The reason I keep harping on this area is that it's been said, by some, that Los Angeles was a near racial paradise for blacks. Do you agree with that statement?
Ligon
Racial paradise?
Hopkins
Well, that the race relations between whites and blacks were better in Los Angeles, that employment opportunities were better in Los Angeles, that housing conditions were better for black Angelinos than they were for blacks of the same economic status in New York or in Chicago.
Ligon
No, I think that depends on the population. When there was a small amount of population, then those who were employed fared very well, but as the conditions improved, if the employment conditions were not improved, then we would have found it difficult. But most of the employees and the employment— As the blacks moved in, they found work because of, as I said, the airplane industry. The war industry opened up, and a number of the blacks were able to find jobs, and they came out here—that's why they came out here, basically. So that didn't overbalance the population in that sense; so there was no conflict. There would have been a conflict had they entered out here and been unable to find jobs. That's what I think about the relationship.
Dr. Ligon, can you trace for me, then, your life from the time you arrived in Los Angeles, that is, your activities from 1936 to about 1962?
Ligon
Well, I think [one of] the things that interested me was, of course, when in 1940 I started my bookshop, the Aquarian Library and Bookshop. I started that, and just more or less working on the road and enjoying life in general [are] basically the things in which I would define in terms of my life. My family, my mother, and my wife, and my sister were all here, and we enjoyed being here in Los Angeles because I enjoyed the weather, I enjoyed the congeniality of those who we were friends with. My life has just been an average life, on the periphery of what was happening.
Hopkins
You started your bookstore in 1940 or 1941?
Ligon
I think it was '41.
Hopkins
How did you go about starting a bookstore?
Ligon
How did I go about it? Well, we, my sister and I, purchased a place at 802 East Jefferson. And there was an upstairs and downstairs, and downstairs we had store space. I thought it would be a very nice idea to have a bookshop merely because of my interest in the metaphysical and occult background that I was interested in. I found a book referred to as The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ [Levi Dowling], defining the coming of the Aquarian age. I became quite interested in
Hopkins
When you started the bookstore, and it was located on Jefferson, were you living at that site?
Ligon
Yes, we had living quarters upstairs, and we had store space downstairs. My sister was in the theatrical profession, and she started her dancing school there, and I had the bookshop.
Hopkins
Oh, she started the dancing school in the building?
Ligon
In the building, sure.
Hopkins
Was the dancing school successful?
Ligon
Yes at that time it was very successful, for the period in which she conducted it. It had one or two other locations that we moved from that particular location, but it was very successful over a period of years.
Hopkins
Is it still being conducted?
Ligon
Oh, no, she's left the city now. She's up in Vancouver.
Hopkins
How about the bookstore? Was it successful?
Ligon
Well, to me it was successful. It wasn't— Now,
Hopkins
You say at one point that you were largely supported by the white community. In what sense? You mean they were your major patronage?
Ligon
Because of their interest in the metaphysical, and as we started the bookshop, I was interested more or less in the metaphysical. As an adjunct, I carried the black books, but, you see, at that time we would basically find that black people, which at that time referred to themselves as negroes, were not interested in black material at large.
Hopkins
Were they interested in the metaphysical?
Ligon
No. No, not in the approach which we take. They were interested in Christian literature, but we were not interested in that particular field. We were interested in a metaphysical and occult approach to the metaphysical philosophical expression. And so that was the difference.
Hopkins
What was the response of the black religious community on the whole to your bookshop?
Ligon
Well, we didn't carry books that were relating to that particular field. The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ does not define the acceptance of a personage, the anthropomorphical basis of a personage, known as
Hopkins
Can you follow for me, then, the growth and development of the Aquarian Bookstore? I know it's developed into much more than just a bookstore now. I think you have the [Aquarian] Spiritual Center and then you have the Black Gnostic Studies [group].
Ligon
I think I related some parts of that earlier when I was speaking of the ideas that were founded in J. A. Rogers's books. We found within the structure of his approach, that is Roger's approach, that he did give us an insight to a great interest in terms of the basic idea of what the blacks had contributed to civilization. Then, later on, we began to read the works of Dr. James; Stolen Legacy, which defined that it wasn't the Greeks that gave mankind their philosophy, [but] it was the Africans that brought forth what we define as the philosophical ideas that were accepted by Aristotle and Plato and Socrates and various others; they came out of the African
Hopkins
I understand that you moved to your shop at the Santa Barbara [Avenue] address. What address was that? You moved to Santa Barbara Street or Santa Barbara Avenue in 1957?
Ligon
Yes.
Hopkins
What was the address there?
Ligon
1302. We still have that. That's part of the Aquarian Spiritual Center, and, of course, the Aquarian Spiritual Center offers to those interested the gnostic studies. The gnostic studies more or less define— We use the word black gnostic studies or black gnosticism only defining that the word black as it is used in the metaphysical sense, only mean[ing] the hidden knowledge (gnostic meaning knowledge) which is all around us, but we are not aware of it. So a person becomes aware of that hidden knowledge. And that's what we define, trying to make a person aware of the hidden knowledge that's found in a number of books as we have outlined them and also stated that one actually also begins to know himself.
