For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Archives.
[Identification of item], Okhrana records, [Index number, Folder number], Hoover
Institution Archives.
Acquired by the Hoover Institution Archives in 1926.
Vladimir A. Burtsev papers, Hoover Institution Archives
Vasilii A. Maklakov papers, Hoover Institution Archives
Winifred V. Ramplee-Smith collection, Hoover Institution Archives
Russia. Posol'stvo (France) records, Hoover Institution Archives
Russian Imperial Secret Police (Okhrana), Paris office.
Intelligence reports from agents in the field and the Paris office, dispatches,
circulars, headquarters studies, correspondence of revolutionaries, and photographs,
relating to activities of Russian revolutionists abroad. Collection is available on
microfilm (509 reels).
Russia. Okhrannyi͡a otdi͡elenīi͡a.
Revolutionaries--Russia.
Secret service--Russia.
Socialism--Russia.
Russia--History--Alexander III, 1881-1894.
Russia--History--Nicholas II, 1894-1917.
Boxes 1-3
I. History of the Okhrana
Scope and Contents note
The files of the Okhrana office in Paris don't contain statute books giving
the legal provision of the agency or printed materials on its establishment
and growth. The Special Corps of Gendarmes publications that comprise part
of this file, however, give frequent references to pertinent legislation.
The collection of annual
Vedomost' and
Obzor, large volumes covering the period
1887-1901, while intended for the purpose of briefing Okhrana personnel,
present the intelligence service by guberniia and illustrate the history of
the Okhrana within the empire. The yearly volumes of the
Vedomost' (Reports of the Findings of the
Imperial Gendarmerie Concerning Offenses Against the State) cover the period
from 1887-1897 (with volumes 1892-1894 bound together with the volumes of
the
Obzor). The
Obzor (Review of Important Findings of the Gendarmerie) covers
the years 1892-1901.
Another printed item included under this index is the 1894
Zapiska (a report on the political situation in
Poland), which gives Okhrana accounts by guberniia. A short history of the
Okhrana abroad is also given in the notes of principal agent Marcel
Bittard-Monin, while the small number of documents under this topic serve as
a sampling of early operations or as a reference to the laws concerning the
service.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 1-11
Vedomost' doznaniam, proizvodishimsia v
zhandarmskikh upravleniakh Imperii po gosudarstvennym
prestupleniam,
1887-1897
Index I, Folder 1
Volume XII,
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 4
Index I, Folder 2
Volume XIII,
1888
Access
Available on microfilm reel 4
Index I, Folder 3
Volume XIV,
1889
Access
Available on microfilm reel 4
Index I, Folder 4
Volume XV,
1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 4
Index I, Folder 5
Volume XVI,
1891
Access
Available on microfilm reel 4
Index I, Folder 6
Volume XVIII,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 6
Index I, Folder 7
Volume XIX,
1895
Access
Available on microfilm reel 6
Index I, Folder 8
Volume XX,
1896
Access
Available on microfilm reel 6
Index I, Folder 9
Volume XXI,
1897
Access
Available on microfilm reel 6
Obzor vaznieishikh doznanii, proizvodivshikhsia v
zhandarmskikh upravleniiakh Imperii, po gosudarstvennym
prestupleniiam
,
1892-1901
Index I, Folder 10
Volume XVII,
1892-1893
Access
Available on microfilm reel 10
Index I, Folder 11
Volume XVIII,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 10
Index I, Folder 12
Volumes XIX-XX,
1895-1896
Access
Available on microfilm reel 8
Index 1, Folder 13
Volume XXI,
1897
Access
Available on microfilm reel 8
Index I, Folder 14
Volume XXII-XXIII,
1898-1899
Access
Available on microfilm reel 8
Scope and Contents note
Includes appended alphabetical list of offenders.
Index I, Folder 15
Volume XXIV,
1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 9
Index I, Folder 16
Volume XXV,
1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 9
Index I, Folder 17
Memorandum of the French Minister of the Interior to the Minister
of Foreign Affairs,
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 18
Background information on French Minister Lockroy,
1873
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 19
Notes of principal non-Russian agent Marcel Bittard-Monin on the
history of the Okhrana in Paris
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 20
News item on a meeting of security chiefs in
Petersburg,
1913 July
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 21
References to the basic law of 1896 on the maintenance of Okhrana
personnel. Incoming dispatch,
1904 April 20
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 22
Incoming and circular letters,
1903, 1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 23
Zapiska. Printed report on the political
situation in Poland; Okhrana accounts by guberniias,
1895
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index I, Folder 24
Reference sheet: See IIc for
Obshchii
sostav upravlenii i chinov otdel'nago korpusa
zhandarmov
Boxes 4-10
II. History of Okhrana abroad
Box 4
a. Paris office
Scope and Contents note
The earliest document in this series is dated 1886, the year after Petr
Ivanovich Rachkovskii was sent to Paris as the representative of the
Ministry of Internal Affairs (M.V.D.), or several years after his
predecessor Petr Vasil'evich Korvin-Krukovskii (Pierre Newsky) was known
to have acted in the Okhrana capacity in France.
Only the dispatches concerning the growth and responsibilities of the
Okhrana office are included in this series. Of particular significance
is Rachkovskii's letter to Fragnan, chief of the Paris police,
explaining his position and responsibility as chief of the Okhrana
mission in Paris. A short draft on the history of the Paris Office and
activities prepared by a member of the 1917 commission which terminated
the Okhrana abroad is also included.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIa, Folder 1
Incoming and outgoing Okhrana dispatches concerning the
growth, responsibilities, and management of the Paris
office,
1886-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIa, Folder 2
Instructions for collecting military intelligence issued to
Manasevich-Manuilov,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIa, Folder 3
English translation of Rachkovskii's letter to Fragnan, Chief
of Police of Paris, explaining his position and responsibilities as
Okhrana chief in Paris,
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIa, Folder 4
Introductory draft on the history of the Paris Okhrana,
written for publication by a member of the revolutionary
investigative commission,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Scope and Contents note
Includes an English translation.
Reference: See IId for letter of instructions for the
reorganization of the Paris Agentura, 1913
Boxes 4-7
b. European and other outposts
General
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIb, Folder 1
Outgoing reports #1360 and #1361 on the organization of
surveillance according to new principles,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Scope and Contents note
Includes a list of agents by country.
Index IIb, Folder 2
Notes giving agents' names and spheres of operation by
countries and targets,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIb, Folder 3
Distribution of deep cover agents of military age by
countries,
1914 or
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIb, Folder 4
Incoming and outgoing dispatches,
1906-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIb, Folder 5
Reference: See operational card file by countries in
XIIIf(4)
Austria-Hungary
Scope and Contents note
Proposals were made for the establishment of a separate agentura in
Vienna, but no action was taken despite the fact that Russian
revolutionaries in Galicia and Trieste (as described in the case of
the transfer of large sums of money through a Ljubljana bank) called
for some local operations. The only permanent Okhrana agent resident
in Vienna was Hans Tuppinger. (See his file in IIIe, Folder
3)
Index IIb, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to operational tasks and placement
of agents,
1906-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Balkan Okhranka
Scope and Contents note
The Balkan Okhrana was subject to many changes, first with an office
in Romania reporting to Odessa, then changing the seat to Sofia and
reporting to the Paris Office. The organization developed into a
major network, with operatives in all the Balkan countries and
Vienna. The documents contained in this collection cover the period
from 1886 to 1906, when the Balkan Okhrana ceased as separate
unit.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 11-12
Index IIb, Folder 1
Incoming and outgoing dispatches concerning the Balkan
Okhranka (Bucharest and Sofia),
1886-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 11
Index IIb, Folder 2
Operational and intelligence reports by Okhranka chief
Vladimir Przhestiak (Tsitovskii) from Bucharest,
1902-1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 3
Letters from agent Melas,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 4
Letters from agent Alfredi in Romania,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 5
Letter on engaging agents on the Prut river
border,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 6
Names and addreses of four Balkan Okhranka
agents
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Germany
Scope and Contents note
Folder 4 contains only a small portion of the archive of the
Berlin Agentura, which existed as a completely separate
establishment attached to the imperial consulate from 1900 to 1904,
under the direction of Arkadii Garting. He reported directly to
Headquarters, but copies of all dispatches were also sent to the
Paris Office. Upon liquidation, the archives of the Berlin Agentura
were transferred to Paris. See particularly the separate sets of
Berlin dispatches of the period in the Outgoing and Incoming volumes
under XIIIb(1) and XIIIc(1). The dispatches and notes in this
collection pertain to the structure and functioning of the Berlin
Agentura, the agent problems after its closure, and a note relating
to non-Russian agent work in Germany in 1911. For agent activities
in Germany from 1905 to 1914, see folders on agents Neuhaus and
Woltz in IIIe, Folder 3, and in VIk.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 1
Dispatches concerning the Berlin Agentura and subsequent
Okhrana establishment in Germany,
1900-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 2
Letters written by agents or prospective agents after the
closing of the Berlin Agentura,
1905-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 3
Reports from an agent named Hengl,
1906-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 4
Note concerning non-Russian agents' work in
Germany,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 5
Reference: See reports of agents Neuhaus and Woltz from
1901-1905 in VIk
Index IIb, Folder 6
Reference: See Garting's first progress report, September
1/14, 1905, in IIa, Folder 1
Italy
Scope and Contents note
A separate agentura responsible to the Paris Office was recommended
in a 1909 dispatch. No action was taken, despite major operational
tasks along the Italian Riviera, where several of the more
prosperous revolutionaries had settled. Instead, the Paris Office
had a continuous rotation of networks of surveillance agents in the
area and operatives in contact with post offices and the police. In
1914, principal agent Invernizzi established a cover firm for
Italian Okhrana agents which was administered as a separate team
until the Okhrana's termination. (See also the folder in IIIg for
the cover firm in Italy and other folders on Invernizzi in IIIe and
VIk.)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 1
Outgoing dispatch to Headquarters recommending the
establishment of an agentura in Italy,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 2
Intelligence and operational reports submitted to Paris
Office by principal agent Invernizzi for his team operating in
Italy,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Scandinavia
Scope and Contents note
A separate agentura was proposed for Scandinavia in 1906 to
investigate arms shipments and clandestine routes. The proposal was
not accepted. Agent Sambain's missions to Scandinavia developed some
intelligence reporting equivalent to that of a permanent outpost.
See XIc(1).
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 1
Dispatches recommending agentura establishments in Sweden
and Norway,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Switzerland
Scope and Contents note
Folder 6 contains a small number of documents referring to other
European outposts. Two sets of reports from Switzerland reveal that
Bogdanov was a resident agent there in 1887 and Dmitriev in
1907-1908, each reporting directly to the Paris Office. Surveillance
agents, likewise, were at times resident operatives working closely
with local security officers, and at times engaging them as Okhrana
agents. See documents on agent Treichler in IIIe, Folder 3.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 1
Reports from agent Bogdanov to Chief Rachkovskii in
Paris,
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 2
Reports from agent Dmitriev,
1907-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
United States
Scope and Contents note
At times, a separate outpost was proposed for the United States, but
never successfully. The Paris Office was on record as having no
adequate coverage for revolutionaries in North America. There was
some correspondence with the consular offices in the United States
and reports were received from various Russian exiles. Extensive
coverage came only after the dispatch of George Patrick to New York
in 1912. (See folder on Patrick "Lucy" in IIIf.) The Investigation
Commission of 1917 traced 11 Okhrana secret agents in the United
States and Canada, according to a draft memo in this folder.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 1
Dispatch from Headquarters in St. Petersburg requesting
surveillance of revolutionary Govorukhin going to
America,
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 2
Okhrana agents in America, a roster compiled by the
Investigation Commission,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 3
Reference: See folder on agent Patrick (Lucy) in
IIIf
England
Scope and Contents note
The first request of Headquarters to dispatch Paris agents to London
came in 1890. Throughout the 1890s, there are records of resident
secret agents, both British and Russian, but they were essentially
only correspondents. At no time until 1912 did there appear anything
like a regular outpost. Intelligence requirements were covered by
individually engaged agents and by close liaison with Scotland Yard.
When Francis Powell became a principal agent in London, the
non-Russian agents came under his supervision, while Captains Dolgov
and Litvin served at various times as resident case officers for the
Russian secret operatives. During World War I, the Okhrana kept a
resident in Newcastle to monitor arriving and departing Russian
passengers.
Among the voluminous papers in this collection, Folder 2 contains
mostly reports from the 1890s. The names of British people in the
service of the Okhrana are in Folder 4. The folders containing
agent Powell's dispatches discuss operational problems in London,
instructions, monthly statements of accounts, and other
materials.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 12-16
Index IIb, Folder 1
Dispatches on the placement of agents in
London,
1890-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 12
Index IIb, Folder 2
Reports from London agents, including Farce, on Burtsev,
anarchists, Free Russia, and other early revolutionary
groups,
1891-1902
Access
Available on microfilm reels 12-14
Index IIb, Folder 3
French translation of news items attacking the Okhrana
establishment in London,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 4
Names of British in the service of the
Okhrana,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 5
Letters from principal agent Francis Powell concerning
operational problems in London,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 6
Letters from Chief Krasil'nikov to case officer Anton
Ivanovich Litvin in London,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Operational and intelligence reports from case officer
Litvin in London to Chief Krasil'nikov in Paris
Index IIb, Folder 7
1915 April-September
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 8
1915 October-December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 9
1916 January-April
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 10
1916 May-November
Access
Available on microfilm reel 14
Index IIb, Folder 11
Financial statements, expense accounts, and receipts
pertaining to operations of case officer Litvin in
London,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 15
London office (Powell and others) monthly statements of
accounts, receipts, and bills,
1906-1917
Index IIb, Folder 12
1906-1915 June
Access
Available on microfilm reel 15
Index IIb, Folder 13
1915 July-December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 15
Index IIb, Folder 14
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 15
Index IIb, Folder 15
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 16
Index IIb, Folder 16
Receipts of individual British agents,
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 16
Index IIb, Folder 17
Letters of instructions from Bittard-Monin to Powell in
London,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 16
Box 7
c. Official rosters and other publications
Scope and Contents note
The three volumes filed under this index are the only printed reference
materials found in the Okhrana files. They include a book on the
structure, administration, and ranks of the Corps of Gendarmes, lists of
officers associated with the Okhrana abroad, and a book on rail
facilities with a chapter on passenger regulations, including provisions
on state security.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 16-18
Index IIc, Folder 1
Obshchii sostav upravelnii i chinov otdel'nago
korpusa zhandarmov
, St. Petersburg,
1903 July 20
Access
Available on microfilm reel 16
Index IIc, Folder 2
Ezhegodnik Ministerstva Inostrannykh
Del
,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 16
Index IIc, Folder 3
Ukazatel' zheleznodorozhnykh, parokhodnykh i
drugikh passazhirskikh soobshchenii
,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reels 17-18
Box 8
d. Reorganization of 1913
Scope and Contents note
The radical reorganization in 1913 of the Okhrana abroad affected mostly
non-Russian agent networks. Revolutionary counterintelligence under
Burtsev was never in a position to expose the identities of Russian
secret agents more than one at a time, since these agents operated alone
and unknown to each other. Non-Russian agents, however, usually worked
in teams, so each one often knew his colleagues. Thus, when any
non-Russian agent went "sour," there was the immediate danger he would
betray Okhrana agents to the revolutionaries. These non-Russian agents
were predominantly mercenary; some earned money from the revolutionaries
after they had lost their income from the Okhrana.
In 1913 Burtsev's office was able to furnish releases to the Paris press
listing the names and affiliations of most of the Okhrana's non-Russian
agents. Propaganda against the Okhrana abroad led to parliamentary
interpellations and general public condemnation of the "ruthless tsarist
police" in France, England, Italy, and elsewhere. The Okhrana was forced
to reorganize. It made public announcements of complete dissolution and
went through the motions of dismissing all non-Russian agents, whether
exposed to the public or not.
In the meantime, however, the Okhrana set up a cover firm in France to
absorb the better operatives and set up agents in Italy, England, and
elsewhere on a different, more secure administrative footing. The
dispatches in this collection contain some exhaustive analysis of the
operational problems as interpreted by the Paris Chief Krasil'nikov and
comments received from all top officials at Headquarters.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 1
Dispatch from Headquarters discussing problems prior to
reorganization,
1913 September
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 2
Memorandum from Chief Beletskii at Headquarters stating the
difficulties of the Paris Okhrana and the need for
changes,
1913 September 27
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 3
Telegrams and other notes regarding trips and meetings to
discuss the reorganization,
1913 September-October
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 4
Krasil'nikov's analysis of Paris Office investigation units;
basis of proposed reorganization,
1913 September 9
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 5
Outgoing dispatches to Headquarters on the proposed structure
of the reorganized agentura abroad,
1913 August
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 6
Dispatch from Broetskii with recommendations for a cover firm
to replace the direct contracting of investigation
agents,
1913 September 18
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 7
Letter of instructions from Headquarters on the
reorganization,
1913 December 31
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 8
Statement signed by twenty Headquarters officials informed
about the change in addressing communications to the Paris
Okhrana,
1913 October 23
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 9
Incoming and outgoing communications pertaining to the
reorganization and final accounting,
1913 September - 1914
February
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 10
Dispatch from Beletskii on changes required in the agentura's
investigation structure,
1913 November 23
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 11
Letter from agent Henri Durin in response to Sushkov's
inquiries regarding dismissal and subsequent rehiring of French
agents,
1913 November 17
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IId, Folder 12
Reference: See Broetskii's memorandum of October 1913 for
estimates of the budget of the reorganized investigation units in
IVa
Boxes 8-9
e. Wartime Okhrana
Scope and Contents note
As noted in many dispatches, Okhrana activities were limited to
collecting information on subversives at home and abroad, with a
prohibition on collecting military intelligence. When World War I broke
out, however, the Okhrana's interests were spontaneously directed to
counterespionage against Germany and Austria and soon after to gathering
political, economic, sociological, and military information on the
Central Powers. When Allied intelligence was centralized in Paris, the
Okhrana office there became one of its sources of information, with the
Russian military mission in Paris as the channel of communication.
The original purpose of the Okhrana was neglected during the war due to a
lack of personnel and the loss of many communication lines. Many of the
non-Russian agents were drafted into Allied military service and all
contacts with the experienced detectives in Berlin (Neuhaus) and Vienna
(Tuppinger) were terminated. Some of the Russian secret agents were
exempted from military service, but they, too, had to be spared for
intelligence in connection with the war effort.
Like many other government and Allied agencies, the Okhrana moved to
Bordeaux after the threat of German advance into Paris. Only a skeleton
crew with a few files was left at rue de Grenelle. Krasil'nikov's
dispatch to Headquarters stated that his office would be at Bordeaux,
with outposts remaining in Paris, London, and Bern.
Of particular interest are Headquarters circulars on the threat of
internal revolutions and instructions regarding the Okhrana in wartime.
Several issues on account of the war are covered, including positive
intelligence tasks and running agents into Germany from Switzerland, the
work of the revolutionaries for Germany, and the attempted mutiny of the
SS Askold in Toulon.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 19-20
Index IIe, Folder 1
Headquarters circulars on the internal revolutionary threat
in Russia during wartime,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 2
Headquarters circulars on reorganization and changes in the
Okhrana during wartime,
1914-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 3
Headquarters circulars on subversive groups (Jewish Bund,
Social Democrats, etc.) and on individual revolutionary activities
in wartime,
1914-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 5
Outgoing report from Krasil'nikov to Petersburg re: wartime
reorganization of the Okhrana with headquarters in Bordeaux and
outposts in Paris, Bern and London. Assignment of case
officers,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 6
Dispatches and notes in connection with moving the Okhrana
office from Paris to Bordeaux and back to Paris; costs, inventory of
furnishings, transfer of intelligence records,
1914 August - 1915
March
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 7
Telegrams from Krasil'nikov in Bordeaux,
1914 August-December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 8
Outgoing dispatches referring to the war and to
revolutionaries as targets in time of war,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 9
Deciphered telegrams concerning personnel needs in time of
war,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 10
Headquarters circulars on the position of agents who are
subject to military service,
1914 August-September
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 11
Dispatches and telegrams concerning agents exempt from
military duty; operational difficulties due to the removal of
agents; transfer of Counselor Iosefovich,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 12
Names of French agents remaining in the service of the
Okhrana,
1914 October
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 13
Communications obliging Okhrana officials for contributions
for the war effort,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 19
Index IIe, Folder 14
Statements of the French Ministry of War on Russian
volunteers killed in action,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 15
Records on individual Russian subjects evading military
service,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 16
Positive intelligence reports from Okhrana agents in
Germany,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See also report on Paris Okhrana agent in Germany, 1916, in VIIc.
Index IIe, Folder 17
Dispatches and reports from agent "Lebuk" (Sanvelov) to the
Russian military attaché in Switzerland,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 18
Wartime reports of agent "Amerikanets" (Popov) concerning
political situations, the Balkans, etc. Report on the German Social
Democratic Party,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 19
Investigation reports and notes concerning an attempted
mutiny on the Russian cruiser
Askold in
Toulon harbor,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See also XXIVk.
Index IIe, Folder 20
Letters from Krasil'nikov to Litvin analyzing his work as
chief of the London agentura from 1915-1916; and reports from
Litvin,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 21
Reports from principal agent Francis Powell in
London,
1914-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See also folder on Francis Powell in VIk.
Index IIe, Folder 22
Wire informing of the arrest of Henry Bint, principal agent
in Switzerland running operations into Germany,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See also IIIe and VIk.
Index IIe, Folder 23
List and notes on German spies in Switzerland,
1915-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
For complete Okhrana lists and records of operation, see VIIIb.
Index IIe, Folder 24
Debriefing report in French by an agent who toured
Germany,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See VIIIc.
Index IIe, Folder 25
Telegram concerning the effort to engage Danish Count
Holstein for agent work,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See VIIIb, Folder 3.
Index IIe, Folder 26
Clippings from French, German, and English newspapers on the
crisis in Russia and an anticipated separate peace between Russia
and Germany,
1916-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 27
Letter from French Army General Staff concerning
Chapirov,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
General note
See VIIIc and Vb.
Index IIe, Folder 28
Wires concerning the full name of the new director of
police,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 29
Draft and part of report on the anarcho-communist plan to
murder the Russian military attaché in America,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 30
Outgoing dispatch reporting on the disloyalty of the Russian
Supply Mission in London with a report from Litvin,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 31
Wire from Izvolskii concerning the acceptance of Russian
émigrés in the Russian army,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 32
German propaganda article for Russian prisoners of war and
copy of
Russkii vestnik, no.
26,
1915, 1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 33
Dispatch on the pro-German Socialist Congress at The Hague
and report on the German Social Democratic Party,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 34
Reports in French on conferences of Russian
nationalities,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 35
Note to Vissarionov about a resolution to send a unit of the
Okhrana abroad,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 36
Headquarters circular on Malinovskii's activities in
Germany,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 37
Chief Krasil'nikov's notes of instructions to principal agent
Bittard-Monin,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 38
Letters from Bittard-Monin with instructions to his
agents,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 39
Report on ex-Colonel Oberuchev's work for the
Germans,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 40
Report on the placement of an agent in Sweden,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 41
Various notes on the evacuation of Russian citizens, their
return to Russia, etc.,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 42
Report on Russian anarchists in Chicago in the service of the
Germans,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIe, Folder 43
Outgoing dispatches,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Boxes 9-10
f. Termination of the Okhrana
Scope and Contents note
The Provisional Government of 1917 dispatched a commission to Paris to
investigate Okhrana activities soon after the February Revolution. The
head of this commission, Evgenii Rapp, and several of its members were
revolutionaries that had been surveilled by the Okhrana in Paris. Many
of their investigation papers remain with the Okhrana files. The
commission's aim, at least during their first months in Paris, was to
uncover all Russian secret agents or "provocateurs" engaged to penetrate
revolutionary groups.
After the October Revolution, the commission changed its purpose. The
notes of its investigations show that the interest turned toward
uncovering Okhrana operations against Germany. It may be assumed that
this change came on the instructions of the Bolshevik regime, interested
in having such materials on hand at Brest-Litovsk.
This series contains the protocols for interrogating Chief Krasil'nikov
and important staff agents (case officers) and employees. Some of the
materials show Valerian Agafonov's assembly of materials on secret
agents, which was later reproduced (in many passages verbatim) in his
book
Zagranichnaia Okhranka, "Kniga,"
Petrograd, 1918. Also included in this collection are a series of long
memoranda written by Ianishevskii of the Russian Embassy in Rome
concerning the Polish movement for independence, which he submitted to
the commission for review.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 20-21
Index IIf, Folder 1
Blank letterheads of the Ministry of Justice
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 2
Blank letterheads of the Okhrana
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 3
Krasil'nikov's explanatory letter on finances for the
Provisional Government,
1917 September 9
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 4
Instructions and rules of the Commission,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 5
Protocol on the transfer of archives and office
inventory,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 6
Final accounting of Paris Okhrana expenditures for
January-March,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 7
Background report on Evgenii Rapp, chairman of the Commission
and letter appointing Rapp,
1910, 1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 20
Index IIf, Folder 8
Statement on members of the Commission,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 9
Leaflets and bulletins published by the Commission and
collaborating revolutionaries,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 10
Protocols of the interrogation of Krasil'nikov, Lustig,
Likhovskii, and Mel'nikov,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 11
Letters to the Commission from various émigrés used in the
investigation: accusations, self-defense, etc.,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 12
Letters and other papers connected with the investigation of
"Valerian," Burtsev's assistant, and his connection with the
Okhrana,
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 13
Papers on the investigation of Aaron A. R.