Hopkins
Why did you move the shop to West Santa Barbara Avenue? You were in pretty much the heart of the black
Ligon
Because the black community moved. It shifted. At that particular time we had moved for a short while over past Crenshaw. We were over between La Brea and Crenshaw over on Rimpau. And then we moved from Rimpau over here to 1302 back in '57. But the location of the bookshop had been at 1302, and then it was down at—I believe it was Sixth or Seventh—at the corner of Jefferson and Central for a while upstairs. I can't recall the exact address now. But then we moved the bookshop, and we worked out of our postbox for a short while while we were living over on Rimpau. And then we opened up the bookshop again [at] the permanent location at 1302 in 1957.
Hopkins
When you arrived in the 1930s and through the 1940s, can you recall some of the prominent leaders in the black community in Los Angeles, people that maybe have stuck in your mind over time, in those early decades?
Ligon
[laughter] I think we tried to get into that before. But as I said, my interest in terms of leaders and things of this kind, I don't try to define people as leaders. When one begins to understand himself, we accept people as people, and what are we going to find? Those who are politicians, are they leaders? Are those in the church, are they leaders? Who must I look for in
I think we have been oriented towards accepting people in that particular sense. I think that's an old, old, antiquated concept. We look for it as a key in terms of here's the ruler of the people, and then we lose the concept that we must be leaders in terms of ourselves, and no one can be above us in terms of our own approach towards life. So I don't give that concept in my life.
Hopkins
Right, I can understand. There are always some people who seem to wield some kind of power, whether it be economic or political, and they seem to influence the lives of [people] more than others, and like you mention, the N.A.A.C.P. [National Association for the Advancement
Ligon
I've never attended, but I've read about them. That was a forum open for community discussion and so forth that used to meet on Sundays and discussed political and social conditions and things of that kind. I never participated in that organization, but I do recall I read about it.
Hopkins
Was it difficult for you to get insurance for your bookshop when you first opened, to get services from the publishers to get the books you needed?
Ligon
No, it wasn't difficult. I began to establish my credit. As long as I [could] establish my credit and meet my monthly budget, then that was the only thing that was needed. I recalled that slowly I began to build up an economic base in the manner of making purchases from different larger organizations that are publishing, and I have had no difficulty over the period of years. I don't think, as far as I can recall, I've ever missed a payment, but that was having the ability to judge and understand how you are budgeting yourself and the background in terms of the needs, that you don't overbudget yourself and [that you] keep up the budget in the sense of your
When we had our classes in the metaphysical field, the books that we provided for them could be purchased in the bookshop; so that was a clientele which we had. Later on, as the interest in blacks became demanding, then we were able to get books in that particular field. It's been an equitable distribution.
Hopkins
We spoke in the preliminary interview, before the tape, about some of the other bookstores that existed in the black community in Los Angeles. Can you recount
Ligon
Around 1943, '44, '45, as far as I can recall, We had available rooms for small meetings, and there was some of the socialist groups that were meeting in our available space—lecture room, I call it. As I understand it, Miss Adell Young, who was also a worker in the community, she became heir to a legacy left by a Mr. Gordon, and that legacy was that they (she or whomever the legacy was indirectly left for) would do something to help the community, and it was [with] that she started the Hugh Gordon Bookshop in memory of Mr. Gordon. I think, as far as I can recall, the historical perspective was that he had been in World War I, I believe, and he wanted to do something for the community. He left a legacy that established—I guess it was for a bookshop. Miss Adell Young started the bookshop that was basically oriented towards the black literature. I wasn't completely interested in the black literature at that time, because my forte was in the metaphysical field. So she started the bookshop which has been successful for a number of years.
She passed away some time ago, and then as far as I can recall now, there were one or two other bookshops that had started in the community, but they only lasted for a short while. However, over the period of time in which—I don't recall when it was established—it was
Hopkins
To your knowledge, are you the only black-oriented bookstore in Los Angeles?
Ligon
Yes, there's no other bookstore that I know of.
Hopkins
And the Gordon Bookstore is now out of business?
Ligon
Hugh Gordon is gone. Hall's gone. And any other bookstore that I know of that carried the kind of stuff that we carry is not there. Not only that, as far as we know, there is only really about a dozen bookstores that completely oriented themselves in the kind of stock that we have here throughout the United States. There is one or two in New York, Philadelphia, Atlanta, San Francisco, maybe a few other small places—Detroit, Washington—and maybe a few other places. I don't know, but I think if there were more, we would actually know something about them. As people go to different places they come here to the bookshop, because we have been established and we are perhaps known throughout the United States.
Hopkins
Turning from your sales, would you say that the black readership has grown in the 1980s, or is there less than in the 1960s? How would you compare the 1980s and the 1960s?
Ligon
It hasn't grown a great deal. The thing about it is, with the upsurge—it was because of the black studies—the people at the schools began to use books.
Hopkins
Dr. Ligon, can you tell me something about your family: when you met your wife, your children? Do you have children?