Taratuta,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 14
Individual reports of the Commission on the investigation of
Okhrana agents Isaak Abramov, Evsei Brontman, Efim Simkov-Brut,
Vakman, Demetrashvili, Iakov Zhitomirskii, Aleksei Savinkov, "Kozel
Sanvelov," Aleksei Staal, Albert Orlov, and Il'ia
Chir'ev,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 15
Statements on other individuals investigated by the
Commission,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 16
Commission's compilation of the names of Okhrana agents and
their locations,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 17
Draft of the Commission's protocol on agents in
America,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 18
Report on the Commission's work in Switzerland,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 19
Letters from Bint to Rapp and Mel'nikov offering his service
to the Commission,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 20
Letters to and from the Commission after the closing of the
Okhrana,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 21
Memoranda by Ianishevskii on the Polish movement and
statement by Girs concerning Ianishevskii at the Russian Embassy in
Rome,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIf, Folder 22
Notation on the numbers of incoming dispatches for 1916 which
were missing when the Commission took over,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
General note
Most of these numbers have been located when the files were
organized, 1962-1964.
Boxes 10-26
III. Organization and structure
Box 10
a. Policy and functional responsibility
Scope and Contents note
This series documents Headquarters policy concerning the status, official
position, and approved activities of the Okhrana establishments abroad.
No specific memorandum or order from Headquarters to the chief of the
Paris center defines in full the position and authorized activities, but
the documents included under this topic give some insight into the
structure and workings of the establishment abroad. Until 1909,
dispatches from Headquarters were addressed directly to the chief of the
Paris Office or to the "Director of the Agentura Abroad"
(Zaveduiushchemu zagranichnoi agenturoi). After the downfall of Garting
as Paris chief, when the revolutionaries exposed him as a provocateur
and he was sentenced by the French court for criminal acts in 1890,
Headquarters made it a rule to address official dispatches with the
preamble: "To the representative of the Ministry of Internal Affairs,
delegated abroad for liaison with local authorities and Russian
embassies and consulates." Headquarters did not fully adhere to its own
ruling, but demanded that all other Okhrana agencies in Russia use the
specifically prescribed title in addressing communications to the Paris
Office.
As a matter of policy, Headquarters insisted on designating Okhrana
missions abroad as agencies representing not only the M.V.D. of Russia,
concerned with subversives threatening terror of the existing law and
order, but of all other monarchic or bourgeois countries as well.
Despite this expressed policy of limiting the Okhrana abroad to
counter-intelligence against the revolutionaries, its functions spread
beyond this pronounced purpose. Thus, before and especially during the
Russo-Japanese War, the Okhrana abroad assisted their military
counterparts until Headquarters issued a definite order forbidding
military intelligence and espionage.
Soon after the outbreak of war, despite the fact that the files contain
no instructions to that effect, the Okhrana abroad was soon involved in
counter-intelligence and counter-espionage against Germany, Austria,
Hungary, and Turkey. It also mounted political and economic intelligence
operations against the Central Powers. (See the folder on the wartime
Okhrana under Index Number IIe.)
The folder under this heading (IIIa) also contains Headquarters rules on
the position of the Okhrana in emergency situations, such as the
internal upheavals of 1905 and their aftermath.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 1
Incoming dispatches from headquarters containing instructions
on policy and functional responsibility of the Paris
Okhrana,
1887-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 2
Orders from Headquarters regarding military intelligence and
espionage,
1906-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 3
Letter from Paris to the Russian Mission in Switzerland on
the functional limits of the Okhrana,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 4
Incoming dispatches from Garting in Berlin on
responsibilities, agent assignments, and funds,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 5
Emergency statutes of the Okhrana,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 6
Dispatches concerning the proposal from Headquarters to place
staff agent Lt. Col. Erhardt in charge of the Paris
office,
1911-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 7
English translations of Rachkovskii's letter to the Chief of
Police in Paris explaining his position and
responsibilities,
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 8
Letter of authority for Krasil'nikov in connection with
Poincaré's travel to Russia,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 9
Andreev's report on the status of the Okhrana abroad after
Garting's departure,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 10
Positions of officials -- statement of pay,
1913 December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 11
Draft of dispatch by Titular Counselor Mel'nikov,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 12
Note on incognito arrival of Headquarters Chief
"Wolf,"
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Index IIIa, Folder 13
Instructions from headquarters requiring separate dispatch
for each intelligence or operational item,
1906-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 21
Boxes 11-12
b. Okhrana chiefs and case officers
Scope and Contents note
Okhrana chiefs in Paris were accorded a permanent tenure of office after
the assignment of Petr Ivanovich Rachkovskii in 1885 as the
representative of the M.V.D. Petr Korvin-Krukovskii (Pierre Newsky)
before him (1883-1885) did not develop an "agentura" but introduced
agent operations against subversive elements abroad. Thus, the formal
establishment of the Paris Okhrana came only after the arrival of
Rachkovskii with instructions to be an overt representative of the
M.V.D. The succession of Okhrana chiefs in Paris was as follows: Petr
Ivanovich Rachkovskii (January 1885-November 1902); Leonid
Aleksandrovich Rataev (November 1902-August 1905); Arkadii Mikhailovich
Garting (August 1905-January 1909); Captain Andreev (February-November
1909); and Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Krasil'nikov (November 1909-March
1917).
The folders on the officers running the Paris Office are supplemented by
separate folders in XIIb containing planning and operational material
under the four consecutive chiefs in Paris -- Rachkovskii, Rataev,
Garting, and Krasil'nikov.
Materials on all leading case officers are included under this Index
number. The case officers, agents in the Paris office who handled deep
cover agents abroad, were predominantly gendarme officers whose ranks
ranged from Captain to Colonel, with years of Okhrana operations
experience in Russia.
While the Paris Office took care of the administrative problems, such as
funds and communications, the relations of the Paris Office with case
officers was strictly under cover, not known to French Sûreté or
Scotland Yard, despite the close liaison frequently maintained with
these organizations.
With the exception of Mikhail Barkov, one of the earlier case officers
handling agents of the Berlin agentura, the officers were assigned from
the very beginning as supervisors of operations and agents. Barkov
became a case officer after serving as a secret agent and his charges as
case officer were non-Russian agents. Permanent officials of the Paris
Office likewise occasionally became case officers, such as Bobrov,
Molchanov, Mel'nikov, and Sushkov. Ivan Fedorovich Manasevich-Manuilov,
a staff agent assigned by Headquarters for political action in Paris
(influencing the press, developing diplomatic contacts, etc.), served at
times as a case officer with his own agents, as in the case of acquiring
and deciphering the Japanese code in 1905. (See folder in VIIIa.)
Access
Available on microfilm reels 22-25
Index IIIb, Folder 1
Two letters by Korvin-Krukovskii, the Paris Okhrana
predecessor of Rachkovskii; and dispatches dealing with
administrative matters and personal problems of Paris chiefs and
staff agents,
1888-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 2
Papers pertaining to Rachkovskii, Paris Chief from
1885-1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
General note
See also his file in XIIb.
Index IIIb, Folder 3
Dispatch to Garting in Berlin instructing him to see Rataev
(Paris Chief from 1902-1905),
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
General note
See also XIIb.
Index IIIb, Folder 4
Letter from Garting ("Artek") requesting his conversion from
Judaism,
1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 5
Dispatch on the termination of pension and other papers on or
by Chief Garting,
1903, 1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
General note
See also XIIb.
Index IIIb, Folder 6
Papers pertaining to Krasil'nikov's position as chief of the
Paris Okhrana (from 1910-1917),
1912-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 7
Dispatches concerning the assignment and responsibilities of
staff officials and case officers,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 8
Notes and dispatches of Acting Chief Captain
Andreev,
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 9
Letter from case officer Aleksei D. Arbuzov to
Krasil'nikov,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 10
Mikhail Barkov, case officer,
1894-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 11
Mikhail Bobrov, temporary case officer,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 22
Index IIIb, Folder 12
Captain Dolgov, case officer,
1909-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reels 22-23
Index IIIb, Folders 13-18
Lt. Col. Erhardt, staff agent in charge of secret
agents,
1910-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 23
Index IIIb, Folder 19-20
Lt. Col. von Kotten, staff agent in charge of secret
agents,
1910, 1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 23
Scope and Contents note
Includes his Okhrana service records from Moscow and medical
statement after the attack on his life.
Index IIIb, Folder 21
Captain Likhovskii,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 23
Index IIIb, Folders 22-23
Captain Anton Ivanovich Litvin, staff agent, case officer for
London operations,
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 23-24
Index IIIb, Folders 24-26
Lt. Col. Lustig, staff agent,
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 24
Index IIIb, Folder 27
Lt. Col. Martynov, staff agent,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 24
Index IIIb, Folders 28-29
Captain Rek ("S. Repin"), staff officer and deputy to Lt.
Colonel Erhardt,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reels 24-25
Index IIIb, Folder 30
Ivan F. Manasevich-Manuilov, staff agent,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Boxes 12-13
c. Officials and clerical personnel
Scope and Contents note
Like their chiefs, the employees assigned to the Paris Office by
Headquarters usually enjoyed a long, permanent tenure as in the cases of
Mel'nikov, Chashnikov, Molchanov, and Bobrov. Each had his specifically
assigned duties relative to the official rank of "gubernskii sekretar'"
or the equivalent. Permanency of tenure was enhanced by language and
area requirements. Long years of service abroad made the officials good
linguists, the main qualification for translators of raw reports from
non-Russian agents. When an official wanted to marry a foreign national,
the spouse had to have a security check, and approval had to be granted
by the Okhrana Director in St. Petersburg (as in Mel'nikov's case).
The employees received bonuses for Christmas and other holidays as well
as sick pay. They were also awarded medals for long term service or
other distinctions. When under suspicion with regard to loyalty, they
were placed under watch and surveillance (see folder 14 on Sushkov).
Access
Available on microfilm reels 25-27
Index IIIc, Folder 1
Dispatches and other notes related to permanent officials and
clerks of the Paris Okhrana office,
1890-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folders 2-3
Mikhail Bobrov, secretary,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folder 4
Nikolai N. Chashnikov, for many years clerk, then pensioner
of Paris Okhrana,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folder 5
Mariia Fedorova, correspondence clerk,
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folder 6
Leontii Gol'shman, clerk,
1916-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folder 7
Iu. Iozefovich, in charge of accounts,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folder 8
Georgii Kozhanov, clerk,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 25
Index IIIc, Folders 9-12
Ivan Semenovich Mel'nikov, in charge of records,
1907-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reels 25-26
Index IIIc, Folder 13
Ivan M. Molchanov, administrative officer,
1907-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 26
Index IIIc, Folders 14-17
Boris Sushkov, deputy to the Paris chief,
1908-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 26
Index IIIc, Folders 18-19
Nikolai Volokhovskii, Paris Okhrana secretary,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Index IIIc, Folder 20
Aleksandr Konstantinov Il'in, registry clerk,
1907, 1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Boxes 13-14
d. Use of diplomatic and other status
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana developed a policy against the use of diplomatic, consular,
or military attaché covers for its office personnel or Russian agents
abroad. It expressly forbade non-Russian agents from making any
allusions to Russian diplomatic missions abroad and permitted them, only
in exceptional cases, to admit connection with the Russian special
police of the M.V.D.
The documents contained herein pertain mostly to agent and case officer
Mikhail Nikolaevich Barkov, operating in Germany under the cover of a
consular officer in Berlin. As distinct from the Paris center, the
Berlin agentura was housed in the office of the consulate, as set up by
Arkadii Garting in 1901. When Garting left in 1905, the Berlin agentura
was officially terminated and its files transferred to the Paris center.
However, Barkov, Garting's chief deputy in Berlin, remained in the
consulate there to continue under that cover as case officer for the
non-Russian agents in Germany.
Diplomatic and consular offices were also used as cover for Okhrana
operatives in the Balkan countries. (See the folders in IIb on the
Balkan Okhranka.) In other countries of Europe, Okhrana operatives found
operational support and exchanged information. However, this
relationship was not formalized and was dependent mostly upon personal
contact between the principals of the Okhrana with the chiefs of the
diplomatic and consular missions. (See folders under Index Number
Vg.)
Access
Available on microfilm reels 27-28
Index IIId, Folder 1
Note on the disposal of the papers of agent Mikhail
Nikolaevich Barkov, engaged under consular cover in
Berlin
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Index IIId, Folder 2
Barkov's passport, bankbook, police certificate, and
photographs
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Index IIId, Folder 3
Barkov's notebooks with addresses of his subordinate and
cooperating agents, official and other contacts in Germany and
Denmark, and the names and locations of revolutionaries
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Index IIId, Folder 4
Letters, telegrams, and notes from agent Barkov's folder re:
personal affairs and intelligence matters,
1889-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Index IIId, Folder 5
Letters containing operational and intelligence information,
mostly from Barkov in Berlin to Garting in Paris,
1906-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 27
Index IIId, Folder 6
Letters from agent Barkov,
undated
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIId, Folder 7
French and German newspaper clippings, kept by agent Barkov,
on Russian espionage in Germany, and on terrorists,
1904-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIId, Folder 8
Receipts,
1904-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIId, Folder 9
Reference: See also file Vg, "Relations with missions
abroad"
Boxes 14-20
e. Investigation agents and teams - French and other
European
Scope and Contents note
The collection of non-Russian agent rosters compiled under No. 1 of this
index ranges from 1905, when Chief Garting greatly expanded the use of
French and other Western detectives for investigation work, to 1913,
when all non-Russian agents were publicly dismissed. Most of the rosters
were maintained by the Okhrana's principal non-Russian agent in Paris,
Marcel Bittard-Monin. His rosters and lists were compiled for
bookkeeping purposes and also as operational guides. Some rosters
contain agent groups by areas, others by target or investigation as
assigned. Much of this roster compilation entailed notations on changes
of operational schemes: an agent assigned one week with a team in the
Italian Riviera may be sent the following week to track a terrorist in
Germany and the next week to protect a high dignitary. Thus, the rosters
with all the entered notations were subject to constant amendments, and
an overall review of the Okhrana's agent teams can be possible only by
the study of the rosters through the entire period covered.
The long list of folders on individual non-Russian agents, collected
under No. 3 of this index, represents the bulk of this group of
documents. 122 dossiers are arranged in alphabetical order; records may
contain one note on the agent or a hundred. This collection of agent
dossiers was started by Marcel Bittard-Monin in his office at Rue Chomel
in Paris. His original folders on subordinate agents have been retained;
each contains the uniform table of information on the first page of the
dossier's hard cover, giving the agent's full name, origin, age,
background, record of service, and decorations. The contents of each
dossier also include, where available, papers on the agent's
recruitment, evaluation, effectiveness, security breaches, promotion,
dismissal, pension, etc. (Records of actual agent accomplishments,
problems in handling him, and intelligence reports may also be found
under VId, VIj, or VIk.)
Bittard-Monin's folders in this collection and the folders containing
instructions to subordinate agents constitute another significant
section under this topic (IIIe). Folder 8 contains Monin's
intelligence and operational communications concerning a major
investigation in Italy in 1911, while Folder 9 holds Monin's
instructions from his Paris office to 53 subordinate agents and team
leaders in all parts of France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and
England, all of them subject to frequent change of locale and even
country.
Some of the folders give specific information on the method of assigning
investigation teams in the south of France, Switzerland, or northern
Italy; others show the distribution and placement of agents on tasks
insuring proper security for traveling imperial personages. Where the
agent was completely stationary, as in the case of Treichler, a Swiss
police official (see Folder 15), the operational and intelligence
documents likewise reveal their methods.
Long-term non-Russian agents sent on investigation and surveillance jobs
were given a simple cipher for encoding and decoding messages. This was
in addition to instructions on code words and "double talk" terms used
for sensitive passages in telegrams and written messages. (A card with
the printed cipher is in Folder 10. For samples of various ways of
encoding messages, see the reports of non-Russian agents under VIj and
VIk.) Records indicate that Bittard-Monin enjoyed a high degree of
confidence on the part of his employer, Paris Okhrana Chief
Krasil'nikov. Folder 21 contains Monin's communications to him, while
Krasil'nikov's notes and directives to Monin may be found in XIIb.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 28-38
Rosters of non-Russian agents: investigators, detectives, and
surveillance personnel engaged by the Okhrana abroad,
1905-1913
Index IIIe, Folder 1a
Rosters giving the names of agents, their pay, and their
expenses when Garting took over as Chief of the Paris
Okhrana,
1905-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 1b
Names and addresses of the principal investigation
agents,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 1c
Book listing the agents who were directed by Marcel
Bittard-Monin,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 1d
Book of agents, surnames only,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 1e
Lists of names and locations of agents with their targets
and pay,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 1f
Book of names and addresses of the agents,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 1g
Book of agents with a two page background on
each,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Index IIIe, Folder 2
Réglements généraux. 5 folios of
detailed monthly accounting on the money received from Krasil'nikov;
includes signatures of agents for money received,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Agent dossiers,
1887-1914
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Aebersold-Berthold
Access
Available on microfilm reel 28
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Jean Aebersold, Aubert, Auby, Bades, Barlet,
Aime Barthes, Bauer, and Armand Berthold.
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Bittard-Couvrat
Access
Available on microfilm reel 29
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Marcel Bittard-Monin, Bocquet, Marius
Boniol, Pierre Bouteillier, Charles de Breyne, Alfred Brunner,
Charlotte Bullier, Luigi Capusso, E. Caumeau, Rene Cazayus,
Charles Charlet, Coquelin, Raoul Corrot, Cotta, and Couvrat.
Index IIIe, Folder 3
David-Fontaine
Access
Available on microfilm reel 30
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Etienne David, Deguerre, Dejour, Charles
Delangle, Emile Demaille, Jules Decluseaux, Desvernine,
Alexandre Ditchescoulo, Auguste Dore, Berthe Drouchot, Dupont,
Durafour, Robert Durand, Henri Durin, Gabriel Dussaussois, E.
Farce, J. Fehrenbach, Fernand Feuger, Fleury, and Madame
Fontaine (Dedienne).
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Fontana-Hébrais
Access
Available on microfilm reel 31
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Jean Louis Fontana, Arturo Frumento,
Gaudinot, Georges, Luigi Giani, Georges Franéois Godard, René
Gottlieb, Groussot, Paul Hamard, Halphen, Jules Hansen, and
Hébrais.
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Hennequin-Lavallée
Access
Available on microfilm reel 32
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Edmond Hennequin, W. Henninger, Charles
Henry, Eugéne Invernizzi, Jacquet, Oscar Jaton, Georges and
Raoul Jollivet, Robert Kaspar, Alexander Kerr, Lacoste, Laizier,
Bernard Laurent, and Pierre Lavallée.
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Leblanc-Leroy
Access
Available on microfilm reel 33
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Nicholas Leblanc, Eugéne Lecointe, A.
Legrand, Lemand, Georges Léon, Francesco Leone, and Maurice
Leroy.
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Leuthold-Richard
Access
Available on microfilm reel 34
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on A. Leuthold, Eugéne Lévęque, Alexandre
Lodie, Léon Magadieu, Heinrich Neuhaus, Léon Otte, Henri Ozanne,
Francesco Pavesi, Pernet, J.P. Pertinac, Petry, August Pouchot,
Francis Powell, Powells, Preneron, Raphael, L. Raymond, Ernest
Riant, and Gabrielle Richard.
Index IIIe, Folder 3
Rime-Woltz
Access
Available on microfilm reel 36
Scope and Contents note
Contains dossiers on Georges Rime, Robert Riot, Jean Robail,
Adolphe Roselli, Anatole Rougeaux, Rubrick, Albert Sambain,
Alphonse Sauvard, Edouard Marius Schmidelin, Sérose, Strasen
(Thomsen), Ernest Tarissan, Paul Tellier, René Thomas, Michael
Thompson, Michael Thorpe, Mme. Tiercelin, Treichler, Hans
Tuppinger, Vincenzo Vizzardelli, Maurice Vogt, and Karl
Woltz.
Index IIIe, Folder 4
Headquarters circulars relating to foreign and investigation
agents,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 35
Index IIIe, Folder 5
Paris Okhrana circulars to agents regarding their status,
cover, salaries, etc.,
1910-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 35
Index IIIe, Folder 6
Dispatches on the assignment of non-Russian agents, the
defection of Leroy, difficulties of investigation, and proposed
changes,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 35
Index IIIe, Folder 7
Letters and telegrams of instruction from Chief Krasil'nikov
to Bittard-Monin,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 35
Index IIIe, Folder 8
Marcel Bittard-Monin, in charge of the Okhrana's non-Russian
agents; communications of a special team of agents dispatched to
Italy in August 1911 for a major investigation task on the Socialist
Revolutionaries,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 35
Index IIIe, Folder 9
Collected instructions from Bittard-Monin's office in Paris
to his subordinate agents,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reels 35 and 37
Scope and Contents note
Includes instructions to Jean Aebersold, Barlet, Aime Barthes, Armand
Berthold, Henry Bint,Marius Boniol, Pierre Bouteillier, Buckland,
Rene Cazayus, Charles Charlet, Etienne David, Charles Delangle,
Berthe Drouchot, Henri Durin, Gabriel Dussaussois, E. Farce, Fernand
Feuger, Fleury, Jean Louis Fontana, Arturo Frumento, Gottlieb-Godard
team, Paul Hamard-Fontaine, Edmond Hennequin, Charles Henry, Eugéne
Invernizzi, Oscar Jaton, Georges Jollivet, Mme. Langbard, Bernard
Laurent, Georges Léon, A. Leuthold, Eugéne Lévęque, Alexandre Lodie,
Heinrich Neuhaus, Léon Otte, Palfrene, August Pouchot, Francis
Powell, Preneron, Gabrielle Richard, C. Rigault, Georges Rime
(Coussonnet), Robert Riot, Adolphe Roselli, Anatole Rougeaux, Albert
Sambain, Alphonse Sauvard, Michael Thorpe, Mme. Tiercelin,
Treichler, Hans Tuppinger, Vincenzo Vizzardelli, Maurice Vogt, and
Karl Woltz.
Index IIIe, Folder 10
Formal assignment of investigation teams along the Italian
Riviera,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 37
Index IIIe, Folder 11
Reports from Bittard-Monin's special team sent to investigate
Burtsev's journey to and activities in Italy,
1912 November
Access
Available on microfilm reel 37
Index IIIe, Folder 12
Monthly accounts of the cover agency directed by agent Eugene
Invernizzi in Italy,
1915-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 37
Index IIIe, Folder 13
Instructions from Bittard-Monin to agent Invernizzi
concerning the establishment of a private bureau serving the Okhrana
in Italy; termination of the service in Rome,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 14
Reports and accounts of the investigation agency for
Invernizzi's team in Italy,
1913-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 15
Operational and intelligence reports from Swiss police
officer William Treichler's team in Switzerland,
1911-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 16
Reports on the organization of surveillance on the occasion
of the Tsar's visit to Berlin,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
General note
For similar organization of teams, see XVd.
Index IIIe, Folder 17
Reports and letters of Maurice Vogt and his team in southern
France,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 18
Cipher given to investigation agents for
communications,
1912-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 19
Notes concerning Bittard-Monin's accounts with the
banks,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 20
Copies of telegrams sent by Bittard-Monin to Chief
Krasil'nikov,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 21
Notes and drafts of communications by
Bittard-Monin,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIe, Folder 23
Reference: See Bittard-Monin's manuscript, "La Confédération
générale du travail," 1914, in XVIIs
Index IIIe, Folder 24
Reference: For reports from Charlotte Bullier and Burtsev's
letters to her, see XVIId
Boxes 21-25
f. Deep cover agents
Scope and Contents note
Folder 1 of this series contains abstracts on 215 Okhrana deep cover
agents. This version in English was prepared in 1962, before the files
were organized, and is therefore incomplete, useful only as a guide for
further study on Russian agents operating in Europe. As part of this
compilation in English, Folder 38 contains some 550 index cards, kept in
a 3" x 5" file. These cards are not for reference purposes to other
folders, but handy for identification. In alphabetical order according
to all true and assumed names, each card gives the equivalent name or
names used by the agent, by the Okhrana for cover or security purposes,
or by the revolutionaries among whom the agent operated.
Folder 5 contains abstracts, with information on the Okhrana's secret
agents, prepared by Valerian Agafonov, member of the Investigation
Commission sent to Paris in 1917 by the Provisional Government. It is
sketchy, but of significance, since it served as a basis for Agafonov's
book,
Zagranichnaia Okhranka, published in
St. Petersburg in 1918.
Folders 9 through 36 contain, in alphabetical order, documents on
139 secret agents, assigned abroad by Headquarters or by provincial
Okhrana offices in Russia, with or without the approval of Headquarters
?i.e., all Russian agents for whose operations abroad the Paris center
or its staff agents were administratively responsible. Pertinent papers
on many of these agents are missing. Some records contain only a name,
code name, or alias or some reference to operational communications. It
is possible that many of these records were removed by Agafonov or other
members of the 1917 Commission for personal or official uses.
A number of papers pertaining to this group of agents are also located
under Index Numbers XIa and Xlb, which contain documents on double
agents and penetration agents. In a sense, the great majority of the
Okhrana's secret operatives were penetration agents. The criterion for
engaging them was usually their ability to attain and keep access to
revolutionary groups. Unless the individual had good prospects to join
the revolutionaries and work with them, he was not considered for
employment.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 38-48
Typed abstracts in English on 215 deep cover agents
(sekretnie sotrudniki)
Index IIIf, Folder 1a
A-K
Access
Available on microfilm reel 38
Index IIIf, Folder 1b
L-Z
Access
Available on microfilm reel 39
Index IIIf, Folders 2a-2b
Four alphabetical lists of secret agents
Index IIIf, Folder 3a
a. Alphabetical by pseudonyms and true names
only
Access
Available on microfilm reel 39
Index IIIf, Folder 3b
b. Names and identifying data (Investigation Commission
worksheet),
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 39
Index IIIf, Folder 3c
c. Galley proof of the above list
Access
Available on microfilm reel 39
Index IIIf, Folder 3d
d. Agent code names and abbreviations for
messages
Access
Available on microfilm reel 39
Index IIIf, Folder 4
Photographs of secret agents
Access
Available on microfilm reel 39
Index IIIf, Folder 5
Typed abstracts on 49 secret agents,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Scope and Contents note
Apparently by Agafonov in 1917, since all these texts appeared
verbatim in his book
Zagranichnaia Okhranka, 1918.
Index IIIf, Folder 6
Worksheets on the assignment of secret agents,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 7
Dispatches regarding the exemption of secret agents from
military service,
1908, 1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 8
Dispatches concerning secret agents, referring to two or more
persons, on general matters,
1902-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Deep cover agents by name
Scope and Contents note
Includes dispatches, correspondence, intelligence reports, telegrams,
photographs, Headquarters circulars, notes, and clippings.
Index IIIf, Folder 9
Abramov, code name "Maksim," pseudonym
"Krivtsov,"
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 9
Abramov, Isaak Leontievich, pseudonym "Germain" or
"Zhermen," "Isaev," "Charpentier,"
1907-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Scope and Contents note
Includes 3 case reports about him and 60 intelligence reports by
him.
Index IIIf, Folder 9
Acket, A. G.,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 9
Albaum (also Elbaum), Kalman Khaimov, code name
"Corpulent,"
1910-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 9
Alberti, Genrikh Genrikhov,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 9
"Alfredi," true name not established,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 9
Ankerman, Wulf Zalmanov, code names "Belii" and
"Fayvel-Tokar',"
1909-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Baikovskii, Nikolai, code name "Guichon,"
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Barkov, Mikhail,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Beitner, Lev Dmitriev, aliases "Levushka," "Moskvich,"
"Kraftov," and "Kyung,"
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
"Belov," code name only
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
"Belozerskaia," code name only
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
"Blits, Aleksandr," code name only
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Blokhin, Vasilii Grigorievich, pseudonym "Bartenev," code
name "Eniseiskii," revolutionary alias "Sibiriak,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Blum (Bloom), code names "Rakhmetov" and
"Lomov"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Briandinskii, Matvei, pseudonyms "Krapotkin," "Viatkin"
and "O. duPerrier,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Brodski, Boleslaw,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Brontman, E. Gershkovich, code names "Niel," "Permiak,"
"Khitrii," and aliases "Naum," "Tovarishch Sasha," "Aleksandr
Etr,"
1911-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 10
Brzozowski, Stanislaw Valentevich, code names "Maevski"
and "Poniatovski,"
1909-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 11
Chinekova, Khaia,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 11
Chizhikov, Boris (Berko), code name "Iost," pseudonym
"Neudorf,"
1902-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 11
Cielecki, Alexandre,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 12
Demetrashvili, Andrei Gavrilovich, code names "Skoss,"
"Maloross," and "Ross,"
1913-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 12
Dlikman (Glikman), Movsha Mordkov, code name
"Ballet,"
1907-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 12
Dobroskokov,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 40
Index IIIf, Folder 13
Dolin, Ventsion Moiseev-Moshkov, code names "Lenin,"
"Aleksandrov," "Sharl'," "Polonski," passport names Heichsberg
and Eisenberg,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Scope and Contents note
Includes notes and reports on his work abroad and in Russia as a
double agent for the Germans.
Index IIIf, Folder 13
Dorozhko, Fedor, code names "Moliere" and
"Clermont,"
1907-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 13
Drezner, Ilia
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 14
Edelstein, Vladimir Iudov, pseudonym
"Troitsin,"
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 14
Erofeev, Leonid Mikhailov, code name
"Falstaff,"
1913-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 14
Eropkina, Matrena Trofimova (mistress of agent
Brontman),
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 14
Evalenko, Aleksandr Martov, code names "Surin" and
"Sergeev," pseudonyms "Ivanchenko" and "Kuznetsov,"
1894-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Scope and Contents note
Includes intelligence reports from New York.
Index IIIf, Folder 15
"Fedorov," true name not recorded,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 15
Feldman, record of name only,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 15
Finkelman, Leiba Peisakhov, pseudonyms "Lerner Pinkhas"
and "Rakovskii"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 15
Fleishman, Abram Simon, code name "Alma," pseudonym
"Luchinetskii,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 15
Fudim, code names "Plemianik" and "Anri,"
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 16
Germand, Isaak Naumovich, code names "Adolf" and
"Kosmopolit," pseudonym "Orlovskii,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 16
Ginsberg, Pavel, code name "Valerian,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 17
Goldendakh, Evgenii Iulievich, code name "Das," pseudonym
"Poznanskii,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 17
Goncharov, Iakov Dementiev, code name
"Ivanenko,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 17
Grunbaum, alias "Monser,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 18
Gudin, Vasilii Grigorievich, code name "Nei" and
pseudonym "N. Chuzhak,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 41
Index IIIf, Folder 19
Herzig, Boris Iakovlev, pseudonyms "Dmitrii Bekchiev" and
"Danchik,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 19
"Iris," no true name,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 19
Jacobson, Georges, code names "Corbeau" ("Korbo") and
"Voronov," pseudonym "Mikhnevich,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 19
Jenken (Enken, Zhenken): record of name only,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 20
Joulia (Zhulia), Liubov (Aimee), code name
"Jourdain,"
1909-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 21
Kagan, Ilia, pseudonym "Nikolai Chekan," code name
"Serezh,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 21
Kaplun, Boris, code name "Petrov,"
1906-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 42
Index IIIf, Folder 22
Kensitski, Mechislaw, code name "Mietek," pseudonym
"Ivanovich,"
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 22
Khamchik, Boleslaw Antonov, code names "Molodoi" and "Le
Jeune,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 22
Kheev, code name "Mikhnev,"
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 22
Kogan, Boris Veniaminovich, code names "General" and
"Aleks," names for correspondence "Demidov" and "Petrov," and
pseudonym "Andrey Andersen,"
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 22
Kokochinskii, Ignatii Moshkov, code name "Gretchen,"
alias "Pavel,"
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 23
Koraev, A.,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 23
"Kozlov," true name not recorded,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 23
Kozlov, Vladimir Timofeev, code name
"Uiarskii,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 23
Krevin, Wilhem Ianov, code name "Mars,"
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 23
Kuranov, Mikhail, code name "Mont," pseudonyms
"Serebriakov" and "Visotskii,"
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 23
Kurianskii, Gersh Shliomovich, code names "Karno,"
Sachkov," and "Maks," passport name "Grigorii
Svetlitskii,"
1905-1918
Access
Available on microfilm reel 43
Index IIIf, Folder 24
La Cotta, name for correspondence "G.
Biesinski,"
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 24
Lauter
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 24
Lebedev,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 24
Lemerov,
1905-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 24
Lisovskii, Ivan Ivanovich, code names "Belkin,"
"Levitskii," and "Tsipin,"
1908-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 24
Lvov, Fedor,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Malankiewicz, Boleslaw, code name
"Wierzbicki,"
1892
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Manasevich-Manuilov, Ivan Fedorovich,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Mass, Aleksandr, code name "Nikol"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Mazurenko,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Melas, Grigorii Anastasievich,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Meltser, S.,
1886-1889
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 25
Metalnikov, Nikolai Ivanoch, code name
"Gushchin,"
1908-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 26
Milewski, Wladislaw, code name "Agent M.,"
1886-1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 26
Model, Aaron Iakov Khaimov-Itskov, code name
"Martin,"
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 27
Nadel, Boris,
1895-1896
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 27
Orekhov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 27
Orlov, Albert Mikhailovich, code name "Simens," pseudonym
"Zuckerman,"
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 27
Osadchuk
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 27
Osipov-Veretskii, code name "Bernard," aliases "Ninov"
and "Kliachko,"
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 27
"Otto,"
1907-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 44
Index IIIf, Folder 28
Patrick, George, code names "Margot" and "Never" for
operations in Europe, and "Lucy" for New York,
1907-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reels 45-46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Pauli
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Persitz, Isaak,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Petrova, Mariia Lvovna, code name "Julieta,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Pilenas, Peter, code name "Russell,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Pokhitonov, N. D.,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Popov, Anton Platonovich, code names "Amerikanets" and
"Polnii," alias "Timofei," and pseudonym "Daniel
Semenov,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Poznanskii, Leiba (Lev) Amshaev, code name
"Kodak,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 29
Prodeus, Daniil,
1886-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Rabinovich, Georgii Ivanovich, pseudonym "Georgii
Romanovich,"
1906-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Rapoport, code names "Starkov" and "Zilberman," former
agent offering his services from Pittsburgh,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Rauzen, code name "Lazar,"
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Recouly, Raymond, code name "Ratmir"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Rezeler, August,
1886
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Rodstein, Lazar Z., code name as Burtsev's secretary
"Valerian,"
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Romanova, Avgusta Matveevna, code name "Shultz," alias
"Aushka,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 30
Rusinov, Mikhail Arkadiev, code names "Prevo" and
"Markin,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 31
Sanvelov, Minas Stepanovich, code names "Lebuk" and
"Kozel,"
1913-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 31
Savinkov, Aleksei Mikhailovich, code name
"Francois,"
1913-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 31
Segal, Miron, code name "Vladimirov,"
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 31
Selivanov, Nikolai Petrovich, code names "Weber" and
"Amurets"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 31
Shipov, I.,
1909
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Germany
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 31
Shneur (Shnour), Vladimir Konstantinovich,
1910-1918
Access
Available on microfilm reel 46
Index IIIf, Folder 32
Shtakelberg, Baron Sergei Aleksandrovich, code name
"Pierre," pseudonym "Bronskii," and alias
"Petrovskii,"
1913-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 32
Shuman, code name "Denisov,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 32
Shuster, Ianus Erdmanov, code names "Paul" ("Pol") and
"Novii,"
1910-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 33
Sibiriakov,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 33
Sotnikov, Matvei, allias "Allard" and
"Byvalii,"
1910-1918
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 33
Staal (or de Staél), Aleksei Georgievich, code name
"Zverev,"
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 33
Starov, name for correspondence "Basil
Solovev,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 33
Sugarman, Albert
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Scope and Contents note
Reports on his exposure in London.
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Tannenbaum, Melamed, code name "Naum,"
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Tchernycheff (Chernychev),
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
"Teatral,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Ternovskii, pseudonym "Belevich"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Tomarinson, Mikhail Borisov, code names "Maksakov" and
"Mekhanik,"
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Tsetlin, Tatiana Maksimova, pseudonym "Maria
Tsikhovskaia,"
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Usov, Sergei N., code name "Voda," pseudonym "Andrei
Savron,"
1909-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Vielland
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Vigdorchik,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Virovoi, Zakhar Ivan, code name "Orlik,"
1911-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 34
Voskresenskii, Mikhail, aliases "Mishel'," "Popovich" and
"Aleksandr,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 47
Index IIIf, Folder 35
Wackman, Yakov Efimovich, code name
"Rossini,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 35
Walbiner, Franz, pseudonyms "Zharkov" and
"Zhenevets,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 35
"Warszawski,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 35
Wolf (Vul'f), A.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 35
Wolfson, Yakov,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 35
"Yost" ("Iost" and "Tetelman"),
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 35
Yurcha (Iurcha), Vasilii,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 36
Zagorskaia (or Zagorskii), Mme., code names "Sharzh',"
"Sharli" and "Shalnoi,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 36
Zhitomirskii, Iakov Abramovich, code names "Daudent"
("Dode") and "H," pseudonyms "Rostovtsev" and
"Shorin,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 36
Zinovev, Aleksandr, code names "Senator," "Moris," and
"Matisse," passport name "Zolotarenko,"
1908-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 36
Zlobin, pseudonym "Zaks,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 37
Papers, mostly receipts, of case officer Litvin and his
agents,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 38
Operational card index file of agent names, code names,
aliases, pseudonyms, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
General note
See card file in box 233 or on reels 494-497.
Index IIIf, Folder 39
Notebook of unidentified agent in Balkans and
Italy
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 40
File of true names, code names, aliases, and
pseudonyms
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIf, Folder 42
Reference: For telegram on agent Mikheev, see XIIIb(2),
folder 4
Index IIIf, Folder 43
Reference: For the case of agent "Valerian" (Ginsberg) see
IIf, folder 12
Index IIIf, Folder 44
Reference: For a collection of reports of agent Kokochinskii
("Gretchen") on Russian and Polish Social Democratic parties, see
XIIIa
Index IIIf, Folder 45
Reference: For operational reports of Litvin, chief of the
London agentura, handling agents "Niel," "Ney," "Weber," and
"Simens," 1915-1916, see IIb, folders 7-10
Index IIIf, Folder 46
Reference: For letters and raw reports in French, Polish, and
Russian by agents in London, 1891-1902, see XIIIa
Boxes 25-26
g. Cover firms
Scope and Contents note
Okhrana Headquarters was opposed to the use of private investigation
agencies as an aid to its establishments abroad. When the system of
handling scores of non-Russian operatives through Bittard-Monin's office
in Paris collapsed as a result of exposures made by the revolutionary
counter-intelligence (Burtsev), proposals were made to resort to the use
of private detective agencies in Paris and other cities. Headquarters
still turned down the recommendation. It was inconceivable that
detectives of a private agency could perform as effectively as the
directly hired agents, controlled through Bittard-Monin's office, for
maintaining surveillance, reporting and receiving instructions whenever
necessary, and tailing the subversives, at times all the way to the
border or into Russia to "deliver" them there to authorities.
When Headquarters finally agreed on the organization of a private agency
run by Bint and Sambain, both long-term Okhrana agents, it had the
guarantees that the agency would be under absolute control of the
Okhrana office in Paris. The act of incorporation and strict adherence
to the French laws were measures taken for cover purposes, just as all
the preceding acts of publicly dismissing Okhrana investigators were
done for the sake of cover and, also, as a convenient opportunity, to
dismiss for good the less effective oepratives.
The folders on the establishment of the "Bint and Sambain" agency contain
acts of incorporation, accounts, and, by far the most interesting part,
the memoranda exchanged on the matter giving opinions of the Paris and
Petersburg chiefs, as also some voluminous comments of the MVD.
Another cover firm, of short duration (1910-1911) was the office of the
"Police internationale autonome" in Paris. This agency proved to be
inadequate and was probably responsible for one of Headquarters'
prohibitions against the use of foreign detective agencies. The "Russian
Imperial Financial Agency" in London served as cover for agent Palmer in
1906-1909. Agent Germain's proposal to set up a cover firm for
intelligence activities in Vienna was probably never acted upon. On the
other hand, principal agent Eugene Invernizzi in Italy, still reporting
to Bittard-Monin's office in Paris, was delegated to establish a firm in
Rome to cover the activities of some six or seven Italian agents working
for the Okhrana.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 48-50
Index IIIg, Folder 1
Dispatches on the service of Okhrana agent W. Palmer with the
Imperial Russian Financial agency in London,
1906-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIg, Folder 2
Dispatches concerning the order from headquarters to break
off with private investigation agencies,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIg, Folder 3
Dispatches on the plan for a cover agency in Italy; report of
agent "Tourist" (Jollivet); dispatch on Bittard-Monin's tour in
Italy,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIg, Folder 4
Dispatches regarding Vienna agent Germain's proposal to set
up a cover firm for intelligence activities,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIg, Folder 5
Dispatch reporting on Krasil'nikov's search for cover firms
in Paris; includes his notes on the proposed Bint and Sambain
firm,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 48
Index IIIg, Folders 6-9
Bint and Sambain Firm,
1913-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 49
Scope and Contents note
Includes articles of incorporation.
Index IIIg, Folder 10
"La Police Internationale Autonome" (Marc and Georges
Fourny); reports to Bittard-Monin on Russian revolutionaries;
newspapers, leaflets,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 50
Index IIIg, Folder 11
Reference: For Broetskii's memorandum recommending the
establishment of a cover firm (1913), see IId, folder 6
Index IIIg, Folder 12
Reference: For operational reports of Invernizzi's
investigation agency in Italy (1914-1915), see IIIe, folder
14
Boxes 26-28
a. Budget and financial management
Scope and Contents note
Okhrana financing in Paris was handled by the Headquarters directly,
without transmittals through the diplomatic or consular mission. The
Crédit Lyonnais was the principal banking agency for the transfer of
funds. The practice was to submit a monthly account on expenditures,
with details on recipients of the salaries and on the expenditures for
the Okhrana Office personnel and other needs. Detailed accounts were
also customary on non-Russian agents, expenditures for the safe houses,
office, and other physical needs, while the accounts for secret agents
and secret operations were noted as such, with lump sums designated for
case officers accounted for without listing the names or accounting for
specific operations. In rare instances, where expenditures on secret
agents had to be mentioned, only code names were entered on the
accounts. ; The first two folders in this collection contain largely an
assortment of dispatches, such as complaints to Headquarters for
irregularity in sending funds, requests for increases in appropriations,
estimates, and allotments.
Accounts for each month, as well as annually on occasions, were submitted
in tabular form, with columns for receipts and detailed disbursement. In
Folder 2, the first document is a large tabular of the same
accounting for 1914. Systematic monthly accounting was introduced only
in 1912. Folders 6 through 15 for the period from 1912 through 1917
are organized separately with sets of final papers, often with
accompanying dispatches for Headquarters, in one folder and the various
work sheets for each month's accounting in another.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 50-55
Index IVa, Folder 1
Dispatches, financial reports, and other
materials,
1886-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 50
Scope and Contents note
Includes budget estimates and requests, personnel needs, and per diem
allowances.
Index IVa, Folder 2
Budget report,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 50
Index IVa, Folder 3
Dispatches pertaining to routine budget matters,
1890-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 51
Index IVa, Folder 4
Dispatches pertaining to routine budget matters,
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 51-52
Index IVa, Folder 5
Drafts of financial reports,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 52
Index IVa, Folder 6
Drafts of financial reports,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 52
Index IVa, Folder 7
Monthly accounting,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 53
Index IVa, Folder 8
Drafts of financial reports,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 53
Index IVa, Folder 9
Drafts of financial reports,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 53
Index IVa, Folder 10
Notes and drafts on monthly accounts,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 54
Index IVa, Folder 11
Monthly financial reports,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 54
Index IVa, Folder 12
Notes and drafts on monthly accounts,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 54
Index IVa, Folder 13
Monthly financial accounts,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 55
Index IVa, Folder 14
Notes and drafts on monthly accounts,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 55
Index IVa, Folder 15
Notes and drafts on monthly accounts,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 55
Index IVa, Folder 17
Reference: See operational card index for references to
financial accounting at the Paris Okhrana office
Boxes 28-29
b. Salaries, subsidies, rewards, decorations
Scope and Contents note
Despite frequent complaints from non-Russian agents in the field because
of the shortage of funds or delays in salary payments, the Okhrana
abroad was habitually prompt in alloting funds for salaries and other
expenditures. It was generous with monetary rewards to agents who
merited them and in granting pensions to retired personnel and widows of
deceased agents. Some of the generosity towards retired personnel might
have been attributed to security considerations, to keep content and
quiet the agent dismissed from the service. The delays in salaries were
often attributed to the fact that the agents were most of the time on
assignments that required much travel and changes of residence. Also,
they were paid through the principal agent in Paris whose office was
occasionally responsible for the delays.
The first folder in this collection contains mostly dispatches relating
to all types of payments and awards, thus revealing the policy in
general from 1890 until the end of Okhrana operations. Subsequent
folders contain various specific matters on salaries, bonuses, casual
assistance, and pensions. Folder 6 contains mostly receipts of the staff
agents and their financial statements, while Folders 7 and 9 are
for receipts, claims, and records of payment for the non-Russian agents.
Instructions on the issuance of decorations and gifts are in Folder
8, together with documents on individual awards to agents and
employees.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 55-57
Index IVb, Folder 1
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris office
concerning decorations, bonuses, payment of agents, and personal
matters,
1890-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 55
Index IVb, Folder 2
Dispatches pertaining to funds transfers,
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 55
Index IVb, Folder 3
Dispatches concerning financial matters of Paris office
personnel,
1904-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 56
Index IVb, Folder 4
Accounts and dispatches acknowledging payments of deep cover
agents and case officers,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 56
Index IVb, Folder 5
Dispatches relating to pensions and casual assistance to
former agents or their widows,
1895-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 56
Index IVb, Folder 6
Payments and receipts of staff agents Erhardt, Rek and
Lustig,
1910-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 56
Index IVb, Folder 7
Dispatches regarding salaries and travel expenses of French
and Balkan agents,
1903-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 56
Index IVb, Folder 8
Dispatches regarding gifts and rewards paid to agents and
personnel,
1890-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 57
Index IVb, Folder 9
Account and receipt books kept by principal agent Marcel
Bittard-Monin for salaries of non-Russian agents,
1909-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 57
General note
For accounts on agents, see also individual files under IIIe, folder
3, and VId.
Box 30
c. Expense accounts
Scope and Contents note
The first three folders of this collection contain a considerable number
of dispatches and accounting sheets. In the absence of any documents
with formal instructions on the handling of expense accounts, these
papers may best illustrate the procedures in the handling of accounts in
overt office matters or contingent to secret operations. Much of these
and subsequent materials, as in Folder 4, consist of loose work
sheets or slips of paper used in compiling accounts.
Folder 5 with 433 papers arranged by years as indicated in the
inventory, is an unassorted, loose collection of stray expense account
slips, some undated, some with none or only a few sheets per year, with
the collection for 1913 fairly complete in rendering expense accounts
with folios and receipts for individual non-Russian agents. Folders
6 and 7 are for papers pertaining to expense accounts of the staff
agents, officers Lustig, Likhovskii, Rek, and Erhardt.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 57-59
Index IVc, Folder 1
Dispatches and accounting sheets pertaining to office expense
accounts,
1911-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 57
Index IVc, Folder 2
Dispatches pertaining to allowances for expense accounts for
office staff,
1903-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 58
Index IVc, Folder 3
Dispatches pertaining to allowances for expense accounts of
Russian and non-Russian agents,
1906-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 58
Index IVc, Folder 4
Accounting worksheets,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 58
Index IVc, Folder 5
Agents' expense accounts,
1887-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reels 58-59
Index IVc, Folder 6
Dispatches pertaining to expense accounts and per diems for
Lustig and Likhovskii,
1908-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 59
Index IVc, Folder 7
Dispatches pertaining to expense accounts and per diems for
Rek, Lustig, and Erhardt,
1910-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 59
Boxes 30-33
d. Receipts and check stubs
Scope and Contents note
Folder 1 contains dispatches and memoranda concerning funds received
by the Paris Office for agents and special expenses for the period from
1910 to 1916. All other folders are statements for banking transactions,
bills of the Paris Office for rent, office equipment, stationery,
telephone, etc., and similar bills for Bittard-Monin's office, each set
in a separate folder. The boxes numbered 8 and 9 hold postal and
monetary stubs for communications and credits addressed to European
countries and Russia. These small items are arranged in chronological
order only.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 59-66
Index IVd, Folder 1
Correspondence concerning the receipt of funds for the Paris
office,
1909-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 59
Index IVd, Folder 2
Agents' travel expenses
Access
Available on microfilm reels 59-60
Index IVd, Folder 3
Banking operations in France and other countries
Access
Available on microfilm reel 60
Index IVd, Folder 4
Expenses connected with the Paris office: rent, office
equipment, telephone, furniture, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 60
Index IVd, Folder 5
Expenses connected with the Paris office: rent, office
equipment, telephone, furniture, etc. (cont'd.)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 61
Index IVd, Folder 6
Expenses connected with the Paris office: rent, office
equipment, telephone, furniture, etc. (cont'd.)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 61
Index IVd, Folder 7
Receipts from agents (Bittard-Monin)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 62
Index IVd, Folder 8
Receipts for registered mail, telegrams, and money orders
paid in various European countries
Access
Available on microfilm reels 62-65
Index IVd, Folder 9
Receipts for registered letters sent to Russia (1914-1915);
expense slips of surveillance agents
Access
Available on microfilm reels 62-65
Box 34
e. Correspondence on procedures, instructions, from
Headquarters
Scope and Contents note
The dispatches, memoranda, and drafts in Folder 1 contain various
Headquarters directives on the method, form, contents, etc., necessary
in the preparation of reports for Headquarters. Changes of addresses and
codes for addresses are designated. The correspondence also includes
tracer notes on delayed correspondence, requests for extra copies of
reports for deposit in Headquarters archives, regulations on dispatches
in pouches, requests for statement of sources when information has been
obtained from foreign liaison, etc. Since there are no documents giving
specific instructions on the handling of operational and intelligence
reports, this collection may serve as an illustration of the procedures
in the handling of correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris
Office.
The collection in Folder 2, with documents dated from 1890 to 1916,
holds instructions from Headquarters on procedures to follow in
preparing surveillance reports, handling perlustration, writing
telegraphic messages; and instructions on Paris Office procedures,
office forms, searches for documents, preparation of answers to
inquiries, and similar specific requests.