Ligon
Yes, I have two children. Interestingly enough, they were born under the sign of Aquarius, one on the first of February, the other on the fifteenth of February. My mother's passed away, and my sister, of course, is the only other relative that I have living at the present time, but she's not here in Los Angeles. She's up in Vancouver, British Columbia. My mother, she passed away when she was living out here. My father passed away earlier in life, in Chicago, and since that time, I've had a passing of my sister and my brother. And, of course, my first wife has passed away. My present wife has a daughter, and I have a son and a daughter, and
Hopkins
When were you first married, and what was your first wife's name?
Ligon
Hazel.
Hopkins
And what year were you married?
Ligon
Back in 1936.
Hopkins
And then your present wife you married in—
Ligon
That was in '48.
Hopkins
And her name?
Ligon
That's Bernice.
Hopkins
What's her background, Bernice?
Ligon
She was born in Riverside, California, and lived there until the 1940s, when she moved up here to Los Angeles. Her father was out of Georgia, like my family was. They were early pioneers that settled down in Riverside back in the early 1900s, and there's quite a number of them that have lived in Riverside and are still living there.
Hopkins
In reading your brochure here on the bookshop, I notice that they state that the bookshop meant more to the community in the early 1960s than it did prior to the '60s. Can you tell me why?
Ligon
That's because black people were not interested in reading black material. It was only because of the [Watts] uprising that they became interested in the
Hopkins
Can you tell me something about the journal Uraeus?
Ligon
That was a journal that was established through the Aquarian Spiritual Center, and its focus is on the metaphysical and occult material, helping us spread the basic philosophical insight which we have expressed that relates to the ongoing of the material that's found in the Stolen Legacy, The Book of the Dead, and other material that comes out of the African concept, basically the background about the Churchward books and Dr. Massey and [Higgins?] and Dr. James and Dr. Jackson and various others, Dr. William Leo Hansberry and so forth. That's the forte in reference to the Uraeus.
Tape Number: Tape II, Side Two
February 17, 1982
Hopkins
The editor of the journal?
Ligon
Ms. Kakwasi Somadhi is the editor.
Hopkins
I understand that you had some rather renowned individuals who have been associated with this center, at least, well-known people like Ron Karenga.
Ligon
No, Ron Karenga was associated, not as a member of the center, but during the time in which he established the US group, he was utilizing the center as its meeting place. That's the manner in which he was related to the Aquarian Spiritual Center. But he was independent in terms of his group that he started there at the center.
Hopkins
The final question I would like to ask you, outside of the spiritual center and the services that you have for spiritual uplift and philosophical uplift for the black community, are there other services that you perform for the community?
Ligon
Oh, I guess in one particular sense. I was thinking just a while ago, since you were stating that you were taking the history, that it would be incorporated into UCLA's oral history [collection], that it was during the times in which some of the first black studies were instituted out at UCLA that those who were the teaching staff at that time came over to our bookstore and asked
Hopkins
But that's past now?
Ligon
Oh, yes. I never hear from them at the present time. [laughter] We supplied a number of the books earlier for the [Center for Afro-American Studies] library there in Campbell Hall and things of that kind. So that was one of the insights— We felt we had a close relationship to the group at that time.
Tape Number: Tape III, Side One
March 24, 1982
Hopkins
Today, Dr. Ligon, I'd like to clarify some of the points that we discussed earlier and also expand on others. I remember that you said you arrived in Chicago from Atlanta, Georgia, in 1916.
Ligon
That's right, yes.
Hopkins
This was at the height of the so-called Great Migration.
Ligon
Right.
Hopkins
Now, you were about ten years old at that time?
Ligon
Yes. [In] 1916 I had reached the age of ten. Yes, I would say ten.
Hopkins
Did you have a sense of a great migration at that time? Did you feel as though hoards and hoards of people were leaving?
Ligon
No, not a kid of [ten]. I wasn't interested in migration or anything else in terms of that. Of course, my mother was in Chicago, because she had left with her sister and came to Chicago; my older sister and my younger sister were there with her. That was the only thing I was thinking about—coming to Chicago. [laughter] No, we were not conscious of, actually, what were the larger facets of things going on in the environment around us. I didn't realize that, sure.
What was your religious background?
Ligon
The family? They were Baptists.
Hopkins
Did you attend Baptist church in Chicago?
Ligon
Yes, sure. I attended church in Georgia. They were Baptist and we attended church in Atlanta—Mount Olive. In Atlanta, Georgia, I went to one of the oldest established churches, known as Friendship Baptist Church, and I think there was a Dr. Carter who was pastor there. When we came to Chicago, our family was members of the Mount Olive Baptist Church. Dr. Fisher was the pastor there, had been pastor for quite a number of years. Later on—I'm not sure, but I think—Dr. L.K. Williams became pastor of Mount Olive. He was head of the National Baptist Convention. When they moved from Twenty-seventh Street and Dearborn to their present location on Thirty-first [Street] and South Park, sure, we were members. My grandmother, her four sisters and my brothers, my parents, and I attended there during Sunday school for a number of years throughout the twenties.
Hopkins
Also, you said that you had become familiar with some of the jazz theaters on the South Side of Chicago. How did you become familiar with those?
Ligon
I'm not definitely sure, but I thought I had stated in my article that I became interested in the theater long before I got to Chicago. When I was a kid, about six or seven years old, I was introduced to the
Hopkins
Can you explain to me what was the setup of the jazz theaters?
Ligon
They were cabarets, but there were popular halls that had vaudeville—that was the Grand Theater. There were the the dramas which were at the Avenue Theater in Chicago, and then there was the Monogram, that was an established T.O.B.A. [Theater Owners' Booking Association] house that had vaudeville. So, all of those shows were playing. And then there were several other small houses that would have maybe one or two acts at different times throughout the community. When you get interested in these things, you just follow them up and know where they are. Actors like Mamie Smith and Bessie Smith and the blues singers and—oh, [there are] so many I could start naming. The varieties of numbers of shows and things that I kept up with over the period of years.
Hopkins
Did these houses play to an integrated audience, or were they largely black?
Ligon
Well, in Chicago, it was come who may, whoever wished to. But then, being basically in the black community, they mostly were patronized by blacks, but there wasn't any segregation.
I don't recall having been there at the particular performance, but when Ethel Waters became very famous, it
Hopkins
Did you meet her?
Ligon
Not until we came out here. Her manager, Earl Dancer, later became the manager for my sister. When I came out here, he was the manager for her, my sister, Ethel was living in New York at that time. And then when she moved out here, I had the opportunity to meet her.
Hopkins
You were in Chicago during the time of the great race riot of 1919. Do you have any recollections of that race riot?
Ligon
Sure. The greatest part which I can recall was that at the height of it, there was shooting on State Street. I was living at Forty-fifth and Wabash, which is just one block from State Street, and we were there in our living room and could hear shooting that was being carried on just a block away, on State Street. A lady, a
Hopkins
The riot went on for, as I recall it, a week or two weeks almost?
Ligon
Oh, I don't think it was two weeks. I think the height of it was maybe about two or three days, and then it began to quiet down. But they brought the militia in. I don't recall just the extent of it in terms of its time, but I do recall that it [originally] started on a Sunday, so the height of it must have been maybe Monday or Tuesday. And then it quieted down as far as I can recall.
Hopkins
Did you leave your home during those days?
Ligon
Not that I can remember. We stayed right there, but lots of the things were shut down. I don't think I went to school at that time.
Hopkins
What were relations like between blacks and whites after the riot, as you can remember?
I don't recall. No, I don't recall just what they were.
Hopkins
Did it make your family want to leave Chicago?
Ligon
Oh, no. You see, in one particular sense, you felt quite safe in the black community. It was more or less the whites who had remained there in the community [who] perhaps felt alienated in terms of wanting to move. But in 1919, where we moved, there were several white families still living along in that community, but we were some of the early ones that had moved in certain places of Chicago at that time. Later on, I recall down to Thirty-fifth and Grand Boulevard, which is now known as Martin Luther King Drive, in Chicago— It first was Grand Boulevard; then it became South Park; now it's Martin Luther King [Drive]. One of my aunt's dear friends that lived down just off of Thirty-fifth Street on Grand Boulevard, she was a black person who was just getting into that vicinity. A number of black people were just getting into that vicinity on Grand Boulevard. I guess that's why they called it Grand Boulevard, because a number of the very prominent whites, rich whites, lived in along that section on Grand Boulevard. And that was one of the first houses that was bombed in Chicago, and I think that was in the early '20s, so I recall that because I had gone over to the homes where they lived. As I said later on I know that Ida B. Wells
Hopkins
Of course many people have addressed the causes for the riot, but at that time can you remember what was said as to what caused the riot?
Ligon
As far as I can recall, there was one or two little incidents in which they have stated— Nobody exactly knew what the story was. One of them said someone had been drowned down at the beach there at Thirty-fifth Street and the lakefront. There were some parts of it that a number of the blacks congregated in, and then on another part of it, a number of the whites. I think one of the black boys swam over to where the whites were; he was either stoned or something like that. Then again, some of them stated that it was the Marcus Garvey movement who had been perhaps parading on that particular Sunday, and they burnt the American flag down on Thirty-fifth and Indiana, and that was close to where one or two of the other organizations that had been allied to the Muslims, that's what they were. I can't recall just who the head of it was at that time, one of the prominent heads of it had had an office at Thirty-fifth and Indiana. That was a Marcus Garvey parade, and the Muslims were partly blamed for the riot. No one actually, as far as I can recall, knew what was the
Hopkins
You spoke of the Marcus Garvey movement. We would like to talk about that. What was Marcus Garvey's impact on Chicago?
Ligon
I couldn't say. I wasn't in the movement. I just knew that there was a movement of that particular nature. Wasn't interested in it. [laughter] At that particular time, you know. Of course, we observed, because I lived on Wabash, which was a rather prominent street at that time for the blacks; practically every Sunday one of the black groups had parades. The Elks, the Shriners, the Pythians, the Marcus Garvey movement, and maybe other movements, had parades nearly every Sunday or every other Sunday. It was just an interesting period to live in, to observe, and see what was going on, whether you realized what was going on or not. Then, later on, as you read about these things, historically, you can put them in their proper perspective. But when you are actually a part of it, you don't get too much feedback, because you just don't know. As I spoke about some time ago, I was reading the popular paper in Chicago, the Defender. There was so much information there, people writing and so forth. Mr. Robert S. Abbott, who was founder of the Chicago Defender, kept abreast of the news and [it] was one of the most popular papers at that particular time in the country. So I can
Hopkins
What was your parents' view, as you can recall, on the Marcus Garvey movement? Were they followers?