Folder 3 contains periodic tables of information requests from
Headquarters, with notations of completed answers by the Paris Office,
and accompanying notes in the form of accounting for which Headquarters
requests for information were answered and when. Folder 4 contains
only samples of Paris Office operational folders, with all contents
removed.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 66-67
Index IVe, Folder 1
Documents pertaining to correspondence procedures,
instructions from Headquarters, etc.,
1902-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 66
Index IVe, Folder 2
Dispatches and notes on office and surveillance procedures,
instructions on the form of the reports submitted to Headquarters,
the composition of telegrams, etc.,
1890-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 66
Index IVe, Folder 3
Record of directives and requests for information and
dispatches in answer to inquiries,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index IVe, Folder 4
Folders for documents on the organization of the Okhrana
abroad
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Box 34
a. Policy of the Tsarist regime with regard to national and
international security systems
Scope and Contents note
The alert attitude of the Okhrana toward the possibility of close liaison
and cooperation with the security establishments of other countries was
a notable trait that distinguished the MVD agency from diplomatic,
military, and other official missions of the Russian Empire. While the
latter were bound by strict protocols, the Okhrana's chiefs abroad,
often on a personal and friendly basis, communicated with the French
Sûreté or Scotland Yard and, at the same time, with various local
subordinates of the security establishments. Even the long title of the
Okhrana Chief in Paris stated that he was the representative of the MVD
for contact with local (security) authorities abroad.
European governments, most of which had suffered from the assassination
of state leaders by anarchists and early Marxists, were as a rule quite
amenable to cooperation against the essentially international
terrorists. Thus, when the government in St. Petersburg took the
initiative in 1904 for international cooperation against political
criminals and subversives, ten countries signed the secret pact to that
effect, and others followed. This step toward international security was
further expanded with another pact in 1913, also signed in Russia.
Liaison efforts were thus given strong official sanction.
From a more practical side, Okhrana principals abroad tried to build up
close cooperation on the basis of personal contact and tokens of
friendship. They saw to it that foreign security leaders were adequately
rewarded with medals from the Emperor or extended other favors.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 1
Dispatches and other documents referring to liaison
arrangements with the security organs of various
countries,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 2
Dispatch from Headquarters in St. Petersburg warning against
any secret conferences with the French Sûreté in matters concerning
political refugees (anarchists), which only an international
convention can regulate,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 3
International agreement concerning the extradition and
cooperation against anarchists, signed on March 14, 1904, in
Petrograd; dispatches concerning ratification from the Swiss and
British governments,
1904, 1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 4
International action connected with the Tiflis
holdup,
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 5
Buisson's proposal for an international action against
terrorists,
1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 6
Forms for the recipients of Russian decorations
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 7
Address book of foreign security officials
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Va, Folder 9
Reference: For excerpts from the text of the secret agreement
on anarchists in St. Petersburg with Germany, Austria, Denmark,
Romania, Serbia, Sweden, Norway, Turkey, and Bulgaria, see Circular
No. 3806 (1904) in XIIId(1), no. 9
Boxes 34-35, 239-241
b. Relations with the French Sûreté
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana's relations with the French Sûreté Générale and other
government organs were subject to greater rises and falls in the degree
of cooperation than in any other country. Intense campaigns of the
revolutionaries in emigration and the supporting liberal press of France
often led to attacks upon the French Parliament, with repercussions in
executive arms of the government, and thus to cooling-off periods in the
Okhrana-Sûreté liaison. Invariably, the efforts of the chief in Paris,
state visits, some outrageous act of terror, or other causes cemented
the relations again into close and, at times, truly amicable
relations.
Folders 3 and 4 contain documents related to the liaison activity
exchange of information and assistance in operations against the
revolutionaries. Folder 5 contains mostly dispatches between
Headquarters and the Paris Office, dealing for the most part with
instructions, and suggestions regarding French liaison.
Other materials in these folders are mostly informative. The Okhrana
Office kept the annuals of the French Sûreté, information on Sûreté
personnel and functions for reference purposes. Some of the documents
show that the Okhrana made background and character studies of French
officials with whom it intended to seek cooperation. The three volumes
with mounted photographs on terrorist construction use of bombs, one
containing illustrations from Russian techniques, are indicative that
these materials were exchanged in liaison for training purposes.
Much of the liaison exchange with the Sûreté was carried out by the
office of Marcel Bittard-Monin, the Okhrana's principal agent in charge
of non-Russian operatives. He and several of his subordinates were
former Sûreté officials or agents. As such, they were particularly well
qualified for liaison with former colleagues at almost any level of the
Sûreté or police departments. The advantage of having access to police
records at various local levels was realized much before the engagement
of Bittard-Monin. The many thousands of biographic notes prepared in the
1890s and early 1900s by agent Fehrenbach were copied from the various
police records to which he had access in Paris as in many other
communities of France.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 67-69
Index Vb, Folder 1
Annals of the French Sûreté, 1910 and 1914; 1 set of
addresses of police officers in Paris; 1 chart on the police network
in Paris; 7 reports on French statesmen (1882-1887); and 3 old
warrants from the Paris police (1858-1905),
1858-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 67
Index Vb, Folder 2
Correspondence referring to decorations and gifts to French
Sûreté officials,
1886-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 68
Index Vb, Folder 3
Correspondence of the Paris Okhrana with the French
Sûreté,
1887-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 68
Index Vb, Folder 4
Cooperation of the French Sûreté with the Paris
Okhrana,
1887-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 68
Index Vb, Folder 5
Dispatches and notes exhanged between Headquarters and the
Paris office,
1893-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vb, Folder 6
Books prepared by the French Sûreté with graphic
illustrations for training French policemen on the methods of the
terrorists,
1884-1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vb, Folder 8
Reference: For receipts for decorations, signed by French
officials, see IVb
Index Vb, Folder 9
Reference: See outgoing telegram, April 16, 1904, reporting
that Delcasse has given information about a possible assassination
attempt on a Russian minister, in XIIIb(2), folder 3.
Box 35
c. Relations with Scotland Yard
Scope and Contents note
Liaison with Scotland Yard and other organs in Great Britain differed
significantly from the liaison with the French Sûreté. There were no ups
and downs or cooling-off periods, but a steady businesslike cooperation.
If at all affected by the virulent attacks upon the Okhrana by such
staunch and usually respectable supporters as Prince Kropotkin and his
"school" or the Jewish Bund in London, the available documents do not
show it. In fact, the Okhrana's liaison with the British improved over
time, particularly when war broke out. Chief Krasil'nikov's friendly
correspondence with Chief Quinn of Scotland Yard shows close and genuine
cooperation.
Close liaison developed especially after 1912. Several of the Okhrana's
British agents in London had passed away. Krasil'nikov approached Quinn
to designate a capable British person to run the British agents in the
surveillance of Russians in England. After due deliberation of some
months, Quinn recommended one of his beat inspectors, Francis Powell,
who by the end of that year became the principal agent for England. His
assisting agents were all former Scotland Yard men.
Supplementary information to the contents of the folders in this
collection may be found in file IIb (London outpost) and the folders on
agent Powell in IIIe and VIk.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vc, Folder 1
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris
office,
1890-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vc, Folder 2
Correspondence between the London police and the Paris
Okhrana,
1897-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vc, Folder 3
Correspondence between the Paris Okhrana and the London
police,
1897-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vc, Folder 4
Samples of agents' reports from London,
1907-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vc, Folder 5
Lists of British police officials recommended for
decorations,
1907-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 69
Index Vc, Folder 7
Reference: For address book of foreign security officials,
see Va, folder 7
Index Vc, Folder 8
Reference: For agent Farce's reports from London on
penetration of Scotland Yard by the Okhrana in 1905, see
VIIIa
Index Vc, Folder 9
Reference: For agent Thorpe's letters from London on
cooperation with the London police, 1907-1908, see VIIIa
Index Vc, Folder 10
Reference: For cooperation with Scotland Yard on the
Houndsditch robbery by the anarchists, see XVIb(5), folder
1
Boxes 35-36
d. Relations with the German Sicherheit
Scope and Contents note
Because of the German federal system, a centralized liaison as in England
and France could not be established. An outstanding and long term
contact was maintained with the police directorate in Berlin, the head
of which, Wilhelm Henninger, maintained almost regular correspondence
with the Okhrana chief in Paris. The contents of his intelligence and
operational notes do not reveal that he was himself a high level Okhrana
agent, but they illustrate amply that he must have been a sizeable
recipient of the Okhrana's benefits.
There were close relations also with police chiefs controlling special
political departments in Munich, Darmstadt, and Hamburg. As far as the
Okhrana was concerned, Berlin and the Prussian Sicherheitsdienst were
the key liaison targets, not so much because of the concentration of the
revolutionaries there, but because of the proximity of the Russian
borders and overland routes for subversives, arms and literature
smugglers, and terrorists.
Close cooperation in Berlin was partly the result of Garting's early
efforts. He was chief of the Okhrana agentura there from 1901 to 1905
and was accredited as such by the Germans. They caused him some trouble
when it was made known that, apart from liaison, Garting had under him
also some German agents, but the affair was straightened out after
Garting's assignment to Paris.
Folder 1, assorted only chronologically, contains correspondence with
a large number of city and state police directorates, including samples
of exchanged information on revolutionaries, smugglers of arms
(Hamburg), apprehension of revolutionary bandits with marked bank notes
(Munich, Berlin). Folder 2 has dispatches with Headquarters, dealing
with liaison, while the lists of officers named for decorations and
awards include primarily people on both sides of the liaison,
cooperating in various tasks.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 70-71
Index Vd, Folder 1
Letters regarding correspondence with German police in
various cities, including police director Henninger in Berlin and
chiefs in Munich, Darmstadt, Frankfurt, etc.,
1899-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 70
Index Vd, Folder 2
Dispatches between Headquarters and the Paris office
regarding cooperation with the German police,
1901-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 70
Index Vd, Folder 3
Decorations and awards for German police
officials,
1890-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 70
Index Vd, Folder 4
Coordination with German security for measures taken to guard
traveling Imperial majesties,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Vd, Folder 5
Drafts and letters referring to smuggling of arms into
Russia,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Vd, Folder 7
Reference: See incoming 1904 telegram commenting on an
article in
Petite République denying
any role in the arrests of socialists in Germany, in XIIIc(3),
folder 16
Index Vd, Folder 8
Reference: For intelligence reports on arms shipments from
Germany, 1906, see XXIVh
Box 36
e. Relations with the Italian Sicurezza
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana's cooperation with the Italian police, intelligence, and
diplomatic authorities was both overt and secret. Italy, too, was a
signatory to the St. Petersburg treaty for cooperation in the
suppression of subversives, and the number of Italian anarchists named
in Okhrana Headquarters warning lists and on biographic cards is
considerable. (Even the name of the young Benito Mussolini came into the
Okhrana records.)
In Paris, liaison with the Italians was first made through the Embassy,
and cooperation with the Italian Military Attaché, Wenzel (probably in
the Okhrana's pay), was particularly active until his expulsion from
Paris. The documents coming from the Rome and other questuras are
illustrative of the exchange of information. The arrangement of Okhrana
representatives with Italian local authorities, particularly the post
offices in the towns of the Italian Riviera, for mail intercepts were
clandestine and of course illegal, ending at times in scandal that had
to be aired in the Rome parliament.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Ve, Folder 1
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris
office,
1906-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Ve, Folder 2
Dispatches relating to cooperation with the Italian
authorities,
1902-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Ve, Folder 3
Decorations and rewards for Italian police
officials,
1909-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Ve, Folder 4
Correspondence with the Italian military attaché,
1909-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Boxes 36-37
f. Relations with police of other countries
Access
Available on microfilm reels 71-73
Austria
Scope and Contents note
Despite the fact that Austria-Hungary was partner in the pact for
cooperation in combatting international terrorists, there is little
trace of any liaison between the Okhrana and the Austrian services.
The folders include a set of letters in which information is
exchanged with the Vienna police directorate about subversives, but
no instance is on record, as in the liaison with the Prussian
Sicherheit, of cooperation in detecting and apprehending smugglers
of bombs and terrorists on the border. As a matter of record, the
Galician border was a favorite spot for illegal crossing along the
Prussian border; yet, while at the latter locations, the Okhrana
could frequently count on German assistance, it had to rely upon its
own resources for tailing and apprehending terrorists crossing the
Austrian borders.
The lack of cooperation with Austria may be attributed to mutual
suspicion. Both countries had rebellious minority nationalities, and
it appears that neither was unhappy over the other's problems on the
identical issue. To add fuel to this embryonic cold war situation,
the Okhrana frequently detected Austrian agents crossing Into
Russia. (See the files on pre-World War I counter-espionage under
Index Number VIIIa.)
Index Vf, Folder 1
Dispatches relating to cooperation,
1886-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Vf, Folder 2
Cooperation between the Vienna police and the Paris
Okhrana,
1896-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Vf, Folder 3
Drafts of letters
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Vf, Folder 5
Reference: For address book of foreign security
officials, see Va, folder 7
Belgium
Scope and Contents note
The lively liaison of the Okhrana with the Belgian services had its
beginnings in the mid-1890s, after the marriage of Garting, later
Okhrana chief in Berlin and then Paris, to a Belgian socialite and
noblewoman. Garting,an Okhrana agent since 1890, became influential
among the important government circles and thus did more to insure a
steady exchange of information, essentially at the top level of the
country's services. Most of the bulky intelligence correspondence of
the Paris Okhrana with Belgium is thus through the Director of the
Sûreté Publique in the Brussels Ministry of Justice.
From the standpoint of Okhrana operations abroad, Brussels and the
Belgian ports were of primary importance since much of the smuggling
of arms, forbidden literature, and conspirators en route to Russia
went through Belgian ports.
Index Vf, Folder 1
Correspondence with the Belgian police, requesting data
on Russian revolutionaries,
1896-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 71
Index Vf, Folder 2
Information on Russian revolutionaries and their
organizations sent by the Belgian police,
1904-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 3
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris
office,
1906-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 4
Reports from Paris Okhrana agents working in
Belgium,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 5
Decorations and rewards for Belgian police
officials,
1896
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 6
Undated notes on Russian individuals
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 8
Reference: For address book of foreign security
officials, see Va, folder 7
Index Vf, Folder 9
Reference: See report from the Russian consulate in
Antwerp, February 4, 1905, in Vg.
Switzerland
Scope and Contents note
The documents in Folder 1 contain some correspondence with the
chiefs of the Swiss federal services, indicating some liaison and
resulting exchanges of information at that level. The major part of
cooperation, however, was at the canton and municipal police levels
at Bern, Zurich, Geneva, Lausanne, and several minor communities.
The most productive in obtaining intelligence on the activities of
Russian conspirators, residing in considerable numbers in
Switzerland,was the liaison on strictly local levels. Thousands of
reports submitted by agents Bint, Woltz, and others from various
Swiss cities from 1900 to 1915 are copies from the local Swiss
police registers. Their access to information was on a personal,
friendship, or business basis, but some intermediary through liaison
at a slightly higher level than the police station counter may be
spotted in the correspondence collected in the two folders.
Sometimes, the liaison on this local, agent basis went even a step
further. A police official was placed on the Okhrana payroll,
supplying not only information on revolutionaries but assisting in
operations against them. (Example: See the folder on agent
Treichler, police official in Zurich, in Ille, Folder 3.)
Index Vf, Folder 1
Dispatches related to cooperation between the Swiss
police and the Paris Okhrana,
1895-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 2
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris office
related to cooperation with the Swiss authorities, including the
case of the extradition of Burtsev and Krakov,
1894-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 72
Index Vf, Folder 4
Reference: For address book of foreign security
officials, see Va, folder 7
Index Vf, Folder 1
Denmark,
1893-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 2
Holland,
1894-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 3
Hungary,
1908-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 4
Monaco,
1907-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 5
Romania,
1905-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 6
Serbia,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 7
Spain,
1906-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 8
Sweden,
1904-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 9
Turkey,
1894-1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 10
United States,
1910, 1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vf, Folder 11
Reference: For address book of foreign security officials,
see Va, folder 7
Index Vf, Folder 12
Reference: For two letters sent from Sambain reporting on his
talks with security chiefs in Stockholm, in June 1916, see
XIc(1)
Index Vf, Folder 13
Reference: For responses in "Free Russia" and other press to
the pending United States-Russia pact on the extradition of
terrorists, 1893, see XVIa
Box 37
g. Relations with missions abroad
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana office in Paris was located at all times in the same complex
of buildings as the Imperial Embassy; the agentura in Berlin was in the
house of the Imperial Consulate, and, when its staff representatives
were on duty in other capitals, their office address was that of the
respective diplomatic or consular mission. Administratively, Okhrana
establishments abroad had nothing else in common with any other Russian
mission. Operationally, they were as closed to the offices representing
Russia as to any foreign office.
The correspondence in the folders of this collection does not reveal
incidents of serious friction between Okhrana chiefs abroad and the
diplomatic and consular representatives. Conferences on individual
problems are referred to, such as the Okhrana chief's briefing on
current matters. Frequently, the diplomat or consul would inquire about
some applicant's loyalty or character record. Normally, inquiries and
replies became part of the written record. Both Russian and non-Russian
applicants for Okhrana employment usually addressed themselves to the
embassy or consular office. Such and similar correspondence was turned
over to the attention of the Okhrana. (See Index Nos. VIa and VIb,
containing letters of prospective recruits.)
Relations with the military mission in Paris, particularly after the
Allied intelligence was centralized, became close, with daily exchanges
of information in matters of counter-espionage as well as other
intelligence topics. (See Index No. lIe and VIIIb, on wartime
counter-espionage.)
The four folders in this collection are organized as to separate
correspondence with the Russian Embassy and Consulates in France, the
military mission in Paris, the imperial missions in other countries, and
specially with Russian missions with regard to arms smuggling.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 73-74
Index Vg, Folder 1
Correspondence between the Paris Okhrana and the Russian
Embassy and consulates in France,
1887-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vg, Folder 2
Correspondence with the Russian military mission in
Paris,
1915-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vg, Folder 3
Correspondence of the Paris office with Russian foreign
service posts in Stockholm, Copenhagen, and Berlin referring to arms
smuggling into Russia,
1905-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 73
Index Vg, Folder 4
Correspondence between the Paris Okhrana and Russian foreign
service posts in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, Germany,
Holland, Italy, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United
States,
1891-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 74
Boxes 37-62
VI. Personnel administration: agents
Box 37
a. Recruitment of agents: Russian nationals
Scope and Contents note
No document in this collection gives comprehensive instructions
concerning the recruitment of agents. In many cases, Russian agents
abroad, as a rule in the deep cover category for active participation
among target groups, were sent to the field by Headquarters or by
provincial Okhrana establishments to report directly back to the home
units. At first the Paris Okhrana was responsible for them
administratively. Gradually, agents were placed under case officers
abroad for reporting and other operational control.
The Paris Office exchanged with Headquarters scores of dispatches
concerning agents sent abroad who were considered ill-suited for
operations for such assignments, with the result that final authority in
recruitment actually came under the Paris Office or its major staff
agents running secret operations.
The dispatches and other papers in Folders 1 and 2 contain
communications on individuals offering services or proposed for
employment. When an applicant wrote, he received no answer, whether he
was considered for employment or not. If the case appeared promising, he
was investigated as to his domicile, character, loyalties, or any of the
aspects he introduced in his petition. If the investigation agent's
report was favorable, the individual was approached casually and
clandestinely, according to the circumstances in each case.
Many documents pertaining to recruitment of agents are located in the
agents' dossiers. (See Index No. Illf, Folders 9-36.)
Access
Available on microfilm reels 74-75
Index VIa, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to the recruitment of Russian
agents,
1889-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 74
Index VIa, Folder 2
Dispatches pertaining to the recruitment of Russian
agents,
1910-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 74
Index VIa, Folder 3
Letters from individuals offering their services to the
Okhrana,
1886-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 75
Index VIa, Folder 4
Dispatch from Headquarters with instructions concerning
sending an agent to the United States,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 75
Index VIa, Folder 5
Dispatch concerning the difficulty of recruiting new agents
abroad and keeping deep cover agent Weber in London,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 75
Index VIa, Folder 6
Undated notes, including two letters requesting
employment
Access
Available on microfilm reel 75
Index VIa, Folder 8
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 30, April 24, 1903,
regarding the hiring of agents by Okhrana offices, in XIIIc(2),
folder 2
Box 38
b. Recruitment of agents: foreign nationals
Scope and Contents note
The hiring of foreign nationals was the responsibility of the field
establishment. Headquarters, which received many petitions for
employment from abroad, abstained from even commenting on their merits,
but forwarded all such letters to the Paris Office for consideration.
Only in a few instances, as in the case of a Hungarian swindler named
"Tulipan" coming with an offer to uncover a major assassination
conspiracy, did Headquarters request serious exploration of the
case.
Much of this correspondence came from adventurers and professional job
seekers, but the Okhrana could not afford to disregard the offers
completely, especially when the offers for employment suggested the
uncovering of plots or information convincing enough that the applicant
might have access and capability to acquire the desired intelligence
information.
Kany of the offers came from private detectives and people with years of
experience in investigation work. If interested, the Okhrana first tried
to obtain information from the service with which the applicant had
allegedly worked. More often, however, the Okhrana made a direct
approach to the chiefs of services when on the lookout for agents with
that qualification. Thus, it happened that most of the efficient
personnel engaged by the Okhrana abroad were former investigation agents
and detectives with various European services.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 75-77
Index VIb, Folder 1
Offers of services to the Okhrana: dispatches on offers
received, comments, etc.,
1887-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reels 75-76
Index VIb, Folder 2
Offers of services to the Okhrana: dispatches on offers
received, comments, etc.,
1910-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 76
Index VIb, Folder 3
Applications for work with the Okhrana,
1902-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 76
Index VIb, Folder 4
Undated applications for work with the Okhrana
Access
Available on microfilm reel 76
Index VIb, Folder 5
Offers of services dropped by the Okhrana without further
consideration,
1887-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 76
Index VIb, Folder 6
Requests for employment; investigation reports on the
applicants,
1908-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Box 38
c. Blackmail in recruitment
Scope and Contents note
There is no record to indicate the Okhrana abroad resorting to blackmail
as inducement to recruiting, as often reported by critics of the old
system using such practices in Russia proper. On the contrary, the
revolutionary counter-intelligence conducted by Vladimir Burtsev in
Paris used such methods when detecting and exposing Okhrana agents
operating among the revolutionaries. Under threat of death as a form of
punishment, such exposed agents were blackmailed into participation in
some dangerous terrorist task. (See XXIVa and XXIVb.)
This folder contains letters and notes on individuals who had either been
in the Okhrana service or attempted to work themselves into the service
or other favors by way of threats. Much of this correspondence was
addressed to Bittard-Monin, principal agent for the handling of
non-Russian personnel.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VIc, Folder 1
Letters to Bittard-Monin from unidentified
people,
1910-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VIc, Folder 2
Unidentified letters,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VIc, Folder 3
Unidentified telegrams,
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VIc, Folder 4
Unidentified notes
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VIc, Folder 5
Various unclassified notes and letters
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VIc, Folder 6
Intercepted letters
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Boxes 39-41
d. Handling of agents
Scope and Contents note
Many general instructions on the handling of overt investigation agents
and deep cover agents are contained in the directive circulars from
Headquarters, collected under Index Number XIIId(l). However, certain
practices in the handling of agents in Russia could not be applied in
the operations abroad.
The collection under this topic is a wide assortment ranging from
clear-cut instructions from case officers to subordinate agents to
complaints from the field and action taken by the case officer or the
chief in Paris in response to complaints. Headquarters apparently did
not interfere with the details on agent handling, but often showed
concern with regard to the area of assignment (see Folder 1).
Folder 2 contains communications of Russian agents in the field,
including various complaints. The complaints of the non-Russian agents
are located among replies, operational instructions, communications
regarding salaries and assignments, etc., in Folders 3-9, which are
arranged chronologically for the period from 1901 to 1917. Folders 10-
13 are on the handling of agents in England, Germany, Austria, and
Italy.
Friction among non-Russian agents was almost a common occurrence. This
could not be the situation among the deep cover Russian agents, who, in
principle as well as in practice, did not know each other's identities.
The non-Russian crews had to work in teams, but seldom for more than a
few weeks at any one time. The composition of each team was in constant
flux, just as the place of operation for the individual agent was
subject to endless changes. At one time or another, most non-Russian
agents complained about their principal agent Bittard-Monin and the
leaders of the teams. These complaints were usually addressed to the
Paris chief himself and, in a few instances, directly to Headquarters in
St. Petersburg. Folder I4 is illustrative of the complaints.
Neither French nor Italian agents appeared happy when the team leader was
a German ?in this instance, Neuhaus, who explains his relations with
other agents. French and Italian agents got along better, but there were
instances where the French could not stomach their own kind. The younger
set of agents considered such old-timers as Bint overbearing, and it was
evident from the assignments on special, more difficult tasks that the
crews usually needed a touch of cnoteling, with much consideration as to
who might team best with whom. The team in England under Francis Powell
never appeared to have personality difficulties prevalent on the
Continent, but it happened that the agents there were a more cohesive
and collegiate group. They were all mature men with identical, Scotland
Yard backgrounds.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 77-82
Index VId, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to the assignment of agents in Berlin,
London, and Paris,
1907-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VId, Folder 2
Letters and telegrams from Russian agents abroad,
1907-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Instructions, operational notes, and other materials for
agents in France and other countries
Index VId, Folder 3
1901-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 77
Index VId, Folder 4
1912 January-May
Access
Available on microfilm reel 78
Index VId, Folder 5
1912 June-August
Access
Available on microfilm reel 78
Index VId, Folder 6
1912 September-December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 78
Index VId, Folder 7
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 78
Index VId, Folder 8
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 78
Index VId, Folder 9
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 78
Index VId, Folder 10
Papers pertaining to the handling of agents in
England,
1892-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 79-80
General note
See also IIIe, no. 3, for folders on agents Francis Powell and
Farce.
Index VId, Folder 11
Papers pertaining to the handling of agents in
Germany,
1905-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
General note
See also IIIe, no. 3, for the folders on agents Neuhaus and Woltz.
Index VId, Folder 12
Letters and telegrams from agent Tuppinger in
Vienna,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
General note
See also IIIe, no. 3, for the folder on Tuppinger.
Index VId, Folder 13
Notes on the scandal with the Italian post office cooperating
with Okhrana agents,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
General note
For agent handling in Italy, see the folders on Capusso, Durin,
Frumento, Invernizzi, Leone, and Vizzardelli in IIIe, no. 3.
Index VId, Folder 14
Agent Neuhaus's account on relations with other
agents,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
Index VId, Folder 15
Notes on investigation assignments for agents
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
Index VId, Folder 16
Sheet of items to be noted in filing a description of an
individual under surveillance, issued to all non-Russian
agents
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
Index VId, Folder 17
Letters from agent Bint on his assignment to
Christiana,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
Index VId, Folder 18
Two notebooks of principal agents,
1903, 1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
Receipts for agent expenditures and travel
accounts,
1910-1917
Index VId, Folder 19
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 80
Index VId, Folder 20
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 81
Index VId, Folder 21
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 81
Index VId, Folder 22
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 81
Index VId, Folder 23
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 81
Index VId, Folder 24
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 81
Index VId, Folder 25
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VId, Folder 26
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VId, Folder 27
Reference: See operational card index for references to
dispatches pertaining to the handling of agents
Index VId, Folder 28
Reference: See directive circulars, in
XIIId(1)
Index VId, Folder 29
Reference: See commendations and criticisms of the
behavior of agent Henry Bint in IIIe, folder 3
Box 41
e. Backstopping of agents, verification
Scope and Contents note
The collection in this folder is rather meager in consideration of the
emphasis and amount of effort the Okhrana placed on working out cover
stories for its agents and verifying the stories where the agents
themselves prepared all the alibis vis-a-vis the revolutionary groups of
their assignment. As a rule, the cover story for an agent assigned
abroad had its beginning in Russia. The elements of such a story always
had to be at least half way true for purposes of verification by the
revolutionaries, which was always taken for granted. The agent had to
have a record of revolutionary background in his home community. He had
to have proofs, letters of introduction or the equivalent to make it
possible for him to gain access to the revolutionaries abroad. If posing
as an escaped political prisoner, his mere words to that effect were
quite inadequate. If he had to prove that his income abroad was from a
rich uncle in Briansk, it was not enough to show the money order
received; the uncle actually had to live in Briansk, for the
revolutionary counter-intelligence had developed to a point where it
could verify almost every such story.
In assisting with cover stories, the Paris Okhrana depended heavily on
the home offices. The wartime case of double agent Dolin (alias
"Lenin"), engaged by the Germans but controlled by an Okhrana case
officer in Paris, is an outstanding illustration of the capabilities of
the Russian service to backstop its operative by staging explosions
attributed to his sabotage work for the Germans, issuing bulletins about
it to the press, and providing alleged revolutionary support to satisfy
the Germans about "their agent." (See Index Number Illf, Folder 13,
on Dolin.)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VIe, Folder 1
Dispatches illustrating the Okhrana's practice of
backstopping agents with cover stories, verifying information, and
agent reliability,
1896-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VIe, Folder 2
Cross-reference sheet
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VIe, Folder 3
Reference: See IIIf, folder 13, on agent Dolin ("Lenin,"
"Charles")
Box 41
f. Training and placement of agents
Scope and Contents note
Folder 1 in this collection contains instructional materials for the
agents. Instruktsia No. 298 gives the regulations on surveillance
methods which had to be learned by the agents. Bibliographies on
revolutionaries are included and briefs on Russian revolutionaries in
France were required reading for agents. In addition to such briefs,
important agents were given, for study and recognition, albums of
photographs of the important revolutionaries.
Folder 2 includes dispatches and various notes relative to the
training of Russian secret agents sent to Europe for the purpose of
familiarizing themselves with the activities of revolutionaries abroad.
Among these papers is an extensive draft commenting on the lack of
qualifications of Russian agents abroad (dated July 1913). In Folder
3 the documents relate to the second and third tours of agent trainees
sent from Russia to study revolutionaries and their activities abroad.
At the end of the collection are two letters of principal agent
Bittard-Monin, complaining about the behavior of Russian trainees.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 82-83
Index VIf, Folder 1
Instruktsiia no. 298,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Scope and Contents note
Printed regulations on the organization of surveillance work, with
appended forms for making reports, including two sheets in
French.
Index VIf, Folder 1
Brief on Socialist Revolutionaries agitating among the
peasants,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VIf, Folder 1
Bibliographies of revolutionary publications kept by the
Okhrana, some of which were required reading for agents,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VIf, Folder 1
Rapport. Training brief on Russian
revolutionaries in France,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 82
Index VIf, Folder 2
Dispatches concerning the training of agents,
1886-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Scope and Contents note
Includes draft of a dispatch on the lack of qualifications of Russian
agents for work in the West.
Index VIf, Folder 3
Dispatches and other materials relating to three tours
(1911-1913) of trainees from Russia assigned abroad for study and
recognition of revolutionaries,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Scope and Contents note
Includes letters by Bittard-Monin complaining about the Russian
trainees.
Index VIf, Folder 5
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 50, September 11,
1903, regarding the procedures to be followed in assigning agents on
various missions, in XIIId(2), folder 2
Box 42
g. Evaluation of agent information
Scope and Contents note
No document is available in this collection to describe Okhrana rules or
practices in evaluating intelligence information obtained from its many
sources. Principal agent Bittard-Monin had his own system of analysis of
raw reports for final submission to the Paris Office. (See his three
notebooks in this collection.) The dispatches exchanged with St.
Petersburg often refer to the evaluation, analysis, and dependability of
contents and reporters. Critical analysis of certain reports may be
observed also in some of the folders in Xllla.
Folder 1 contains some specific examples of the analysis of
information, such as prepared by case officer Lt. Colonel Lustig on the
reports from secret agent Demetrashvili. The practice of analyzing
reports may be observed also in the maintenance of intelligence target
files on revolutionaries, their organizations and activities. (See
XIIIf(3).) One of the purposes of maintaining reference files to
intelligence topics was to have ready access to available information
for comparison with incoming reports and their evaluation.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Index VIg, Folder 1
Dispatches referring to the evaluation of agent information,
dependability of reports, etc.,
1887-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Index VIg, Folder 2
Notes journaliéres. Book of principal
agent Bittard-Monin on agent reports,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Index VIg, Folder 3
Agent Bittard-Monin's notes on revolutionaries from agent
reports,
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Index VIg, Folder 4
Agent Bittard-Monin's notes on revolutionaries from agent
reports,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 83
Box 42
h. Checking on agents with regard to security, behavior,
veracity
Scope and Contents note
This collection of materials on the subject of how the Okhrana at home
and abroad maintained control over the agents includes little more than
a sampling of the methods. The documents under other index numbers on
agents and techniques of operation contain much scattered material on
this subject. For instance, the folders on senior employee Sushkov, who
came under suspicion in 1914 as the possible informant of Burtsev and
his counter-intelligence office, are illustrative of the measures taken
to uncover his attitudes and activities. Particularly in the early
stages of employment, deep cover agents were under much observation.
Checking on their veracity and true loyalties was often a fairly simple
matter since these agents did not know each other, and quite frequently
there were two of them reporting on the same persons and events.
Folder 1 in this collection contains mostly dispatches exchanged with
Headquarters concerning instructions on security checks, loyalty, and
general behavior of the agents and employees. Other folders cover more
specific cases of checking on individual or groups of agents or on the
methods used to exert control over them.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 1
Dispatches containing instructions and reports on security
checks, loyalty, behavior of agents, and the control of their
activities,
1905-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 2
Reports from Bint on his tour to Switzerland to inspect the
performance of French and Swiss agents,
1912 February-March
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 3
Non-Russian agents' signatures kept in a separate file as a
control measure,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
General note
For other signatures, see VIc.
Index VIh, Folder 4
Dispatch concerning the constant surveillance of Azef in
1907; dispatches regarding the identification of an agent with
contacts with Okhrana defector Bakai; instructions from Headquarters
to border outposts to refuse certificates to Okhrana
agents,
1907-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 5
Dispatches, notes, and reports revealing checks on the
loyalty, activities, etc. of deep cover agents: Beitner, Blokhin,
Demetrashvili, Eropkina, Geiger, Kaplun, Kokochinskii, Kozlov,
Krevin, Kuranov, Mass, Model, de Shneur, Virovoi, and
Zinovev
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 6
The case of the Pilenas brothers, agents in
London,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 7
Dispatches and other materials on the surveillance of agent
Model traveling to Russia in 1914; the Leone-Fontana scandal in
1912; agent Nobel's checking on the story that the revolutionaries
intended to use airplanes; instructions forbidding agents to make
statements of any connection with the Russian embassy
Access
Available on microfilm reel 84
Index VIh, Folder 9
Reference: For two dispatches from Krasil'nikov in 1915-1916
criticizing case officer Litvin on handling deep cover agents, see
IIIb
Box 42
i. Informers
Scope and Contents note
This category of people working for the Okhrana abroad is probably the
most illusive and difficult to classify. The collection in no way
reflects the total number of informers. Every known Russian agent of
some standing was bound to develop his own informers in the police
stations, post offices, among hotel and railroad station attendants, and
the like. The raw reports frequently refer to such sources of
information, at times also listing the tips spent on them.
At all times, however, the Okhrana also kept on the payroll a number of
correspondents (see the last document in Folder 2), sometimes
referred to as informers. This group was subject to constant change -- a
correspondent developed into a full-fledged agent, a casual informer
into a permanent one, or even to a full agent. '
The dispatches and notes collected in Folder 1 are general with
regard to informers, with requests for verification of their information
and the like. Folder 2 deals with specific individuals supplying
information. Folder 3 contains materials from freelance and
unsolicited types, probably the least reliable. Much of this represents
denunciations among the émigré, derogatory letters, usually anonymous,
and therefore not used in the preparation of the Okhrana's intelligence
reports.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 85-86
Index VIi, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to informers or their information,
requests for verification, etc.,
1894-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 85
Index VIi, Folder 2
Okhrana files on informers containing correspondence with
Alaev, Aleksandrov, Chambault, Dadiani, Dengart-Dizhur, Giovanni,
Gruzevich, Korchanov, Kliuchereva, Minkvits, Prolsdorfer in New
York, Riant, Rusinskii, Rusnev, Steinberg, Stiglits,
Zhdanovskii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 85
Index VIi, Folder 3
Letters from informers, denunciations, reports of
revolutionaries, etc.,
1890-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 86
Boxes 43-48
j. General collection of information prepared by non-Russian
agents
Scope and Contents note
This extensive collection of non-Russian agent reports is presented
chronologically and, to some extent, by areas. The to inventory gives
also the names of the key agents and some of the leading revolutionaries
and groups, subjects of their reports.
Despite the size of the collection, it includes only a fraction of the
total of the non-Russian agent reports. The bulk of these is under Index
Numbers VIk and Xllla, the firfct one containing the reports of
important non-Russian agents at given periods and tasks, the second
including the raw reports used in the analysis of information and
preparation for dispatches to Headquarters. Thus, as an example to
researchers who might be interested in the reports of principal agent
Bint (who served the Okhrana from 1884 to 1917), they would find it
expedient to search first through Bint's folders under VIk, then look
for the years missing through the general folders in VIj. Similarly, for
reports on all other non-Russian agents, the approach should be to
search first under the agent's name in VIk, then in VIj.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 86-101
Index VIj, Folder 1
1884-1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 86
Index VIj, Folder 2
1888-1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 87
Index VIj, Folder 3
1891-1893
Access
Available on microfilm reel 87
Index VIj, Folder 4
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 87
Index VIj, Folder 5
1895
Access
Available on microfilm reel 87
Index VIj, Folder 6
1896
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 7
1897
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 8
1898
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 9
1899
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 10
1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 11
1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 12
1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 13
1903-1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 88
Index VIj, Folder 14
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 89
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on revolutionaries Kropotkin, Natanson, Braginskii,
and others.
Index VIj, Folder 15
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reels 89-90
Scope and Contents note
Includes notes on arms shipments from northern European ports.
Index VIj, Folders 16-17
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reels 90-91
Scope and Contents note
Includes agent reports in French on leading revolutionaries: Trotsky,
Martov, Bakunin, Voronov, Karelin, Malinovskii, Minor,
Khrustalev-Nosar, and others.
Index VIj, Folder 18
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 92
Index VIj, Folder 19
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 92
Index VIj, Folder 20
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 92
Index VIj, Folders 21-25
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reels 92-94
Index VIj, Folders 26-30
Paris
Access
Available on microfilm reels 94-96
Index VIj, Folder 31
Other parts of France
Access
Available on microfilm reel 96
Scope and Contents note
Includes surveillance accounts of Savinkov and his group.
Index VIj, Folder 32
Belgium
Access
Available on microfilm reel 97
Index VIj, Folder 33
London
Access
Available on microfilm reel 97
Index VIj, Folder 34
Denmark
Access
Available on microfilm reel 97
Index VIj, Folder 35
Germany
Access
Available on microfilm reel 97
Index VIj, Folder 36
Italy
Access
Available on microfilm reels 97-98
Index VIj, Folder 37
Switzerland
Access
Available on microfilm reels 98-99
Index VIj, Folder 38
Austria
Access
Available on microfilm reel 99
Index VIj, Folder 39
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 100
Index VIj, Folder 40
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 100
Index VIj, Folder 41
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 100
Index VIj, Folder 42
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 101
Index VIj, Folder 43
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 101
Index VIj, Folder 44
Undated
Access
Available on microfilm reel 101
Boxes 49-61
k. Important non-Russian agents
Scope and Contents note
Only Folder 1 of this collection contains dispatches on agents, with
contents of minor significance but pertaining to individuals under whose
names many of these folders are organized. The collection is actually a
continuation of the preceding one in V1j. The folders contain the work
of outstanding agents at given periods or on specific assignments. That
means that not all the product of any one of the agents is assembled
herein, but only the outstanding periods of productivity or reports on
specific and outstanding assignments. The inventory of this collection
is fairly detailed as to the names of the operatives, their targets, and
the periods covered. Each folder is arranged chronologically, with
undated reports placed at the end.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 101-126
Index VIk, Folder 1
Dispatches relating to individual non-Russian
agents,
1905-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 101
Reports organized by agent
Index VIk, Folder 2
Aebersold, Jean,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 101
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports from London on the surveillance of Prince
Kropotkin and participants in the Houndsditch bombings.
Index VIk, Folders 3-8
Bint, Henry,
1887-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 101-103
Index VIk, Folders 9-18
Bittard-Monin,
1908-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 103-105
Index VIk, Folder 19
Corrot, Raoul,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 106
Index VIk, Folder 20
Delangle, Charles,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 106
Index VIk, Folder 21
Demaille, Emile,
1898-1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 106
Scope and Contents note
Includes letters to Richter (Rachkovskii) reporting from Bern,
Geneva, and Copenhagen on various revolutionaries.
Index VIk, Folder 22
Durin, Henri,
1908-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 106
Index VIk, Folder 23
Farce, E.,
1892-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reels 107-108
Scope and Contents note
Reports with information on the "Free Russia" group, anarchists,
Burtsev, Poles, and Jews in London, revolutionary arms
shipments, etc. Perlustration of revolutionary correspondence.
For additional reports of Agent Farce, see IIb, folder 2.
Index VIk, Folder 24
Feuger, Fernand,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 108
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on Bartenev, Azvolinskii, and Barthold.
Index VIk, Folder 25
Fehrenbach, J.,
1890-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reels 109-114
Index VIk, Folders 26-27
Fontaine, Paul (Hamard),
1911-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 115
Scope and Contents note
Reports on the surveillance of Savinkov.
Index VIk, Folder 28
Gottlieb, Rene,
1913-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 115
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on surveilance in Paris of Burtsev, Argunov, and
Bessel.
Index VIk, Folder 29
Hebrais, A.,
1913-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 115
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on Savinkov, Fabrikant, Fundaminskii, and others
of the fighting unit of the Socialist Revolutionaries.
Index VIk, Folder 30
Hennequin, Edmond,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 115
Index VIk, Folder 31-32
Invernizzi, Eugene (Nizzi),
1908-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 116
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Socialist Revolutionary leaders on the Italian
Riviera.
Index VIk, Folder 33-34
Jollivet, Georges (Roberts), his son Raoul, and his
wife,
1911-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reels 116-117
Scope and Contents note
Operational reports until October 1913 on surveillance of
individual revolutionaries in Italy, and after October 1913 as a
double agent in Burtsev's intelligence office.
Index VIk, Folder 35
Laurent, Bernard,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 117
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Paris and Serbia (with agent Cazayus), on
surveillance of the revolutionary Bessel.
Index VIk, Folder 36
Lévęque, Eugéne,
1905, 1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 117
Scope and Contents note
Includes 1905 reports on surveillance of Azef, Burtsev,
Iudelevskii, and others.
Index VIk, Folder 37
Neuhaus, Heinrich,
1905-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 118
Index VIk, Folder 38
Pouchot, Auguste,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 118
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Paris on surveillance of Burtsev.
Index VIk, Folder 39
Powell, Francis,
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 119
General note
See also IIb.
Index VIk, Folder 40
Richard, Mme. G. (Jane),
1911-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 120
Scope and Contents note
22 reports from 1914 when she became a double agent in Burtsev's
office.
Index VIk, Folder 41
Rigault, C.,
1890-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 120
Index VIk, Folder 42
Sambain, Albert,
1903-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 120
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Burtsev, Krakov, and others.
General note
For reports on the cover firm "Bint et Sambain," see IIIg; and
for documents on Sambain's mission to Scandinavia, see
XIc(1).
Index VIk, Folder 43
Thorpe, Michael,
1907-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 121
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on Kropotkin and other anarchists in England.
Index VIk, Folder 44
Tuppinger, Hans,
1911-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 121
Index VIk, Folder 45
Vogt, Maurice,
1908-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 121
Scope and Contents note
Includes his reports on Savinkov and others in 1911-1912.
Index VIk, Folder 46-53
Woltz, Karl,
1903-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reels 121-126
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Switzerland, Germany, Paris, Copenhagen, Helsinki,
and St. Petersburg on Fabrikant and others.
Index VIk, Folder 54
Berlin Agentura, with Neuhaus, Prodeus, and Woltz under
case officer Barkov,
1901-1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 126
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on revolutionaries Bach, Bainov, Banin,
Buchholtz, Elisarov, Frankel, Fundaminskii, Kalmikov, Kuznetsov,
Levidi, Makhovets, Oglobin, Siapkin, Struve, Tsederbaum,
Vinogradov, Wiese, and others.
Index VIk, Folder 55
Reference: See outgoing telegram #140, February 3/16,
1917, with information that Bint was banished from Switzerland
in 1903 and was arrested for returning in XIIIb(2), folder
34
Index VIk, Folder 56
Reference: See incoming telegram, February 8, 1917,
requesting information on Bint's arrest, in XIIIc(3), folder
34
Index VIk, Folder 57
Reference: See incoming telegram, February 27, 1917,
about Bint's appeal from a Swiss prison, in XIIIc(3), folder
34
Index VIk, Folder 58
Reference: See incoming telegram, March 4, 1917, about
with instructions for Bint's release from prison, in XIIIc(3),
folder 34
Index VIk, Folder 59
Reference: See incoming telegram, March 4, 1917, with
instructions for payment to Bint's wife, in XIIIc(3), folder
34
Box 62
l. Purges: dismissal of agents
Scope and Contents note
Folder 1 in this collection, containing Okhrana and departmental
dispatches related to the dismissal of agents, illustrates some of the
procedures in the problem of getting rid of agents no longer useful to
the service. The problem for the Paris Office was at least two-fold.
With regard to secret agents (Russian), decision on dismissal was
usually based on agreement with Headquarters. Either of the two centers
made the proposal on the ground of inaction of the agent, morality, or
the fact that the agent had been exposed as such by the revolutionaries
and therefore incapable of continuing the activities among them.
With regard to the dismissal of investigation agents (non-Russians) the
difficulties for the Paris Office were often of major proportion.
Despite their generous treatment, with liberal termination pay,
ex-agents were fond of resorting to various forms of blackmail, suits in
the courts, or defection to revolutionaries. They knew the vulnerability
of the service and liked to capitalize on it.
When the entire Paris network was dismissed in 1913, the Okhrana, to play
safe, methodically made each agent sign the receipt for termination pay,
an oath that he had returned to the Okhrana all notes, photographs,
communication codes, etc., and another oath that he would not divulge
any information about the service. (See Folder 4.) The system
helped, but not enough. Some agents still turned to the
counter-intelligence office of the revolutionaries to tell what they
knew and thus to ingratiate themselves for a job with Burtsev.
Folder 3 contains Headquarters circulars on ex-agents or people no
longer considered trustworthy. Also, it published periodically the names
of agents who had been recognized and declared provocateurs.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 127
Index VIl, Folder 1
Dispatches relating to the dismissal of agents for reasons of
exposure, lack of confidence, morality, etc.,
1903-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 127
Index VIl, Folder 2
Letters, notes, and other materials relating to dismissed
agents Poznanskii, Tumarinson, Dlikman, Gurevich, Rabinovich, Le
Cointe, and others,
1910-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 127
Index VIl, Folder 3
Headquarters circulars on dismissed former secret agents no
longer considered trustworthy,
1909-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 127
Index VIl, Folder 4
Termination folders for 30 individual non-Russian agents who
were dismissed in October 1913, when the Paris Okhrana was publicly
terminated,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 127
Box 63
VII. Positive intelligence
a. Military, political and economic
Scope and Contents note
The Paris Okhrana at various times received instructions from
Headquarters forbidding all participation in military or any other form
of intelligence except that of its specific assignment: collection of
information on the exiled subversive elements and their activities.
There are many instances, however, showing considerable interest in
general intelligence information in time of peace, while in time of war
actual operations were mounted to obtain intelligence outside the usual
or approved scope of functions.
Manasevich-Manuilov, Okhrana staff officer, mounted operations for the
penetration of diplomatic establishments and the Japanese communications
system prior to and during the war of 1905. After the outbreak of World
War I, the Okhrana abroad converted much of its activity to the war
effort, including positive intelligence against the Central Powers. (See
VIIc.)
It seems obvious from the extreme variety of contents of the materials in
this collection that the Okhrana had no systematic approach to gathering
positive intelligence. At times the reports probably came as by-products
of counter-intelligence efforts, and seldom, if ever, as a result of
specific assignments for the purpose.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Index VIIa, Folder 1
Dispatches, drafts and notes,
1887-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Scope and Contents note
Includes instructions on military intelligence, 1905; climate in
Algiers, 1887; report of the Catholic mission to Persia and Turkey,
1893; Japanese policy, 1905; German nationalist propaganda; the
Masonic order; labor unions; International Parliamentary Union;
Austria's policy toward Serbia, 1912; etc.
Index VIIa, Folder 2
Wartime intelligence reports,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Scope and Contents note
Includes status of the "Cosmos" society, 1915; Japanese policy, 1915;
economic and other intelligence in Sweden, 1915; French-British
loans in the United States, 1915; Conference of Nationalities in
Paris, 1915; military situation in Sweden, 1916; Czechoslovak
leaders; etc.
Index VIIa, Folder 3
Newspaper clippings and notes
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Index VIIa, Folder 5
Reference: See incoming telegram, May 7, 1904, requesting
information on submarine dealers, in XIIIc(3), folder 16
Index VIIa, Folder 6
Reference: See incoming telegram, November 17, 1904,
reporting on ship movements through the Suez canal, in XIIIc(3),
folder 16
b. Industrial espionage in Great Britain
Scope and Contents note
Paris Okhrana dispatches to Headquarters and the reports of case officers
stationed in London frequently referred to the policy of the British
authorities on shipping, labor unions, leftist organizations, and the
like. There is little evidence, however, of any methodical intelligence
reporting on England. This folder contains a collection of photographs
on British naval units and establishments, evidently derived from some
intelligence reporting, but there is no evidence that such material was
sent to Okhrana Headquarters. It may have been passed on to the military
missions in the field interested in such collections.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Index VIIb, Folder 1
Photographs with captions in English, showing British naval
units and other establishments
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Index VIIb, Folder 2
Cover note for copy of agreement between Lloyd George and
various British labor unions,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
Index VIIb, Folder 3
Comments on the Russo-English Government
Committee,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 128
c. Wartime political, economic, and other espionage in Germany
and Austria
Scope and Contents note
The chronological arrangement of papers in this collection illustrates
the Okhrana's approach to the job of collecting information on the
Allied Powers. As all contact with pre-war agents was broken, Okhrana
representatives in Switzerland engaged in sending Swiss operatives to
Vienna and various German cities. The outstanding agent, Brunner, was
caught on the second successful tour and soon thereafter perished in a
German prison. Replacements were found. The results of these operations
are significant in the concentration of the morale of the population,
nature of propaganda, economy, and living standards, as well as other
sociological aspects of the enemy. Also, the Okhrana showed considerable
interest in the status of prisoners of war and German propaganda to
foment nationalist and Marxist uprisings within Russia.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 128-129
Index VIIc, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to Okhrana agents in Germany and
Austria,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 128-129
Scope and Contents note
Agent reports in German with French translations. Briefs of agents,
questionnaires on political, economic, and other intelligence items.
Information on Russian prisoners of war. One copy of
Russkii vestnik, published for prisoners
of war.
Index VIIc, Folder 2
Reference: For report on the arrest of Okhrana agent in
Vienna, May 1915, see VIIIb
d. Intelligence on military equipment
Scope and Contents note
As in other matters of military intelligence, the Okhrana probably
referred all information on arms to the interested military attaches.