Ligon
No. As far as I know, my mother wasn't. You see, my father passed away about four or five years after we moved to Chicago, and he wasn't active in any of the groups, and of course my mother wasn't. She was trying to raise the rest of the family, so we didn't participate in that. She only attended church. That was about it.
Hopkins
I know it's difficult to surmise this, but was the movement taken seriously by blacks that you knew? Or was it just something to watch?
Ligon
People of my age were not involved, as far as I knew, in the movement. Most of those with whom I was associated belonged to the church at that particular time, except that we had an interest in our social movement. But in the sense of the others participating, because our parents didn't participate, birds of a feather basically flock together [laughter]; so we were not involved in those movements. My immediate acquaintances, as far I knew, their parents didn't participate.
Hopkins
In our first two sessions, you mentioned that you had been a waiter in Saratoga, New York.
Ligon
Yes.
Did you like Saratoga?
Ligon
Yes, it was an interesting experience. It was also a health resort. They had mineral springs there—people coming there for health reasons. That was the first experience I had with something of that kind, so that was interesting. But I was working there; so the money was good. [laughter]
Hopkins
What year were you there?
Ligon
Nineteen thirty-five.
Hopkins
Just one year before you came to Los Angeles?
Ligon
Right. My brother and I had worked a couple of years before that up in Mackinack Island at the hotel. That's off of Lake Michigan. [There was] a very popular hotel that was up there. We worked a couple of summers there, and then we went there during that first part of the season, but we decided we would go to New York, to Saratoga, and work the rest of the season. So we went over there. And then we had an offer to go to Miami, Florida. Some of the waiters, who were actually traveling waiters, would move from season to season, from place to place. So in the winter we went into New York to stay until the first of the year, and then we went down to Miami to work there for the winter season. And I came from Miami right out to Los Angeles.
Hopkins
Did you visit New York City?
Ligon
Yes. We stayed there the time that I visited New
Hopkins
Did you ever entertain the idea of living in New York?
Ligon
Not at that time, no. As I said, my mother had moved out to California, and so she had asked me to come out there to be with her.
Hopkins
I know at one point, too, you said that your sister was involved in printing, and later you became an apprentice to a printing shop. But I wasn't clear on why you became interested in printing.
Ligon
When I first started in, I was working there in the shop as an errand boy. At first—I think I was thirteen or fourteen years old—and naturally I took some printing up in school and also in the shop there, and I just became a printer, because it was a job. I enjoyed it.
Hopkins
So, you were doing it for extra money or for your livelihood?
Ligon
Not extra money. It was money! [laughter] It was a regular job. As I said, when I came out of school, later on, at sixteen, I then had a regular job there, working.
Hopkins
Another point to clarify here for me is that I remember we talked about your coming to Los Angeles in 1936, and you were a waiter on the Southern Pacific Railroad, and that eventually the waiters organized into
Ligon
No.
Hopkins
OK.
Ligon
I know later on that Mr. [William] Pollard was the head of the union. There was another gentlemen—I can't recall his name right now—at the time [who] organized the union. He was quite active in the union organization. But he got a job and went to Washington. William Pollard was the head, and later on he got a government job to come to Washington. It was a diner's car waiters' union, number such-and-such a thing, but they were members of the American Federation of Labor. So they were just chapters of other unions.
Hopkins
Did you urge any of your friends or family to come to Los Angeles from Chicago, or maybe Atlanta?
Ligon
No, not directly. Of course, my auntie came out here; my mother was out here; my sister came out. My brother, when we left Miami, went back to New York, and he lived in New York for almost the rest of his life. I didn't keep in contact with a lot of my friends in Chicago; so I never encouraged them to come out.
Hopkins
You had this training in printing. Did you consider becoming a printer in Los Angeles or working in that trade at all?
No, I didn't. When I came out, a couple of months [later] I got a job on the railroad, and so that was satisfactory. Mrs. Bass, who had a printing shop and a newspaper— Since I did have knowledgeable training, I went over and worked in the shop for a while, just doing things of my own as far as printing, for the bookshop and things of that kind. But I didn't take any regular job. It wasn't needed.
Hopkins
We talked a little bit about leaders last time, and at this point, I'd like to ask you about a few people who have come through history as being leaders. I would like to ask your response to them. Charlotta Bass: do you have any impressions, or can you characterize her?
Ligon
Oh, I think she was a very fine woman. She impressed me a great deal because she was motivated in the sense that she wanted to do something in the community where she lived. She dedicated her paper to progressive ideas, and I think she was a very progressive person. So I had great admiration for Mrs. Bass.
Hopkins
Leon Washington?
Ligon
Leon Washington? Yes, he was also quite militant in the community in terms of trying to get jobs for people. I think he was one of the first ones that began to say, "Well you don't spend your dollars where you can't work," and put on pickets over to the five-and-ten-cent store. I had also witnessed the same kind of
Hopkins
Were you familiar with Frederick Roberts?