The small folder on this subject indicates, however, that there was some
direct reporting to St. Petersburg Headquarters when information was
received as a by-product of other operations. A 1905 draft refers to the
remuneration of an agent obtaining information on Austrian artillery.
The amounts of money to be paid sufficiently high (6,000 Marks) to
suggest an important collection of information on the subject.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIId, Folder 1
Dispatches for staff agent Manasevich-Manuilov; report
concerning information on Austrian artillery,
1904-1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIId, Folder 2
Correspondence concerning a French model of an armored
car,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIId, Folder 3
Dispatch relating to the assignment of agent Poniatovskii for
military intelligence,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIId, Folder 4
Intercepted letter and reports regarding Mikhail Vinogradov
in London offering newly designed weapons to Russia,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Box 63
a. Prior to World War I
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana's initial operations abroad were almost entirely of a general
counter-intelligence nature: assembling and exploiting information on
the subversive groups abroad. Gradually, there appear in the files
documents of two counter-espionage categories: intelligence against
hostile agents of foreign powers and information concerning the emerging
intelligence service of the revolutionaries.
Folder 1 of this collection contains a few of the early
counter-espionage documents on Germans allegedly working against France
and Russia. Several Headquarters circulars give background information
on Austrian and German espionage agents. There is an alert on an
American sent to Russia on behalf of the Japanese service, and a note on
Esterhazy of the Dreyfus affair in the British service against Russia.
Several papers deal with Alexander Weissman, at one time in the Russian
service (the Balkan Okhrana) and then defecting to the Austrian service.
Some of the documents concern the "Japanese millions" allegedly paid to
Russian high officers in a bribe in 1905. At the end of the folder is a
collection of clippings concerning various espionage cases in
Europe.
Folder 2 includes only documents referring to the operations' of
Manasevich-Manuilov, a staff agent-at-large. The last documents in this
set pertain to his operation that succeeded in acquiring a Japanese
secret code book and using it for a short time until the Japanese
discovered the intrusion. The book,
Chernovik
donesenii
gives a day by day account of Manasevich-Manuilov's
network penetrating various diplomatic missions and following up the
Zilliacus and Dekanozi conspiracies (with the Japanese).
Folder 3 in this set gives three volumes of the
Spisok (Roster) of foreign nationals expelled from Russia
and not permitted to return. The issues are for 1891, 1894, and 1899.
Among these undesirables are all those considered as spies of foreign
governments.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 129-130
Index VIIIa, Folder 1
Dispatches, circulars and other materials relating to
espionage cases and agents,
1886-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIIIa, Folder 2
Documents pertaining to Manasevich-Manuilov's
counter-espionage operations and his case with obtaining and using
Japanese secret code,
1905-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIIIa, Folder 3
Roster of foreign nationals expelled from Russia and not
permitted to return,
1891, 1894,
1899
Access
Available on microfilm reel 129
Index VIIIa, Folder 4
Notebook,
Chernoviki donesenii,
case officer's entry of daily reports from 1905 on operations
against the Japanese mission (Colonel Akashi), Chinese, Serbian, and
other legations, and correspondence intercepts; Zilliacus and
Dekanozi conspiracies, list of agents participating,
etc.,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 130
Index VIIIa, Folder 6
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 74, February 26,
1904, concerning an Austrian espionage agent in Poland, in XIIIc(2),
folder 4
Index VIIIa, Folder 7
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 75, March 4, 1904, on
Japanese and German espionage in Russia, in XIIIc(2), folder
4
Index VIIIa, Folder 8
Reference: See incoming telegram, November 4, 1904, advising
of the arrival of a Japanese espionage agent in Bucharest, in
XIIIc(3), folder 16
Boxes 63-65
b. During World War I
Scope and Contents note
Soon after the outbreak of World War I, the Paris Okhrana became an
important link in the Allied efforts to combat the espionage activities
of Germany, Austria, and even Turkey. The activities of the seriously
reduced personnel, both secret Russian agents and non-Russian
investigators, had to be diverted to that task, thus neglecting the
original purpose of watching and controlling the revolutionaries. Some
revolutionaries, declaring themselves in favor of war against Germany
and thus actively supporting the Russian regime, no longer needed
watching, while others, such as the Leninist group, with their defeatist
and essentially pro-German policy, in many instances became identical
with the counter-espionage targets of the enemy.
The extensive materials in this collection are indicative of the varied
counter-espionage targets of the Paris Okhrana during the war. Folder
No. 1 contains copies of dispatches and notes on agents of the Central
Powers and their intelligence activities and efforts to foment uprisings
in Russia. Folders 5 and 6 have a large collection of biographic data on
German agents in Switzerland and France, and Folder 13, Headquarters
circulars on individual agents.
Most of the material in other folders is grouped by specific topics.
Thus, Folder 3 contains notes on
Nashe
slovo
and Trotsky, banned as pro-German; Folders 7 and
10 have notes on German intelligence in Sweden, with information on
Parvus's activities and the work of the Finns on behalf of Germany;
Folder 8 contains papers on the Benson case and German espionage in
Switzerland.
Some of the folders have papers on the Okhrana's counter-espionage
operations for purposes of penetration of the enemy, as for instance
Folder 2 on double agent Dolin ("Lenin"-"Sharl"), which was in fact
a counter-sabotage operation, or Folders 4, 10, and 15, giving
information on the Okhrana's attempted counter-espionage.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 130-131, 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 1
Dispatches and other materials on agents of Germany, Austria,
and Turkey working against Russia and the Allies; use of
revolutionaries for intelligence purposes and for fomenting
uprisings in Russia,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 130
Index VIIIb, Folder 2
Dispatches on double agent Dolin (code names "Lenin" and
"Sharl") engaged by the German service and controlled by the
Okhrana; news releases to mislead the German service,
etc.,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 130
Index VIIIb, Folder 3
Notes from
Nashe slovo,
Trotsky's daily newspaper, accused of being pro-German and
banned,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 130
Index VIIIb, Folder 4
Correspondence with and about Count Holstein,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 5a
Biographic cards and lists of persons selling intelligence in
Switzerland,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 5b
Reports on German spies and suspects in
Switzerland,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 5c
Swiss federal lists of spies and suspects,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 5d
Agent Woltz's reports on spies and suspects,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 5e
Notes on suspect German agents,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 5f
Lists and background of agents of the Central
Powers,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 6a
Biographic cards of suspects expelled from
France,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 6b
Biographic cards on German espionage agents
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 7
Directives and reports on German intelligence in Sweden;
notes on Parvus, etc.,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 131
Index VIIIb, Folder 8
Benson case related to German espionage in Switzerland; Dr.
Ludwig Stein; Baroness Ida Leoni, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 9
Mazia case: alleged Japanese millions to bribe Russian
officers in 1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
General note
See incoming dispatches #402 and 576/1913 in XIIIc(1).
Index VIIIb, Folder 10
Agent Sambain's letters on German espionage in Sweden; survey
of German and Finnish activities and Russian agents in Sweden; notes
on Kalisher (Dahlstrom) firm as a possible asset of the Russian
service; review of German-Finnish intelligence in Sweden,
etc.,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 11
Reports on German and Turkish counter-espionage in
Switzerland,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 12
Reports on Dmitrii Anichkin, head of the Russian Seaman's
Union, allegedly employed by the German services,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 13
Headquarters circulars on individual German and Austrian
agents and their espionage efforts,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 14
Various reports on individuals remaining in Vienna after the
outbreak of the war; on Russian prisoners of war in Germany; on
Prince Bebutov in Berlin; on German, Austrian, and Turkish offers to
revolutionaries for work against Russia; on the statutes of the
"Cosmos" club
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 15
Agent Brunner's report on his return form Germany where he
conducted a counter-espionage investigation and report on his
arrest,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIb, Folder 17
Reference: See operational card index file for references to
counter-espionage during World War I
Index VIIIb, Folder 18
Reference: See agent Woltz's reports from Switzerland, 1915,
in VIk, folder 53
Index VIIIb, Folder 19
Reference: See report of Paris Okhrana agent in Germany,
1916, in VIIc, folder 1
Index VIIIb, Folder 20
Reference: See documents on agent Bint's arrest in
Switzerland, February-March 1917, in VIk, folder 6
Box 65
c. Finnish espionage on behalf of Germany
Scope and Contents note
Finnish revolutionaries, abandoning for the most part the early Marxist
leadership of Konni Zilliacus, were largely nationalist-inspired at the
outbreak of the war, agitating for full independence from Russia. As
such, many became quite amenable to German inducements. German
recruiting and other services in Stockholm and other Scandinavian
centers were successful in recruiting large numbers for volunteer work
as soldiers and agents. Some of the training centers for these Finnish
rebels indicate a movement of considerable proportions.
The collection of papers in Folder 5 deals mostly with these training
centers in Germany for the Finns. The report of the Governor General for
Finland gives an analysis of the political situation in the country and
the international pressures for its independence.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 132-133
Index VIIIc, Folder 1
Headquarters dispatches relating to the Finnish independence
movement,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIc, Folder 2
Report on the Finnish Security Battalion at
Lockstadt,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIc, Folder 3
Dispatch of agent Aebersold to Stockholm,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 133
Index VIIIc, Folder 4
Report of the Governor General of Finland,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index VIIIc, Folder 5
Reports on German training of Finns for intelligence and
other operations against Russia,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Boxes 65-89
a. Newspaper service, clippings, collection of overt
information
Scope and Contents note
The overt collection of information was an important task of the Okhrana
abroad. Detailed expense accounts through the years show that agents,
case officers, and Paris Office employees were purchasing leftist
newspapers and other publications. Cover memoranda to Headquarters
submitted these published materials weekly, usually without comments.
Agents in the field attached to their reports pertinent clippings, while
the Paris Office, using such overt materials as supplements to
classified reports, kept collecting the clippings in general albums and
in folders on specific intelligence topics.
It is possible that some of the collections of newspaper clippings were
lost or discarded during the emergency move of the archives to Bordeaux
when Paris was in danger of being taken by the German army. A set of 22
large albums, covering the period from 1902 to 1905, is organized in
chronological order for French clippings. The selection of clippings ia
general, including political, economic, and international topics, but
without annotations or guides to numbered pages. Emphasis in this
collection was made also on such matters as foreign reporting on events
in Russia and émigré activities.
One large album, clippings on Burtsev's exposure of Garting, is of
particular interest. Clippings collected from the leftist press and
spokesmen for the revolutionary cause are suggestive of the methods used
by revolutionary counter-intelligence to penetrate the Okhrana and
employ defectors.
Other collections of clippings cover such topics as revolutionary
activities in general, the attitudes of the French press toward the
imperial family, the French Sûreté Générale, the Beilis case (an
anti-Jewish trial in Russia), and the Tsar's Manifesto of 1903.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1a
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris office
referring to press service, publisher information, publications,
etc.,
1907-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1b
Cover notes for newspapers and clippings sent to and from
Headquarters,
1902-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1c
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris office
regarding newspapers and publications,
1894-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1d
Manifest of Jewish anarchists,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1e
Kropotkin's letter to Professor Stefan,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1f
Report on the convention of the Grand Eastern Masonic Lodge
in Paris,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1g
Dispatches on cooperation between German Social Democrats and
Russian revolutionaries,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1h
Polish question in the press,
1913-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 1i
Collection of newspaper clippings on the visit of the Russian
war fleet in French ports,
1893
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 2a
Clippings from French, Swiss, and English newspapers
referring to revolutionaries,
1906-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 2b
Clippings from French newspapers on the Russian imperial
family,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 2c
Clippings from French and Swiss newspapers on Russian matters
not sent to Headquarters,
1913-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 3a
Clippings from French newspapers on the French
Sûreté,
1913-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 3b
Clippings from French newspapers on the exploitation of
Russian workers in coal mines in northern France,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 3c
Clippings from French and Swiss newspapers referring to the
Beilis case,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 3d
Scrapbook with a collection of clippings from
Le Matin by
Rirette-Maitrejean
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Index IXa, Folder 3e
Clippings from English, French and Russian newspapers on the
Tsar's manifesto in 1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 132
Scrapbooks of French newspaper clippings on various Russian
matters,
1902-1905
Access
Available on microfilm reels 135-140
Index IXa, Folder 4
1902 October 21-December 31
Access
Available on microfilm reel 135
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: penetration of armed forces in Russia; an
uprising in Macedonia; Russia and England's fight for
Afghanistan; Finland; and Vladimir Lamzdorf's mission to Austria
and the Balkans.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1903 January 1-March 4
Access
Available on microfilm reel 135
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: constitutionalism in Russia; war movements in the
Balkans and Dardanelles; Russia's preliminary budget for 1903;
and Finland.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1903 March 5-May 16
Access
Available on microfilm reel 135
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the Tsar's manifesto; crisis in the Balkans;
Gots's arrest in Italy; student unrest; assassinations; the
workers' movement; pogroms; and Poland.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1903 May 17-July 29
Access
Available on microfilm reel 136
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: pogroms in Russia; war preparations in Asia;
attacks on Roosevelt for his stand against the pogroms; and
Georges Clemenceau.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1903 July 30-October 13
Access
Available on microfilm reel 136
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: strikes in Russia; Russian interests in the Far
East; Kishinev pogrom; Witte dismissed; revolutionary movement;
pogroms; Tsar in Vienna; and internal troubles in Russia.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1903 October 13-December 31
Access
Available on microfilm reel 136
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the Russo-Japanese conflict; the pogrom in Gomel;
Armenian revolutionaries; and reforms in Russia.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1904 January 1-28 June
Access
Available on microfilm reel 136
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the crisis in the Far East; incident at the
Avenue de Choisy where four Okhrana agents were exposed;
Grigorii Gershuni's letter after his death sentence; August
Bebel; revolutionary propaganda in the Russian army; Burtsev;
revolution in Poland; and Bobrikov's assassination by Eugen
Schauman.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1904 (special album on Burtsev's exposure of
Garting)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 136
Index IXa, Folder 4
1904 June 29-August 10
Access
Available on microfilm reel 137
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: internal troubles in Russia; and the
assassination of Pleve.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1904 August 11-October 31
Access
Available on microfilm reel 137
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the Congress of the French Socialist Party;
Congress of the Russian Social Revolutionaries in Amsterdam;
Manasevich-Manuilov exposed as an Okhrana agent; Tsar's
manifesto; Sazonov's escape; students and the Russian police;
and the Russian army.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1904 November 1-December 27
Access
Available on microfilm reel 137
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: Russian socialists; the agrarian problem;
anti-Semitism; and trial of Sazonov and Sikorskii for the
assassination of Pleve.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1904 December 28-December 22
Access
Available on microfilm reel 137
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the revolution in Russia; the Tsar's manifeso;
Tolstoy's letter to the Tsar; Sazonov's trial; Father Gapon; and
a general strike in Russia.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 January 22-27 January
Access
Available on microfilm reel 138
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: revolutionaries in Russia; Father Gapon; bloody
demonstrations in Petrograd; the role played by Japanese money;
and Russians in Paris.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 January 28-February 4
Access
Available on microfilm reel 138
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: speeches by Anatole France; Plekhanov; Gorky; and
Struve.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 February 5-18
Access
Available on microfilm reel 138
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 February 18-March 1
Access
Available on microfilm reel 138
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the assassination of Grand Duke Sergei;
revolutionary action in Poland and Russia; Father Gapon; and
Gorky.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 March 2-21
Access
Available on microfilm reel 139
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: terrorists in Russia; Father Gapon; revolts in
the Caucasus and Poland; Gorky's release from prison; anarchists
and nihilists; Bernhard von Bélow; Jews in the Russian
revolution; and Georges Clemenceau on Poland.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 March 22-April 28
Access
Available on microfilm reel 139
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: a school strike in Poland; Father Gapon; and
Russian revolution.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 June 13-July 8
Access
Available on microfilm reel 139
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: events in Yalta, Warsaw, and Lodz; zemstvos;
Kaliaev's letter to the widow of Grand Duke Sergei;
Social-Democratic appeal to Russian soldiers; Russian peasants;
Jean Jaurés on the revolution; and the Potemkin mutiny.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 July 9-25
Access
Available on microfilm reel 139
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the Potemkin mutiny; armed forces affected by
revolutionary slogans; assassination of Pavel Shuvalov;
revolutionary action in Russia, Poland, and Armenia; the Jews
and the revolution; zemstvos; internal troubles of Russia; and
the meeting of the Tsar and Kaiser Wilhelm II.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 July 25-August 16
Access
Available on microfilm reel 139
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the Tsar's meeting with Kaiser Wilhelm II;
Potemkin mutiny; England; Zionism; the Bund; and plans for a
general assembly in Russia
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 August 17-29
Access
Available on microfilm reel 139
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the Duma; Potemkin mutiny; revolution in Poland;
interests of Russia and England in Persia; and the
constitutional movement.
Index IXa, Folder 4
1905 August 29-June 12
Access
Available on microfilm reel 140
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the situation in Poland and Finland; Kaliaev's
trial and sentence; Father Gapon; Struve's correspondence with
Jaurés.
Box 66
b. Influencing local press
Scope and Contents note
The Paris Okhrana always had the interest and apparently the means of
exerting some influence on the press abroad, but two periods in its
existence stand out as particularly active and significant in this
respect. By the 1890s, Chief Rachkovskii had developed a close contact
with Jules Hansen, a correspondent with wide access to the press and to
important government officials, leading to much publicity on the
emerging Franco-Russian alliance and to increased cooperation with the
Sûreté against the revolutionaries. Hansen was the recipient of Okhrana
funds, but the records are vague or nonexistent regarding the total
expenses in this form of the Okhrana's political action.
Similarly, in the case of Manasevich-Manuilov, the Okhrana's staff agent
in Paris during the first few years of the century, it is difficult to
deduce the amount of funds used by him for the purpose of influencing
the foreign press. That was his assignment in Paris in 1902, when he was
rated as a political rather than an intelligence agent. In addition to
developing contacts with high officials in government and diplomatic
missions, his tasks consisted of influencing the press, providing for
releases and modifying editorial policies.
Folder 1 of this collection contains mostly correspondence with
Headquarters concerning contacts with the foreign press, drafts of
prepared articles, subsidies, etc. Folder. No. 2 concerns
Manasevich-Manuilov's liasion to Paris with regard to contacts with the
French press.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 1a
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris office
pertaining to contacts with the foreign press and influencing the
selection of news on Russia,
1893-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 1b
Articles, clippings, and translations published in the
foreign press,
1891-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 1c
Correspondence pertaining to subsidies for the French
press,
1889-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 1d
Consideration by Headquarters for a subsidy for
Parizhskii vestnik
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 1e
Reports on the activities of Trofimov in England,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 1f
Coverage of the Rips trial by the French press,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 2
Notes and letters of instruction to Manasevich-Manuilov on
his Paris mission to establish contacts with the French press and
influence publication of news about Russia,
1902-1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 134
Index IXb, Folder 3
Reference: See outgoing telegram, March 5, 1903, re
influencing the
Nouvelle Revue, in
XIIIb(2), folder 2
Index IXb, Folder 4
Reference: See incoming telegram, March 31, 1904, on payment
for 100 subscriptions to
Gaulois, in
XIIIc(3), folder 16
Index IXb, Folder 5
Reference: See incoming telegram, June 18, 1904, with
approval for the purchase of subscriptions to
Le Gaulois and
Le Figaro,
in XIIIc(3), folder 16
Index IXb, Folder 6
Reference: See incoming telegram, June 21, 1905, concerning
the necessity of "warning" the French public against a French
correspondent writing unfavorable articles, in XIIIc(3), folder
18
Index IXb, Folder 7
Reference: See incoming telegram, June 1, 1905, with
instructions for press releases to newspapers concerning disorder on
the
Potemkin, in XIIIc(3), folder
18
Box 90
c. Cooperation with Russian missions abroad
Scope and Contents note
As the documents in this small collection indicate, contacts of Okhrana
representatives with diplomatic, consular, and other Russian missions
abroad was considered undesirable, if not expressly forbidden. Under Vg,
the documents related to actual liaison for purposes of exchanging
information, required particularly in war days or in cases of checking
on the loyalty of employees and applicants for visas and passports.
Under this index, the documents deal chiefly with overt matters. It is
interesting to note that missions abroad used the normal diplomatic
channels, communicating with their home office, which referred the
matter to Okhrana Headquarters, where, in turn, the case was submitted
to the Okhrana representative in the field.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 140
Index IXc, Folder 1
Dispatches and notes of the cooperation with diplomatic and
consular missions in overt matters,
1906-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 140
General note
See also the collection under Vg.
Box 90
d. General services, favors
Scope and Contents note
The first four folders hold a few dispatches and many letters referring
to general matters of no operational or intelligence significance. The
letters are mostly requests for various favors or expressions of thanks
therefore, inquiries about addresses or welfare of individuals,
denunciations among émigrés, and the like. In the Folder 5 there is
a batch of some few hundred calling cards and an equal number of picture
post cards addressed mostly to Okhrana personnel and kept as
souvenirs.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 140-141
Index IXd, Folder 1
Letters from Headquarters concerning general
services,
1881-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 140
Index IXd, Folder 2
Letters on various matters in general services,
1881-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 140
Index IXd, Folder 3
Reports on Russian workers at the Auby mines,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 140
Index IXd, Folder 4
Undated letters on various matters
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index IXd, Folder 5
Miscellaneous documents including a pack of calling cards,
picture postcards, 2 notebooks of Rosenkrantz (1890),
etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Boxes 91-101
X. Operational techniques
Box 91
a. Agent documentation
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana enjoyed special status in matters of obtaining passports and
other travel documents for the use of its agents. It had the facilities
and contacts with the issuing authorities at home and abroad, and it
could arrange for the passports to read in any pseudonym chosen for an
agent's use. The passports and communications about them show that an
agent could be given two passports at the same time, for instance, one
for use in Russia, and another one for abroad. The dispatches also show
that the Okhrana abroad was supplied with blank passports, to be used at
its discretion or at the discretion of the case officers.
As one set of documents shows, agents were given briefing instructions on
the use of passports in connection with foreign resident requirements in
France and other countries. In addition to the required briefing of the
agents with extra-legal passports, the Okhrana also informed such organs
as the border controls about the nature and authority of any passport
that might otherwise come under suspicion.
The documents in this collection are included mostly as samples, in order
to give a comprehensive picture of the methods of agent
documentation.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 1
Passport for agent Simon Zilberstein ("Aleks"),
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 2
Passport for agent Herzig, under the name of
Bekchiev,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 3
Passport for Okhrana office employee Fedorova in
Paris,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 4
Passport issued in Vitebsk for agent Model,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 5
22 Russian passports
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 6
Letters of documentation for agent Neuhaus,
1911-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 7
Briefing materials on passport and foreign resident
requirements in France,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 8
Special passes for agents, some signed by
Durnovo,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xa, Folder 9
Dispatches pertaining to the use of passports in secret
Okhrana operations,
1903-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Box 91
b. Control of photographic studios in Paris
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana in Paris never succeeded with the requests to establish a
photographic section of its own. Principal agent Marcel Bittard-Monin,
upon the Okhrana's request, went so far as to collect all necessary data
on photographic equipment and costs, but an Okhrana photo shop was never
set up. Headquarters and area subdivisions were equipped with
police-type laboratories, as the assortments of pictures on file from
their rogue (revolutionary) galleries indicate.
The extensive photographic file (see boxes under XIIIf(4)) was the
product of constant collection. Many photos of revolutionaries came from
Headquarters files. Another sizeable collection was gathered in the
field, particularly through the control of, or less formal contact with,
various photographic studios in Paris and elsewhere. In the pictorial
files of the Okhrana are many sets of pictures obtained from studios
catering to Russian émigré groups.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xb, Folder 1a
Letter to Ambassador from Photo-Malivert offering their
services,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xb, Folder 1b
Documents concerning the cost of equipment for photographic
studios in the Paris Okhrana office,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xb, Folder 1c
Dispatch concerning extra copies of photographs of
revolutionaries from St. Petersburg,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xb, Folder 1d
Letter from Paris photographic studio announcing a change of
address,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 141
Index Xb, Folder 2
Reference: For information on the Laizier photographic studio
in Paris, 1914, see IIIe, folder 3
Index Xb, Folder 3
Reference: See the personal dossier of Henri Ozanne, who was
hired in 1908 for his photographic services, in IIIe, folder
3
Boxes 91-92
c. Censorship and perlustration
Scope and Contents note
The only systematic and fairly continuous censorship of mails was
developed by the Paris Okhrana in an area of coastal resort towns of the
Italian Riviera. Its non-Russian agents succeeded in engaging some
postal officials to "lend" them the mail (at the rate of five francs per
letter) for overnight use and perlustration (exact copy with a
transparent overlay). If such helping service was achieved in Paris or
other parts, it was only occasionally and with the help of accommodating
concierges rather than postal employees.
Before modern photocopying, perlustration was a method of considerable
advantage. Copyists were able to reproduce the "hand" of the writer,
leaving no telling mark on the original, with envelopes (use of steam
for opening) resealed expertly and without traces of added glue. In
1909, the Paris Office requested the establishment of a photographic
darkroom for copying of correspondence, but no such section was ever
added.
Folder 1 of this collection is an assortment of perlustrated letters
of various revolutionaries abroad. The contents, reproduced in typed
form, are unimportant and included primarily as examples of
perlustration. Folder 2 has two dispatches referring to Burtsev's
accusation censorship by the Okhrana in Paris and also two sets of
letters addressed to revolutionary Rubanovich. Included with these is an
expense account of principal agent Bint in Paris, charging five francs
for each letter, possibly paid to the cooperating mail clerk. The items
in Folder 3 include a set of original censored letters, Headquarters
instructions to submit letters intercepted from Burtsev's mails, and an
account of the scandal in Italy, where a postal employee was dismissed
for delivering the mail of the revolutionaries to an Okhrana agent.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 1
Perlustrated letters of various revolutionaries abroad in
Geneva, Paris, London, etc.,
1903, 1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Scope and Contents note
Marked in the Okhrana file as useless as intelligence sources.
Index Xc, Folder 2a
Dispatches concerning censorship of mail in Paris and
Burtsev's accusation in the press,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 2b
Perlustrated letters to Rubanovich,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 2c
Perlustrated letters,
1895-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 2d
Intercepted letters from Moscow to Pontoise and from
Montreaux to Switzerland,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 3a
Various intercepted and perlustrated letters,
1884-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 3b
Instructions about sending intercepted letters of Burtsev to
Headquarters
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 3c
Dispatches regarding the scandal with agents in the Italian
post office,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 3d
Report from the Paris office concerning the establishment of
a photographic darkroom for perlustration of
correspondence,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 3e
Dispatch on the perlustration of Fundaminskii's
mail,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xc, Folder 5
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 18, February 1, 1903,
on the use of perlustrated correspondence of revolutionaries by the
Okhrana offices, in XIIIc(2), folder 2
Index Xc, Folder 6
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 22, February 28,
1903, on the use of information obtained from intercepted mail, in
XIIIc(2), folder 2
Index Xc, Folder 7
Reference: See agent Pouchot's report on Leone's turning to
Burtsev, in XXVIIa, folder 3
Index Xc, Folder 8
Reference: For complete sets of perlustrated mail addressed
to Agafonov and Natanson, June 1908-March 1909, see
XXIVa
Box 92
d. Graphological study of handwriting
Scope and Contents note
A number of small folders and enveloped were set aside in the original
Okhrana files, marked as samples of handwriting and original signatures.
The records do not reveal the assets or capabilities of the Paris Office
in matters of graphological study, but some documents indicate that
letters were submitted to it for analysis and identification of
handwriting. The files also contain photographs of samples of
handwriting.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 142-143
Index Xd, Folder 1
Perlustrated letters used as examples for the study of the
handwriting of revolutionaries; samples of Burtsev's
handwriting,
1905-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 142
Index Xd, Folder 2
Photographs of handwriting samples of Trautman and an
unidentified individual
Access
Available on microfilm reel 143
Index Xd, Folder 3
Samples of handwriting kept on file
Access
Available on microfilm reel 143
Index Xd, Folder 4
Letters from Zabrezhnev, submitted for analysis to the Paris
Okhrana,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 143
Index Xd, Folder 5
Dispatches pertaining to graphological studies and
identification of individuals through them,
1905-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 143
Boxes 92-99
e. Surveillance
Scope and Contents note
The surveillance of subversives and various types of suspects was one of
the principal tasks of the non-Russian investigation agents. While
assignments called for any type of detective work and contacting of
police and security organs or postal employees, hotel clerks and
concierges, most of their time was used for watching the movements and
associations of their Russian revolutionary targets. The bulk of this
extensive collection covers surveillance reports arranged in folders
according to the agent reporting. The substance of these reports,
wherever of more permanent significance, may be found in the dispatches
prepared from raw reports and in other subject files; these surveillance
reports, in many instances discussing the nature of the work itself, are
gathered in illustration of the methods and results of operation.
The first 54 folders are arranged alphabetically by agents serving at
their surveillance assignments. The contents are for the most part
written raw reports and telegrams. The targets of their surveillance and
the dates of operation are stated, but not always the locale.
Folders 55-60 pertain to special surveillance tasks, team assignments,
journal or log record keeping on surveillance jobs, etc. The inventory
to Xe describes each set of papers by folder. Of some special interest
are such documents as requests for increases in surveillance staffs
(Folder 55), assignment distribution by teams and targets, and
surveillance difficulties after defection of an important agent (Folder
No. 56), or surveillance of high Russian officials, including even
General Gerasimov, in command of the gendarmes (in various folders).
Under Folder 60, there is a collection of eighteen notebooks
illustrates recordkeeping on surveillance assignments, distribution of
agents, assignment of targets, results, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 143-159
Index Xe, Folder 1
Aebersold, Jean,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 143
Scope and Contents note
Reports from London on Karpovich and Stenback in particular.
Index Xe, Folders 2-3
Barthes, Aime,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 143
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Paris and Grenoble.
Index Xe, Folder 4
Bint, Henry,
1911-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 143-144
Index Xe, Folder 5
Bittard-Monin, Marcel,
1908-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reels 144-145
Index Xe, Folder 6
Boniol, Marius,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Paris and Cannes on Dobrovskii, Lokevich, Feit,
Barthold, and "Ernest."
Index Xe, Folder 7
Bouteillier, Pierre,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Index Xe, Folder 8
Breyne, Charles de,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Scope and Contents note
Mainly reports on Fabrikant.
Index Xe, Folder 9
Capusso, Luigi,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Index Xe, Folder 10
Cazayus, Rene,
1913-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Eichenbaum, Kartvelov, Jollivet, Leroy, etc.
Index Xe, Folder 11
Charlet, Charles,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Index Xe, Folder 12
David, Etienne,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Index Xe, Folder 13
Delangle, Charles,
1911-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 145
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Barthold, Kobyzev, Argunov, Alianskii, and others.
Index Xe, Folder 14
Drouchot, Berthe,
1911-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 146
Index Xe, Folder 15
Durin, Henri,
1909-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reels 146-147
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Alianskii, Klebodorov, Tarasova-Bobrov, and others.
Index Xe, Folder 16
Dussaussois, Gabriel,
1912-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 147
Index Xe, Folder 17
Feuger, Fernand,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 147
Index Xe, Folder 18
Fontaine-Hamard, Paul,
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 148
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Klemov, Lukanov, Fabrikant, Boulanger, and others.
Index Xe, Folder 19
Fontaine, Mme.,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 148
Index Xe, Folder 20
Fontana, Jean Louis,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 148
Index Xe, Folder 21
Frumento, Arturo,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 148
Index Xe, Folder 22
Godard, Georges,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 148
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Korisko, Gluckman, and others.
Index Xe, Folder 23
Gottlieb, René,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 149
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Dobrovolskii (Chatillon), Argunov (Paris), Barthold
(Paris), Fabrikant (Nice), Shkolnik (Paris), Bessel (Paris), and
Guerchnikov (Paris).
Index Xe, Folder 24
Hennequin, Edmond,
1910-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 149
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Chernovskii, Lukanov, and others.
Index Xe, Folder 25
Henry, Charles,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 149
Index Xe, Folder 26
Invernizzi, Eugene,
1908-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reels 149-150
Index Xe, Folder 27
Jaton, Oscar,
1912-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 150
Index Xe, Folder 28
Jollivet, Georges and Raoul,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 150
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Paris, Genoa, etc. on Vadimov, Boulenger, Vassiliev,
Mazurenko, etc.
Index Xe, Folder 29
Laurent, Bernard,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 151
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Bakulin, Barthold, Mazurenko, Korisko, Bessel, and
others.
Index Xe, Folder 30
Lecointe, Eugene,
1909-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 151
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Mokronov, Chernovskii, Kontrasvitz, Eugenie.
Index Xe, Folder 31
Leon, Georges,
1912-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 151
Index Xe, Folder 32
Leone, Francesco,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 151
Index Xe, Folder 33
Lévęque, Eugéne,
1903-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reels 151-152
Index Xe, Folder 34
Otte, Leon,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 152
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Brussels.
Index Xe, Folder 35
Ozanne, Henri,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 152
Index Xe, Folder 36
Pavesi, Francesco,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 152
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Stoliarov and others.
Index Xe, Folder 37
Pouchot, Auguste,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 152
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Moiseenko, Fundaminskii, Boulenger, Eichenbaum,
Korisko, Barhold, etc.
Index Xe, Folder 38
Powell, Francis,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 152
Scope and Contents note
Reports from London.
Index Xe, Folder 39
Richard, Gabrielle,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 153
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Sophie Brodsky, Maria Shkolnik, Richetnikov,
Denisovich, Mamontov, and Deverenko.
Index Xe, Folder 40
Rigault, C.,
1891-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 153
Index Xe, Folder 41
Rime-Coussonnet, Georges,
1913-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 154
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Fundaminskii, Barthold, Lopatin, Karpovich, and
others.
Index Xe, Folder 42
Riot, Robert,
1912-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 154
Scope and Contents note
Reports from Paris on Nathanson, Barthold, and Korisko.
Index Xe, Folder 43
Robail, Jean,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 154
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Spann, Makarov, Barthold, and others.
Index Xe, Folder 44
Roselli, Adolphe,
1912-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 154
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Fabrikant, Klimova, and others.
Index Xe, Folder 45
Rougeaux, Anatole,
1912-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 154
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Argunov, Volkhovskii, Barthold, and others.
Index Xe, Folder 46
Sambain, Albert,
1903-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 154
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Krochmal, Marie Goldsmith, Nachatyr, Moiseenko,
Gumerus, Ernest, Dobrovolskii, and others.
Index Xe, Folder 47
Sauvard, Alphonse,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 155
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Boulenger, Feit, Sletov, Stoliarov, Barthold, Korisko,
etc.
Index Xe, Folder 48
Schmidelin, Edouard,
1909-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 155
Index Xe, Folder 49
Thomas, Rene,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 155
Index Xe, Folder 50
Thorpe, Michael,
1908-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 155
Index Xe, Folder 51
Tiercelin, Mme.,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 155
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Lukanov, Fabrikant, Lebedev, Godefrein, Maria Wendel,
Barthold, Korisko, and others.
Index Xe, Folder 52
Vizzardelli, Vincenzo,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 155
Index Xe, Folder 53-54
Vogt, Maurice,
1909-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 155
Scope and Contents note
Reports on Makarov, Lukanov, Moiseenko, Lydov, Vadimov, Korisko,
and others.
Index Xe, Folder 55a
Records on the surveillance of Tikhomirov,
1884
Access
Available on microfilm reel 156
Index Xe, Folder 55b
Daily surveillance reports on the arrests of revolutionaries
in Paris by agents Rigault and Fehrenbach,
1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 156
Index Xe, Folder 55c
Daily surveillance reports of Lazarev,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 156
Index Xe, Folder 55d
Dispatch from the Paris Okhrana requesting reorganization of
the surveillance system,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 156
Index Xe, Folder 55e
Surveillance report on Patrick, contact of the
revolutionaries,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 156
Index Xe, Folder 55f
Dispatch requesting permission to increase surveillance staff
of the Paris office,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 156
Index Xe, Folder 56
Surveillance reports by the Paris Okhrana team,
1909 December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 156
Index Xe, Folder 57a
Papers on the surveillance system and assignment of teams and
targets,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 157
Index Xe, Folder 57b
Bittard-Monin's report on the problems of surveillance due to
Leroy's defection to Burtsev's side,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 157
Index Xe, Folder 57c
Dispatch concerning the expansion of the Paris Okhrana
surveillance force,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 157
Index Xe, Folder 57d
Notes on the grouping of surveillance teams and assignment of
targets,
1911-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 157
Index Xe, Folder 57e
Surveillance of Russian naval captain Ketlinskii,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 157
Index Xe, Folder 58a
Surveillance reports on 22 Russians in connection with the
"Laboratoire Russe de Zoologie" at Villefranche by agents Fontaine
and Fontana,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 157
Index Xe, Folder 58b
Surveillance reports on Barthold,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 157
Index Xe, Folder 58c
Surveillance reports on Dobrovolskii; reports from various
detectives in Paris, including Powell and Kerr, recalled from
London,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 157
Index Xe, Folder 59a
Surveillance reports on Mme. Korisko in Paris,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 158
Index Xe, Folder 59b
Surveillance reports on Mme. Kartvelova,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 158
Index Xe, Folder 59c
Surveillance reports on Argunov and family in Clarens and
Davos,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 158
Index Xe, Folder 59d
Surveillance on General Gerasimov,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 158
Index Xe, Folder 59e
Miscellaneous material on surveillance referencing communiqué No. 391 (March 7/20, 1913),
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 158
Index Xe, Folder 59f
Letter on the nature and extent of surveillance in various
places
Access
Available on microfilm reel 158
Index Xe, Folder 59g
Miscellaneous materials on surveillance,
1886-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 158
Index Xe, Folder 60
Agents' notebooks with addresses, assignments, journals, and
surveillance records,
1893-1894,
1909-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reels 158-159
Index Xe, Folder 62
Reference: See directive circular no. 5200, August 13, 1902,
on rules of surveillance, in XIIId(1), folder 8
Index Xe, Folder 63
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 15, January 10, 1903,
with instructions on surveillance procedures, in XIIIc(2), folder
2
Index Xe, Folder 64
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 50, September 11,
1903, with instructions on surveillance procedures, in XIIIc(2),
folder 2
Index Xe, Folder 65
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 63, December 11,
1903, with instructions on surveillance procedures, in XIIIc(2),
folder 2
Index Xe, Folder 66
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 83, April 29, 1904,
with instructions on assignment of surveillance agents, in XIIIc(2),
folder 4
Index Xe, Folder 67
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 86, May 20, 1904,
regarding the processing of surveillance data, in XIIIc(2), folder
4
Index Xe, Folder 68
Reference: See daily surveillance reports on Burtsev and his
revolutionary intelligence agents in 1909, in XVIId, folder
3
Box 99
f. Safe houses (clandestine quarters, passwords)
Scope and Contents note
The original Okhrana files contained no separate folders or records
pertaining to its handling of such matters as safe houses for secret
meetings with agents, passwords, or various tricks of recognition. From
the memoranda in the various operational folders, it can be noted that
case officers arranged meetings with subordinate agents according to
circumstances rather than in conformity with any routine procedure.
Only a small batch of documents treating specifically the subject are
collected in this folder on safe houses and passwords. Agent Mme.
Tiercelin in Paris was frequently assigned the responsibility of renting
or equipping safe houses (apartments) for clandestine meetings of agents
and case officers. Two sets of her bills in this connection are included
in the folder.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 159
Index Xf, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to clandestine meetings, safe houses,
and passwords,
1905-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 159
Index Xf, Folder 2
Bills and expense accounts of agent Tiercelin and others in
connection with safe houses,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 159
Index Xf, Folder 3
Dispatch proposing a villa rental in Nice,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 159
Index Xf, Folder 4
Circulars and dispatches giving accomodation address for
agents,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 159
Boxes 100, 101A,
101B
g. Albums of photographs for office and agent use
Scope and Contents note
Photographs of important revolutionaries were inserted in albums for use
as reference and instructional and recognition materials. One large
album, with each mounted photograph given a reference number, was used
as the basic reference in the Paris Okhrana Office. The collection
contains fourteen medium-size albums in approximately the same
arrangement, some of them with names under the pictures, some with an
index of names attached to the covers. Another set of fifteen
pocket-size albums in a similar order was entrusted to agents assigned
to surveillance tasks in the field. Not all of these albums are in the
same arrangement of pictures, while the numbering system for persons in
the illustrations is usually the same. Thus, the agent reporting from
the field did not have to mention the name of his target, but only the
number assigned in the album.
Index Xg
Large album of photographs of revolutionaries for office
use
General note
This portion of the collection was not microfilmed.
Index Xg
Medium size albums with indices of names
Box 101A
Medium size album with indices of names (1),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Medium size album with indices of names (2),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Medium size album with indices of names (3),
1890-1910
Box 101A
Medium size album with indices of names (4),
1890-1910
Box 101A
Medium size album with indices of names (5),
1890-1910
Box 101A
Medium size album with indices of names (6),
1890-1910
Box 101A
Medium size album with indices of names (7),
1890-1910
Box 101A
Medium size album with indices of names (8),
1890-1910
Box 101A
Medium size album with indices of names (9),
1890-1910
Box 101A
Medium size album with indices of names (10),
1890-1910
Box 100
Medium size album with indices of names (11),
1890-1910
Box 100
Medium size album with indices of names (12),
1890-1910
Box 100
Medium size album with indices of names (13),
1890-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 159
Index Xg
Pocket size albums for agent use
Access
Available on microfilm reel 159
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (1),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (2),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (3),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (4),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (5),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (6),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (7),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (8),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (9),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (10),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (11),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (12),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (13),
1890-1910
Box 101B
Pocket size album for agent use (14),
1890-1910
Boxes 102-103
XI. Penetration and infiltration of opposing groups
Box 102
a. Double agents
Scope and Contents note
Nearly all agents of the so-called vnutrenniaia (internal) agentura
abroad served with the purpose of penetrating and infiltrating the
revolutionary groups. In a broad sense, all these penetration agents
were double agents, but few of them actually served in such a capacity,
i.e. few of them achieved the status of serving as alleged revolutionary
agents against the Okhrana, which controlled them. Some such cases were
developed early in 1914. Okhrana agents were employed by the
revolutionary counter-intelligence, but under continued and actually
increased Okhrana control. The case of agent Dolin (code names: Lenin
and Shari) was different in that he was hired by the German service to
work for them on sabotage tasks in Russia, but of course under the
guidance and control of the Okhrana.
Folder 1 of this collection contains documents on this double agent,
Dolin, operating from 1914 to 1916. Included in the same folder are the
papers on double agents Permiak (Brontman), Maria Petrova (Julieta), and
Berg. Folder 2 includes materials on double agent Mme Richard
(Jane), working for the Okhrana as Burtsev's agent in 1914. Other
outstanding double agent cases in the collection are those of Rapaport
(Silberman); Starkov for the period of 1906-1908; Beitner (Levushka,
Moskvich, etc.), who acted as Burtsev's partner in the
Novoe Yremia; Batushanskii (Babadzhan), and
others. Folder 2 also holds some of the papers on the Frenchman
Jollivet, one of the successful Okhrana operators in the capacity as
agent for revolutionary counter-intelligence.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 160
Index XIa, Folder 1a
Dolin-"Lenin,"
1914-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 160
Index XIa, Folder 1b
Permiak,
1912-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 160
Index XIa, Folder 1c
Petrova, Mariia L.,
1911-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 160
Index XIa, Folder 1d
Berg, I.,
1915-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 160
Index XIa, Folder 2a
Richard, Mme.,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 160
Index XIa, Folder 2b
Rappoport,
1906-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 160
Index XIa, Folder 2c
Beitner, L.D.,
1904-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 160
Index XIa, Folder 2d
Batushanskii, B.,
1907-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 160
Index XIa, Folder 2e
Notes, letters, dispatches, and reports on the following
double agents: Abramov, Brodskii, Zilbertstein, Wackman, Ankerman,
Poznanskii-Goldendakh, Weisman, Chauvin, Zagorskaia, Kogan-"Aleks,"
Gudin, Rabinovich, "M" (Milewski), Jollivet, Gramm, and
Grunbaum-"Monser"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 160
Index XIa, Folder 4
Reference: See index numbers IIIe, IIIf, and VIk
Index XIa, Folder 5
Reference: See agent Wackman's reports on conferences in
XVIc
Index XIa, Folder 6
Reference: See Jollivet's reports, 1913-1914, on his French
double agent team in Burtsev's office, in VIk, folder 29
Boxes 102-103
b. Placement of agents into conspiratorial
organizations
Scope and Contents note
Headquarters in St. Petersburg made frequent suggestions on target
organizations, committees, and revolutionary conferences that should be
penetrated through the placement of agents. Such prnoteing was received
even in a few cases where the case officer had already proceeded to
install operatives as members of committees of the revolutionary target
groups. The targets were, of course, all revolutionary units, coming
into existence in every western community where there was an appreciable
number of emigres from the Empire, so many in fact that the Paris
Okhrana never had enough men to satisfy its needs.
A method was therefore developed to have the agents at important centers,
preferably at top levels, in committees and spots where the continuity
of placement and further build-up of their cover as revolutionaries was
fairly assured. The main targets of penetration thus came to be such
centers as the central committees of the Socialist Revolutionaries and
Social Democrats, the Anarchist center in London, the terrorist fighting
unit of the Socialist Revolutionaries, the major revolutionary press,
and the groups engaged in arms smuggling. The folders of this collection
are arranged for the most part by the name of the penetration agents, as
listed in the inventory to the folders, one or very few papers are
enclosed on some of these operatives, and any research on these
individuals should also include a review of the folders on individual
agents under Indices Ille and Illf, and, the case of non-Russian agents,
also in VIk.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 1
Report to Headquarters on various matters referring to the
revolutionaries (1903); instructions from Headquarters; Burtsev's
action exposing Okhrana agents; correspondence regarding penetration
activities; Vorobeichik (1895), Prodan (1904), and Zagorskaia
(1905),
1895-1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2a
Kurianskii,
1905-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2b
Kaplun,
1907-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2c
Kensitskii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2d
Iost-Tetelman,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2e
Chizhikov,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2f
Zenkovskii,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2g
Shakhnovskii,
1909-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2h
Zharkov,
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2i
L'vov,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2j
Kaminchan,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2k
Brodskii,
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2l
Eniseiskii,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2m
Molchanovskii,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2n
Kagan,
1910-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2o
Makharevich,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2p
Orlovskii,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2q
Dlikman
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 2r
Rudenko,
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3a
Rek
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3b
Demetrashvili,
1912-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3c
Poznanskii,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3d
Shakhovskii ("Falstaff"),
1911-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3e
Briandinskii,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3f
Kuranov,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3g
Dorozhko-"Moliére,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3h
Kozlov,
1912-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3i
Goncharov,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3j
Mass,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3k
Mikhnevich,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3l
"Mars,"
1913-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3m
Lebuk,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3n
Lerner
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3o
"Amerikanets,"
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3p
Paul,
1911-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 3q
Mikhailkovskii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 161
Index XIb, Folder 5
Reference: For agent Pilenas's letters on Lithuanian
revolutionaries in London, see XXII
Index XIb, Folder 6
Reference: See agent Kornfeld's report on the personal
history of Rubinovich and an intelligence analysis, in
XVIb(1)
Index XIb, Folder 7
Reference: See documents on the exposure of agent Kensitskii
in XXIVc
Box 103
c. Outstanding cases
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
(1) Missions to Scandinavia - Sambain, Aebersold, and other
agents
Scope and Contents note
The documents contained in this subject file refer to the wartime
mission of agent Sambain to the Scandinavian countries on an
espionage and counter-espionage mission on behalf of the Okhrana.
Sambain was primarily interested in German activities in Sweden and
Finland as well as German espionage activities in Stockholm and at
the Russo-Swedish border point of Torneo-Haparanda. His intelligence
assignment also concemed the illegal trade in Russian rubles.
The documents in this file include correspondence indicating that
friendly relations were established between Sambain and the
Stockholm police. The file also contains Sambain's report on German
espionage in Sweden as well as reports on Shliapnikov, Anichkin,
Chicherin, and Count Holstein, contacts with agent Aebersold in
Norway, and a German military training camp for young Finns and
Swedes.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(1), Folder 1a
Correspondence relating to Sambain's mission to
Scandinavia,
1915-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(1), Folder 1b
Sambain's report on German espionage in
Sweden,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(1), Folder 1c
Communications between Powell, Sambain, and the Paris
Okhrana regarding Shliapnikov, Anichkin, Chicherin, and Count
Holstein,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(1), Folder 1d
Communications relating to the mission of Aebersold to
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(1), Folder 1e
Sambain's reports on his contacts with
Rougier,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(1), Folder 1f
Sambain's reports on German military training camps for
young Finns and Swedes,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(1), Folder 1g
Krasil'nikov's reports from Copenhagen on conditions
within Germany,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(1), Folder 1h
Receipts from the mission to Scandinavia
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(1), Folder 2
Reference: See outgoing telegram no. 24, February 5,
1916, on Sambain's mission to Scandinavia, in XIIIb(2), folder
8
Index XIc(1), Folder 3
Reference: For agent Sambain's letters on German
espionage in Sweden, 1916, see VIIIb, folder 10
Index XIc(1), Folder 4
Reference: For an intelligence directive and reports on
Sweden, the Finns, and Germans, see VIIIb, folder 10
Index XIc(1), Folder 5
Reference: For notes of Russian navy and war attaches in
Stockholm on German agent Kalisher and the Dahlstrom firm, see
VIIIb, folder 10
Index XIc(1), Folder 6
Reference: For correspondence of Count Holstein, 1916,
see VIIIb, folder 4
(2) "Lucy" among the revolutionaries in New York
Scope and Contents note
Agent George Patrick (XIc(2)), operating in New York under that true
name, was an educated Russian Jew with many years of experience at
home and in France before he settled in America to continue his
activities among the Jewish revolutionary organizations. His almost
daily reports under the code name "Lucy" gave a most comprehensive
account of the Marxist movement among the immigrants in New York and
other American cities. Only eleven documents are included in this
folder. For his extensive reports, see Index Number Illf, Folder
28.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(2), Folder 1
Agent "Lucy" Patrick's reports on the activities of
Russian revolutionaries in New York,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
(3) Malinovskii and prisoners of war in Germany
Scope and Contents note
The folder on Roman Malinovskii (XIc(3)) contains only a copy of his
1914 lecture in Paris. This revolutionary was not handled by the
Paris Office but by case officers in St. Petersburg, who developed
him to the point of getting elected as a member of the Duma, to
watch, for the Okhrana, the activities of the Social Democrats in
that august legislature.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(3), Folder 1
Dispatch on Malinovskii's lecture in Paris,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
(4) Zhitomirskii in Berlin
Scope and Contents note
The folder on Moishe Zhitomirskii (XIc(4)) pertains mostly to the
case of his assignment in Berlin, where he worked with Kamo (after
the Tiflis robbery) on the preparation of a major arms smuggling
deal. The capture of Kamo involved Zhitomirskii as well, and the
Okhrana was thus placed in considerable difficulties with the German
police so as not to reveal that Zhitomirskii was its agent. (See
XXVIIc.)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(4), Folder 1
Agent Moishe Zhitomirskii's assignment to Berlin in
connection with tracing the Tiflis money in Germany,
1902-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
(5) Others
Scope and Contents note
Includes some documents on the priest Gapon, Vedeniapin, and on the
Bulgarian Socialist group.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(5), Folder 1
Dispatches on Gapon and outstanding
revolutionaries,
1905-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIc(5), Folder 2
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 120, January 13,
1905, on Gapon's plans to lead a workers' demonstration, in
XIIIc(2), folder 6
Index XIc(5), Folder 3
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 121, January 20,
1905, on Gapon's influence as an agitator among workers, in
XIIIc(2), folder 6
Index XIc(5), Folder 4
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 154, September 8,
1905, reporting that Gapon acquired a false passport, in
XIIIc(2), folder 6
Boxes 103-106
XII. Planning intelligence and provocation operations
Box 103
a. Security operations
Scope and Contents note
The files contain no specific instructions or briefs on the methods of
developing security measures as a matter of principle inherent in the
planning operations. Okhrana principals mounting operations abroad were
intensely on the alert when confronted with such tasks as insuring for
the physical safety of traveling members of the imperial household.