Ligon
No, I just knew of him, but I knew very little about his political activities.
Hopkins
Did you vote for him, or were you in a position to vote for him?
Ligon
I don't recall having voted for him at that particular time, no.
Hopkins
Just a few more people: Paul [Revere] Williams, the architect?
Ligon
Yes, I knew him then. It was only later that I became more knowledgeable about some of the things which he was doing. I thought he was quite prominent in the field of architecture, and I had great admiration for him. I can't recall now the numbers of buildings which he did. I think, but I'm not definitely sure, that he built a home for Bill ["Bojangles"] Robinson, that was out here. I think it was one of his designs. I am not sure—because the story just came down to me—that the fellow that used to work with Jack Benny—
Hopkins
Eddie Anderson?
Ligon
Eddie Anderson, yes. They built a very nice home for him, too, but I don't think Williams built it, because the story came out that no architect could build
Hopkins
Yes, in fact, I heard that Williams was willing to design the home, but no one would build it for him. It was interesting.
Ligon
Yes, well, I had just heard that story. I think it came to me during Black History Month. They had a tour, and that was a story that they told us about the home. I've seen the home. I've been in Bill Robinson's home, but I have never been in Eddie Anderson's.
Another home that was built, I think by Williams, was one of my wife's friends'. [They] built a home that, I think, later on Joe Louis lived in, that his wife had. I don't know just what she did, but this party [said] she had been a maid for a very rich personage, who passed away, [and] she left her stocks and bonds and things for her—I guess I'm getting forgetful. [laughter] There was an article in Ebony about her. The lady left her, oh, about half a million dollars or something, and she lived back up in the hills there off of Pico [Boulevard] — Carrie Anderson. On the next street behind her was where this home that the young lady, the lawyer that married Joe Louis, built, and I think Williams designed that home, too.
Hopkins
Williams's work was, of course, citywide, both in the black community as well as in the majority
Ligon
As far as I know, I don't think so. I don't think so. Basically, people who move in that particular circle, the masses don't touch them. And so they don't become knowledgeable of those things unless it's publicized. So if you don't get the publicity, that's what it is— Unless, otherwise, are you catering to the black community— What do you do? Just for instance, as I said, I started the bookstore in 1941, and some people who have been here practically almost that long didn't know about my bookstore, mainly because they didn't search it out. So it depends upon the interest of what you want. If you can find the books that you want in some of the other stores, then why search out a black bookstore, unless you are completely interested in the black material. So that's the other factor, just as that article you saw today. It's a starvation business in terms of people wanting to relate to the black community, because it's basically of their interest. Otherwise, even though you are catering to the black community, but what do you have? Do you have things which they want, or do you have things which they are interested in? And unless they are interested, they
Just a little incident: there was the neighborhood paper, the Wave. It's thrown around in the neighborhood (there the man goes right there now [pointing outside])—throw the papers around, and right next door to me, there's a couple of young ladies that live there. They threw the papers on the sidewalk, and I went up to pick up one, but they didn't throw them directly in [front of] my house. I said, "Can I have this paper here," to the ladies, asking them if I could have the paper. [They] said, "Yes, take them all. We're not going to use them." There are newsy things in the paper, but even the throwaway papers they don't read. So that's the condition in which we find ourselves in terms of the interest of the people who, even though, just are around us. So as you said, you read the article about me this morning, but lots of them even don't know I live across the street. They never know what actually goes on in terms of this bookstore, which is right here, serving the community.
Hopkins
Maybe this article will stimulate business.
Ligon
Well, yes and no. I've gotten some response from it this morning, but the response was some of my friends calling saying, "I like the article." So we don't really expect too many people, because that's a daily paper. I was looking at the circulation, one million and a quarter, in terms of its circulation. And so out of
Hopkins
Again, back to Paul Williams. The L. A. Sentinel, which, I believe, came into publication in 1934, and of course, the California Eagle was still going on at that time: did they cover Paul Williams's work at all, I mean, where it was prominent?
Ligon
I don't know.
Hopkins
Obviously then, it wasn't a common occurrence to see articles about Williams? OK, do you have any idea why the California Eagle went out of business?
Ligon
Mrs. Bass was unable to carry it on. I think somebody else took it [over], either Leon Washington or somebody. One of the other lawyers, I believe, took it on for a while; but just to stay in a paper, you've got to be dedicated. Just like a bookshop, you've got to be dedicated, because especially when you have to completely earn a living and get some kind of a profit out of it, you have to be well established to get the circulation, get the ads and things that will support a newspaper. We would have to say that the black community at that particular time supported three newspapers. What was the other one? The Dispatch.
Hopkins
The Herald-Dispatch.
Ligon
The Herald-Dispatch, the Eagle, and the
Hopkins
Did the Sentinel seem to represent a great deal of competition for the California Eagle? One was a weekly and one was a daily, I think.
Ligon
All three of them were weeklies. I think it was just a matter of policy. The Sentinel became a larger circulation, more or less because the variety of their news coverage was more precise than what the Eagle was, as I can recall. I can't put my finger on just what the factor was, but I think Mrs. Bass, in terms of her operating the paper, perhaps could continue that. But I think the other factor was that either you have been in the business long enough to know all the ins and outs of how to operate a paper profitably— And if you go into it and you don't know, then of course, you are going to run into some situations. So you would have to see how many people are knowledgeable in terms of actually operating a newspaper and can get around the difficulties that one is confronted with in the sense of operating the newspaper. So when you are knowledgeable in terms of that, then you can operate far easier than just going into it thinking that it's a nice business to have, which a lot of people do. I think perhaps that was the cause of the Eagle passing away, because those who were in there after Mrs.
Hopkins
Which paper did you read when you first came?
Ligon
I read all of them if I felt there was something of interest. We'd get the Defender once in a while. But I don't have the time to read the papers now. I have too many books; I've got eight or nine books that I need to read. [laughter]
Hopkins
Do you have recollections of H. Claude Hudson of the N.A.A.C.P.?
Ligon
Oh, yes, he was a very fine person, from a distance. I have never been intimately involved in the N.A.A.C.P. I know from what I observed from a distance, he's a very fine person. He established the Broadway Federal [Savings and Loan Association]. He was behind that in terms of its economic field, operating and so forth. He was one of the pillars in the community that was very prominent.
Hopkins
Did you know of a Miss [Betty] Hill, who chaired the Westside Neighborhood Association?
Ligon
Didn't know her. I can't recall her.
Hopkins
Dr. Ligon, did you serve in the armed forces
Ligon
No, we were held on the railroad for that service, carrying soldiers and things. Transportation was our service. We were not actually members of the armed forces, but we had to serve in terms of the meals and things as we carried either the soldiers or their families back and forth.
Hopkins
Did you want to enlist?
Ligon
I wasn't jumping up and down in terms of going to enlist in the army.
Hopkins
Do you have any memories or recollections of that period in terms of your help as a waiter in helping the soldiers? Are there any stories that come to mind?
Ligon
Well, in the department in which we worked on the train, we carried mostly the soldiers' families out of Los Angeles up to San Francisco. I was running on the Daylight. We very seldom [carried soldiers]; only later, we had soldiers. Sometimes we had a contingent of soldiers, say fifty or seventy-five, that we had to serve coming from Los Angeles up to San Francisco, so we had to take care of them. But beyond that we only had just the people in terms of the families that we carried. On the Daylight for the period of a number of years we carried six or seven hundred people on the train, which was a large contingent to serve, more or less just one meal, but we had quite a thing. We could serve around a
Hopkins
Of course, during these years Los Angeles experienced its greatest influx of blacks. You had been here some five or six years by that time. I guess you had decided that this was your home. How did you feel about this influx of blacks coming to Los Angeles? Did you have any opinions or feelings about it one way or another?
Ligon
No, because, you see, when you are established in your community, you don't actually realize what is going on outside of that community, and then only when you can get away and see the expansiveness of it. Just as you said, when I first moved here, practically all the community activities were on Central Avenue, around that vicinity. And there was one other community, I think, right here on the West Side. There was one up on the northwest side where a community of blacks was living. But then, later on, in the period after the war, some of the blacks came in. And, of course, when the blacks move in, where are they going to stay, except in moving where places are available? And, of course, those are the Caucasians'. So, now it was expanded, but you don't realize until you get out and look around to see what has happened. It's surprising to see how many blacks have moved in and are actually living in this vastness of Los
Hopkins
So then, you didn't feel that there was this great migration of blacks per se. You were aware of it though?
Ligon
Yes, sure, we knew there was a number of blacks coming in. We weren't aware of exactly where they were staying. [laughter] As I said, you only realize it after you move around and see where they've gone. Just like I, just for an example, when I left Chicago back in 1936, I knew basically the boundaries of the blacks, and when I went back the last time in 1979, two years ago, to
Hopkins
Did you have any problems moving on West Santa Barbara Avenue in terms of response— [tape ends]
Tape Number: Tape III, Side Two
March 24, 1982
Ligon
There was no definite problem. The only problem is that— Of course, that was no problem because the manager who had the place had been in the real estate business. He was connected with one of the big firms, the Southern California Real Estate Corporation, and he wanted, of course, to sell it, because he wanted to move. So when I approached him about the place, he was happy. He felt that with my credentials, I would be able to take it over. The only thing there was a clause in the covenant, that they had agreed not to sell to any blacks. But, of course, that had been broken by the lawyer—
Hopkins
Loren Miller?
Ligon
Loren Miller. So that was still placed in the deed, that that had been a clause in it. That was the only thing.
Hopkins
This Southern California Real Estate Corporation. I ran into this name during my own research. Do you know anything about that company?
Ligon
No.
Hopkins
Was it white owned or black owned?
Ligon
Oh, yes, it was white.
Hopkins
Did they have black real estate agents?
Ligon
I don't think so, no. Not that I know of.
Why did you want to move out on West Santa Barbara Avenue? There wasn't a large black community out here at that time, was there?
Ligon
No, but then we had been living far beyond that. We had been living over on Rimpau and beyond Crenshaw. That's where we were living. Of course, that had been taken over by a number of blacks, so this community was fast changing, because they were surrounded by blacks. So they were vastly changing— At that particular time, we thought this was a very nice location; so that was it in terms of the location.
Hopkins
I want to come back to the Rimpau store, because I know at one time you operated your business from your home there, but I'd like to ask you, concerning the spiritual center, what was the reaction of the traditional, if I may use that term, black religious community here, say the Baptists and the Methodists? Did they have any opinions? You must have attracted some people away from their following.
Ligon
No, no. We were still working at that particular time in the church in which we were participating. And ours was a different approach to what we were doing there for the church. It was a spiritualist church, and we were involved in that community. But then I was doing my metaphysical approach, which also involved occult philosophy, and most of them which were having classes in my
Hopkins
So you were still a practicing Baptist in Los Angeles?
Ligon
That wasn't a Baptist. That's what is known as the Spirtualist church.
Hopkins
When did you stop attending the Baptist church?
Ligon
Oh, before I left Chicago.
Hopkins
To discuss, then, the Rimpau mail-order book service that you had. Can you describe that for me?
Ligon
The books of interest— As I stated, we still had a number of clientele who wanted certain books in the metaphysical field, and some in the black, so they kept contact with us, and I'd provide it for them. And sometimes I would send out announcements about certain books to the mailing list that we had, and there was response. So I did it that way.
Hopkins
I'm not clear as to why you gave up the formal store and then worked as a mail-order service, or did you run them jointly?
Ligon
No, because when I moved over to Rimpau, that wasn't a commercial district that I was in, and I couldn't afford at that particular time to rent another store. I had had a store, from the 802 [East Jefferson Boulevard] and then I did have another office, lecture room, and so forth over on Jefferson and Central. When we moved from there over to Rimpau, then I didn't have
Hopkins
I see. Was that as successful as had been the formal stores?
Ligon
No, it wasn't as large, because we didn't have the facilities to carry on as large, but I just kept in contact with those whom I served as a doctor of metaphysics and the lectures which we were carrying on.
Hopkins
Dr. Ligon, was there any kind of small business association for blacks that you could borrow money from or could get advice on how to run a business? Was there anything like that?
Ligon
I don't know. Well, I guess there was, but I wasn't interested in that. As long as I was able carry on my activities, then I worked independent of any other organization.
Hopkins
Why did you abandon the mail-order service on Rimpau?
Ligon
I didn't abandon it. When we moved over here on Santa Barbara, we had space enough to restructure the bookstore, so we had a bookstore then.
Hopkins
Moving on again to the 1960s: In connection with your store, how did Ron Karenga come to be associated with your bookstore, or with your spiritual center?
Ligon
He wasn't associated with it in that particular capacity. We had a lecture room that we were able to
Hopkins
Was there any protest among any of your clientele or neighbors or friends concerning Ron Karenga's US group being established here?
Ligon
As far as I know, they were not concerned, because the activities we were carrying on— As long as
Hopkins
I [know] from the last time we talked that the Aquarian Bookshop supplied books for UCLA's various lectures and for the black studies department [Center for Afro-American Studies] to some degree.
Ligon
That was for the black studies department when they first started. They invited us to come out and sell them books because they wanted to relate to the black community.
Hopkins
Were you aware of the conflict between the US group and the Black Panthers at UCLA's black studies department at that time?
Ligon
We heard about it and read about it, but not that much. Those were the younger groups that I was not completely involved in. I wasn't involved in any of their activities, and so my state of consciousness was not oriented towards what they were doing in terms of the conflicts and going with the schools and all those kinds of things. We were interested in selling books. We went out there to sell books. What was going on beyond that, I had very little interest in, because I had other things to do.
Hopkins
Also, we know that Frank Greenwood's Touring Artist Group was associated to some degree with the operation here. What was that association?
I found Frank Greenwood a very intelligent young man. He was a protest artist in the sense that he didn't quite want to cater to the prejudiceness of the racism in Hollywood. He was independent and wanted to do some things at the [Aquarian Spiritualist Center] theater. So we helped make it available in terms of utilizing the center to put on a number of his presentations. So that was how we became involved in Frank Greenwood's activities, Don't You Want to Live?, or one of those things that we presented on Saturdays and Sundays at the center for almost seven or eight months. But a great deal of the personages that catered to the group, as a response to the movement that was carried on there, was more of those in the progressive field. It wasn't very successful.
But then he had given concerts and other—
Hopkins
Well, thank you Dr. Ligon again for giving us your time. We certainly have enjoyed these sessions with you and have gained a great deal of knowledge.
Courtesy of Dept of Special Collections/UCLA Library, A1713 Charles E. Young Research Library, 405 Hilgard Ave, Box 951575, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1575; http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/special/scweb/
http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4g5009q6&brand=oac4
Title: All the lights the light oral history transcript : Alfred Ligon
By: Ligon, Alfred, 1906-, Interviewee, Hopkins, Ranford B, Interviewer
Contributing Institution: Dept of Special Collections/UCLA Library, A1713 Charles E. Young Research Library, 405 Hilgard Ave, Box 951575, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1575; http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/special/scweb/
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