Headquarters directives and Paris Office implementation of the
requirements in that respect led to systematic planning in each case of
such travels, so that despite all the numerous efforts none of their
plans to assassinate the imperial travelers abroad could be carried out.
(For planning of this type of security, see the collection under Index
Number XVd.)
Planning the most sensitive operations which involved provocation was
left to Okhrana chiefs abroad. (The revolutionaries, in order to
discredit the Okhrana, called all its acts "provocation"; what is meant
here are the exceptional and rather few cases in which agents were
assigned to participate in conspiracies for violence in order to control
and prevent ouch acts or to make possible the arrest of the entire
gang.) In planning such operations, each case was handled according to
circumstances, and the agent and target involved.
The collection under this index contains the correspondence between
Rachkovskii and Hackelman-Landesen-Garting in connection with the
conspiracy of bomb-throwing Russians in Paris in 1890. The agent acted
as one the principals in order to make possible the arrest of the large
band of terrorists. (See Rachkovskii-Garting correspondence.) The other
documents on the famous provocateur, Evno Azef, are in a separate
collection under XIIc(1).
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIIa, Folder 1a
Petr Rachkovskii's notes to Hackelman (Garting) in connection
with a terrorist conspiracy,
1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIIa, Folder 1b
Correspondence between Rachkovskii and Garting on operational
plans and clippings,
1893-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIIa, Folder 1c
Rachkovskii's draft reports on operational
matters,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIIa, Folder 1d
Chief Rataev's letters on operational matters,
1903-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIIa, Folder 1e
Dispatches and notes on operational matters; Chief
Krasil'nikov's review of anarchist operations and actions to be
taken; the case of agent Goldendach,
1905-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIIa, Folder 1f
Krasil'nikov's notes for French Sûreté,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Index XIIa, Folder 1g
Krasil'nikov's notes concerning a fake story for backstopping
agent Dolin,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 162
Boxes 104-105
b. Direction of provocation by Okhrana chiefs
Scope and Contents note
This collection concentrates on the planning and direction of activities
of the four consecutive Paris Okhrana chiefs, Petr Ivanovich Rachkovskii
(1885-1902), Leonid Aleksandrovich Rataev (1902-1905), Arkadii
Mikhailovich Garting (1905), and Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Krasil'nikov
(1909-1917). General and personal documents on these directors of the
service abroad are filed also under Index Number IIIb.
This collection pertains to operational matters, planning and conducting
problems at certain periods and specific outstanding tasks. It is
evident from the documents that the chiefs in Paris were vested with
considerable prerogative in all operational matters. Dispatches reveal
that they consulted Headquarters on many matters, but no document shows
that Headquarters actually issued planning directives for intelligence
operations or provocation acts. It frequently came with suggestions
mentioning the desirability to penetrate such and such a revolutionary
group, at times not knowing that the Paris Office had already achieved
the penetration and was submitting reports originating from the
operation.
It may be largely on account of this independence in planning that the
operational patterns differed from chief to chief. The paramount target
of all were the revolutionaries, but each of the chiefs went about the
task differently. Rachkovskii excelled as a diplomat, with a planned
policy to engage full support of the French Surete, His great
provocation operation engaging agent Landesen in 1890 to catch a large
group of terrorists red-handed was conceived and carried out probably in
order to make the French security organs act and thus assure the
imperial regime in St. Petersburg of the earnestness of the French
government in dealing with the subversives. The publicity in connection
with the case and Rachkovskii's engagement of publicist Jules Hansen
supported in full the emerging Franco-Russian alliance.
Rataev appears from the documents to place less emphasis on political
action. His methodical records show him to be a conscientious civil
servant, depending in operations on his own Russian agents.
Garting, a master in planning provocation, as shown in his achievement in
1890, greatly expanded the services, particularly in stopping arms
shipments and checking the terrorists by installing penetration agents
in key locations and also by expanding the teams of non-Russian agents
and improving liaison with the foreign service.
Krasil'nikov, the last and very capable chief, reorganized the service in
1913. Unlike his predecessors, he depended on a group of staff agents
who, as deep cover Okhrana officers, conducted all major operations with
Russian penetration agents and also a few non-Russian double agents. As
numerous drafts of reports in his own handwriting show, he was
invariably the planner and behind-the-scenes director of every
operation.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 163-167
Index XIIb, Folder 1
Petr Ivanovich Rachkovskii file,
1882-1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 163
Scope and Contents note
Includes letter on Wilson, a member of the French parliament, and
letters addressed to Rachkovskii in Russian, Polish, and French
pertaining to operational problems and intelligence.
Leonid Aleksandrovich Rataev file,
1902-1905
Index XIIb, Folder 2
Drafts for operational dispatches,
1902-1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 163
Scope and Contents note
Includes dispatch from Director Lopukhin.
Index XIIb, Folder 3
1902 September 20 - 1903 January 29
Access
Available on microfilm reel 164
Index XIIb, Folder 4
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 164
Index XIIb, Folder 5
1904 January 1 - April 27
Access
Available on microfilm reel 164
Index XIIb, Folder 6
1904 January 1 - June 6
Access
Available on microfilm reel 164
Index XIIb, Folder 7
1904 December 13 - 1905 June 24
Access
Available on microfilm reel 164
Index XIIb, Folders 8-9a
Arkadii Mikhailovich Garting file,
1902-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 165
Index XIIb, Folder 9b
Rachkovskii's notes,
1903-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 165
Index XIIb, Folder 9c
Request for wages from Nyborg,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 165
Index XIIb, Folder 9d
Court summons for Garting,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 165
Index XIIb, Folder 9e
Dispatch pertaining to Garting's trip to St.
Petersburg,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 165
Index XIIb, Folder 10
Garting's instructions to case officer Barkov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 165
Index XIIb, Folders 11-16
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Krasil'nikov file,
1908-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 166-167
Scope and Contents note
Includes address booklets of revolutionaries and agents kept by
Krasil'nikov.
Index XIIb, Folder 18
Reference: See the story on Landesen (Garting) in a
supplement to
L'Eclair, 1890, in XVIa,
folder 6
Index XIIb, Folder 19
Reference: See outgoing telegram, March 21, 1908, from
Garting on Burtsev's attempt to expose him, in XIIIb(2), folder
6
Index XIIb, Folder 20
Reference: For Krasil'nikov's false story on a bomb explosion
in Russia to deceive the Germans, see agent Lenin's file (1915) in
XIa
Box 106
c. Outstanding provocation cases
(1) Evno Azef
Scope and Contents note
This extensive collection on Azef, internationally publicized by the
revolutionaries as, the most despicable and criminal agent of the
Okhrana, is incomplete because Azef was not in fact an agent of the
Paris Okhrana, but was placed abroad and controlled directly by a
case officer in St. Petersburg Headquarters. For years, the Okhrana
abroad knew about Azef only as another revolutionary and had him and
his wife under surveillance like all other leading terrorists.
Gradually, it appears from the documents, Azef's Okhrana connection
became known to the Paris Office as well, but no record indicates
that he was ever controlled operationally by the case officers
abroad. Thus, this collection contains no documents on operational
directives and controls over the man.
Folder 1 is a chronological assembly of the dispatches on Azef
and his activities as a terrorist, including many intercepted
letters of him and his wife. It would appear from these that even at
Headquarters the writers of the dispatches sending the censored mail
to Paris did not know the true connections of Azef. The folder also
contains several reviews of the case after the exposure in 1908,
including a volume printed in German by Leo Deutsch,
Der Lockspitzel Asew und die terroristische
Taktik.
Of special interest in Folder 2 are the documents pointing to
Lopukhin's role in exposing Azef and Premier Stolypin's discussion
of the case in the Duma.
Index XIIc(1), Folder 1
Miscellaneous dispatches, surveillance reports, and other
materials on Azef,
1902-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 168
Scope and Contents note
Includes intercepted and perlustrated mail of Azef and his wife
Liubov', records of the trial by the revolutionary tribunal,
newspaper clippings about his exposure, and 2 copies of Leo
Deutsch's
Der Lockspitzel Asew und die
terroristische Taktik.
Index XIIc(1), Folder 2a
Lopukhin's role in the exposure of Azef,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 168
Index XIIc(1), Folder 2b
Headquarters circular on Azef,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 168
Index XIIc(1), Folder 2c
Report on the secret Paris session of the members of the
"right" group of Socialist Revolutionaries about the Azef
affair,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 168
Index XIIc(1), Folder 2d
Circulars on the whereabouts of Evno Azef and his
brothers,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 168
Index XIIc(1), Folder 2e
Duma proceedings in French
Access
Available on microfilm reel 168
Scope and Contents note
Contains Premier Stolypin's discussion of the Azef affair on
pages 63-125.
Index XIIc(1), Folder 2f
Premier Stolypin's speech in the Duma regarding
Azef
Access
Available on microfilm reel 168
Scope and Contents note
Includes a draft translation.
(2) Controls in arms shipments
Scope and Contents note
Agents Beitner, Rabinovich, and others were given assignments to work
among the revolutionaries engaged in purchasing and smuggling arms
to Russia. Non-Russian agents obtained the cooperation of several
port authorities as an operational support to deep cover agents, and
in a few cases actual networks of the Okhrana were set up for the
control of arms smuggling, i. e. detection, prevention at the
outset, or capture and destruction after the attempts. In a few
instances, these operations have the elements of provocation,
especially in the cases of the agents named above; but in general
the efforts were of counter-intelligence nature -- learning about
the revolutionary efforts and using the information with friendly
liaison services capable of intercepting the smuggling through,
their ports or border points.
This collection contains papers on firms serving the smugglers, a
number of notes on Meyer Wallach-Litvinov, the key man in procuring
arms on a large scale, whose greatest (although unsuccessful)
operation, involving an entire shipload, was penetrated and thus
controlled by the Okhrana. (See documents in XXIVh and XVII-1. )
Index XIIc(2), Folder 1
Dispatches, letters, and other materials relating to arms
smuggling into Russia,
1905-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 169
Scope and Contents note
Includes papers pertaining to the the Buckland Firm in
Hamburg.
Index XIIc(2), Folder 2a
Paris office comments on organizing surveillance over
illegal arms shipments into Russia,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 169
Index XIIc(2), Folder 2b
Smuggling of arms and the involvement of Litvinov,
Nikitich, and others,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 169
Index XIIc(2), Folder 2c
Litvinov's order for arms,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 169
Index XIIc(2), Folder 2d
Double agent Rabinovich engaged in arms
smuggling,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 169
Index XIIc(2), Folder 2e
Request for information on the SS John
Grafton,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 169
Boxes 106-183, 229-240, 243
XIII. Processing of intelligence
Boxes 106-114
a. Analysis and collation of information (raw
reports)
Scope and Contents note
The Paris Okhrana was frequently under pressure requesting the
verification of submitted information, the analysis of its contents,
filling up incomplete or sketchy reports, and comparing information
received from various sources. The necessity for analysis of information
submitted by case officers in half-finished reports and the
supplementary information from raw reports of surveillance agents and
liaison contacts made this processing of intelligence a continuous major
task of the Okhrana center. The reports came in in various forms, each
agent using his own method, but observing the required nature of
presenting the substance of intelligence reports according to set
formulas.
Non-Russian agent reports came mostly in French, but also in German and
some in English and Italian. If the information warranted, they were
translated into Russian. The contents were compared with other reports
on the same topic and the information previously on file.
Russian or deep cover agent reports were handled differently, with the
first screening of the contents made by the supervising case officer,
who appeared to be chiefly responsible for analysis. The original
reports of agents never went beyond his office. He prepared his own
reports for the Paris Office based on whatever he received from the
agents in the field. it is possible that destruction of reports from
deep cover (penetration) agents was considered an imperative procedure
by the case officer. In his reports to the Paris Office, he would never
use the true names or pseudonyms of his sources, but only code terms.
Case officer reports thus came in fairly finished form; and frequently
the Paris Office, after comparing the contents with available
information, merely had them typed for submission under its serial
number.
The care taken in analyzing and preparing the reports is particularly
noticeable in this collection of the last few years of Okhrana
operations. It is obvious from the numbers of drafts and substantive and
editorial corrections that a report was subject to as many as six
revisions before final typing.
Only the first two folders in this large collection deal with actual
norms, notes, and instructions concerning intelligence analysis and
preparation of reports. All other folders up to No. 39 are filed in
chronological order. Since the material in all these raw reports served
for the outgoing dispatches, it can be of use to the researcher
interested in the substance only as a supplement to what may be more
conveniently found in the dispatches under Index Number XIIIb(l).
While the chronological order in Folders 3 to 40 includes the used
raw reports from all agents, Folders 41 to 45 contain only the
reports of the case officer covering information received from one of
the most active deep cover agents in London, Kokochinski (or
"Gretchen"). As samples, these reports show the standard practice
analysis and transcription by the case officer, then collation and final
editing by the reports officer in Paris.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 169-189
Index XIIIa, Folder 1
Drafts discussing the verification of intelligence reports,
comparing data of conflicting reports, setting standards of
information requirements
Access
Available on microfilm reel 169
Dispatches, reports, notes, and other materials
Index XIIIa, Folder 2
1904-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 169
Index XIIIa, Folder 3
1886-1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 169
Index XIIIa, Folder 4
1901-1902
Scope and Contents note
Includes drafts by Chief Garting in Berlin
Access
Available on microfilm reel 170(1)
Index XIIIa, Folder 5
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reels 170(1) and 170(2)
Index XIIIa, Folders 6-7
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reels 171-172
Scope and Contents note
Mostly Rataev's drafts from Paris.
Index XIIIa, Folder 8
1905-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 172
Index XIIIa, Folder 9
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 173
Index XIIIa, Folder 10
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 173
Index XIIIa, Folders 11-12
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 174
Scope and Contents note
Numbered from 5-1683.
Index XIIIa, Folders 13-15
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reels 174-176
Scope and Contents note
Numbered 1-2100.
Index XIIIa, Folders 16-20
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 176-178
Scope and Contents note
Numbered 1-1798.
Index XIIIa, Folders 21-28
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reels 179-182
Scope and Contents note
Numbered 1-1485.
Index XIIIa, Folders 29-37
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reels 182-187
Scope and Contents note
Numbered 1-1309.
Index XIIIa, Folders 38-39
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 187
Scope and Contents note
Numbered 1-166.
Index XIIIa, Folder 40
Undated notes, drafts, and raw reports
Access
Available on microfilm reel 187
Index XIIIa, Folders 41-45
Agent Kokochinskii ("Gretchen") reports on the Bund, Social
Democrats, and others,
1910-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 188-189
Index XIIIa, Folder 47
Reference: See outgoing dispatches not sent because of the
revolution in Russia, in XIIIb(1)
Boxes 115-127
(1) Outgoing dispatches
Scope and Contents note
The outgoing dispatches, all addressed to Okhrana Headquarters
(except a set in 1901-1904 to the Berlin Agentura) combine
administrative personnel, operational, and intelligence matters all
in one collection, with a separate serial numbering for each year.
Some of the early outgoing dispatches had irregular numbering or
were referenced only by the dates they were prepared. Soon, however,
a system of serialization came into use and was adhered to until the
termination of the service.
Until the use of the typewriter was introduced for the preparation of
dispatches, the Paris Office saved the drafts of its dispatches for
reference copies. Later, at least one carbon copy was retained for
the outgoing files. The names of individuals and organizations
mentioned in the dispatch were recorded on index cards for the
reference file.
A comparison of the early outgoing dispatches with those of later
years shows that the Paris Okhrana only gradually acquired the
practice of reporting operational, administrative, and intelligence
contents in separate dispatches. As the reporting system improved,
it started limiting each dispatch to one intelligence topic, since
such practice suited better the needs of filing and analysis done by
Headquarters.
The collection of outgoing dispatches is inventoried by years, a copy
of the inventory inserted with each volume, giving each document's
number and date and a short description of its contents. A reference
column gives the index number of the subject matter under which the
document is filed. Where no such number is given, the document has
been left in the original volume.
Downloadable PDF Index of Outgoing Dispatches
-
Index Outgoing
Dispatches
Index XIIIb(1)
1886
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 189
Index XIIIb(1)
1887
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 189
Index XIIIb(1)
1889-1891
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 189
Index XIIIb(1)
1890
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 189
Index XIIIb(1)
1891
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 189
Index XIIIb(1)
1892
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 189
1892-1893 (Bound volumes)
Index XIIIb(1)
Volume 1
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 189
Index XIIIb(1)
Volume 2
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 189
Index XIIIb(1)
Volume 3
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 189
Index XIIIb(1)
1893
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 190
Index XIIIb(1)
1894
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 190
Index XIIIb(1)
1895
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 190
Index XIIIb(1)
1896
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 190
Index XIIIb(1)
1897
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 190
Index XIIIb(1)
1898
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 190
Index XIIIb(1)
1899
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 190
Index XIIIb(1)
1900
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 190
Index XIIIb(1)
1901
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 190
Index XIIIb(1)
1902
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 191
Index XIIIb(1)
1903
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 191
Index XIIIb(1)
1904
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 192
Index XIIIb(1)
1905
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 192-193
Index XIIIb(1)
1906
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 194
Index XIIIb(1)
1907
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 195
Index XIIIb(1)
1908
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 196
Index XIIIb(1)
1909
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 197
Index XIIIb(1)
1910
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 198-199
Index XIIIb(1)
1911
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 200-201
Index XIIIb(1)
1912
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 202-204
Index XIIIb(1)
1913
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 205-207
Index XIIIb(1)
1914
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 207-209
Index XIIIb(1)
1915
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 210-213
Index XIIIb(1)
1916
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 213-215
Index XIIIb(1)
1917
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 216
Index XIIIb(1)
Dispatches not sent,
1915-1917
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column have
been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI). All other
dispatches are available on microfilm reel 216
Box 128
(2) Outgoing cables
Scope and Contents note
Record keeping of outgoing telegrams was much less uniform or
systematic than that of the written dispatches. From the many draft
notes for the telegrams, it was obvious that their substance was
often subject to careful analysis of all available information
before a telegram was set in final shape for encoding and sending.
The information that went into the text was subject to the same
processing as that of the dispatches -- the names of individuals and
organizations mentioned were placed on index cards for further
reference.
Drafts of outgoing telegrams in this collection are filed in
chronological order. It can be noted from the system of serial
numbering that many of them are missing. More complete, however, is
the record of outgoing cables beginning in book form on November 10,
1910, and continued until 1917. In these logs, each telegram is
given a serial, number, date of sending, and its full text is
recorded. These large logs are arranged so that the outgoing cables
are entered on the front half and the incoming cables beginning from
the back half of the book.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 216-217
Index XIIIb(2), Folder 1
1887-1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 216
Scope and Contents note
Includes telegrams about the French minister's trip to Russia
(1899); information on the Fighting Unit of the Socialist
Revolutionaries (1902); and other materials.
Index XIIIb(2), Folder 2
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 216
Scope and Contents note
Mainly from Rataev in St. Petersburg to Garting in Berlin.
Index XIIIb(2), Folder 3
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 216
Scope and Contents note
Mainly from Rataev in St. Petersburg to Garting in Berlin.
Index XIIIb(2), Folder 4
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 216
Index XIIIb(2), Folder 5
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 217
Scope and Contents note
Mainly from Garting on leading revolutionaries, requests for
funds, alerts on arms smuggling and illegal border crossings,
plans of terrorists, etc.
Index XIIIb(2), Folder 6
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 217
Index XIIIb(2), Folder 7
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 217
Scope and Contents note
Telegrams for Garting, Andreev, and Krasil'nikov to Headquarters
on Azef and Lopukhin, etc.
Index XIIIb(2), Folder 8
1910-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 217
Index XIIIb(2), Folder 9
Undated drafts
Access
Available on microfilm reel 217
Box 129
(3) Outgoing cables: logs and texts
Access
Available on microfilm reel 218
Index XIIIb(3), Folder 1
Volume of outgoing telegrams sent from Darmstadt,
Frankfurt, and Bad Neuheim during the Tsar's visit to
Hessen,
1910 August 5 - November 10
Access
Available on microfilm reel 218
Index XIIIb(3), Folder 2
Log of the complete texts of outgoing
telegrams,
1910 January - 1912
August
Access
Available on microfilm reel 218
Index XIIIb(3), Folder 3
Log of the complete texts of outgoing
telegrams,
1912 August - 1915
December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 218
Index XIIIb(3), Folder 4
Log of the complete texts of outgoing
telegrams,
1916 January - 1917 March
Access
Available on microfilm reel 218
Boxes 130-152
(1) Incoming dispatches from Headquarters
Scope and Contents note
The bulk of the incoming dispatches originated in the Special Branch
(Osobyi Otdel) of the Department of Police in St. Petersburg, i. e.
Branch (Deloproizvodstvo) V, and VI after 1915. This branch was the
actual Okhrana Headquarters, referred to also as the "Political
Section." Dispatches originated also in the office of the chief of
the Police Department and in several other branches, such as
Personnel (I), Bookkeeping (III), Detective or Criminal (Vlll), and
Branch IX, which handled Okhrana matters pertaining to war. Up to a
certain period, a portion of the dispatches came from the Okhrana's
provincial subdivisions communicating directly with the Paris
Office, but this practice was gradually discontinued for better
coordination and integration of communications. A small amount of
incoming mails also came from Russian diplomatic and other missions
abroad.
The collection of incoming dispatches also contains the dispatches
from the Berlin Agentura to Paris (1901-1904).
Incoming dispatches were not limited to intelligence and operational
directives or administrative and personnel matters. More often than
not, they contained intelligence information. Thus, the contents
were integrated with the intelligence files of the Paris Okhrana.
The processing of information contained in the incoming dispatches
followed the same pattern as all other intelligence reports. Each
dispatch was given a separate number. (The largest number of
incoming dispatches for one year was achieved in 1911 with 2,011
dispatches.) The Paris Office then checked all names and target
organizations in the dispatch and reference cards were made for all
names checked. Since the incoming dispatches often required a
response on available information, checking through index reference
cards thus became a standard procedure in analyzing and collating
information.
The collection of incoming dispatches is inventoried by years, a copy
of the inventory inserted with each volume, giving each document's
number and date and a short description of its contents. A reference
column gives the index number of the subject matter under which the
document is filed. Where no such number is given, the document has
been left in the original volume.
Downloadable PDF Index of Incoming Dispatches
-
Index of Incoming Dispatches
Access
Available on microfilm reels 219-277
Index XIIIc(1)
1901
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 219
Index XIIIc(1)
1902
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 219
Index XIIIc(1)
1903
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 219
Index XIIIc(1)
1886
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 221
Index XIIIc(1)
1887
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 221
Index XIIIc(1)
1888
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 221
Index XIIIc(1)
1889
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 221
Index XIIIc(1)
1890
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 221
Index XIIIc(1)
1891
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 221
Index XIIIc(1)
1892
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 221
Index XIIIc(1)
1893
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 221
Index XIIIc(1)
1894
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 222
Index XIIIc(1)
1895
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 222
Index XIIIc(1)
1896
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 222
Index XIIIc(1)
1897
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 222
Index XIIIc(1)
1898
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 222
Index XIIIc(1)
1899
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 223
Index XIIIc(1)
1900
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 223
Index XIIIc(1)
1901
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 223
Index XIIIc(1)
1902
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 224
Index XIIIc(1)
1903
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
224-226
Index XIIIc(1)
1904
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
226-228
Index XIIIc(1)
1905
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
229-231
Index XIIIc(1)
1906
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
232-233
Index XIIIc(1)
1907
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
233-235
Index XIIIc(1)
1908
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
235-237
Index XIIIc(1)
1909
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
237-242
Index XIIIc(1)
1910
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
243-249
Index XIIIc(1)
1911
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
250-260
Index XIIIc(1)
1912
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
260-266
Index XIIIc(1)
1913
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
267-271
Index XIIIc(1)
1914
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
272-274
Index XIIIc(1)
1915
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel
274-275
Index XIIIc(1)
1916
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 276
Index XIIIc(1)
1917
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 277
Index XIIIc(1)
Garting's reports from Berlin,
1901-1905
Access
All dispatches with an index number in the reference column
have been filed under the corresponding series (e.g. XVI).
All other dispatches are available on microfilm reel 277
Boxes 152-154
(2) Weekly intelligence summaries from
Headquarters
Scope and Contents note
The practice of analyzing and collating intelligence information is
evident in the weekly intelligence summaries issued by Okhrana
Headquarters in the period from 1902 to 1905. All copies of these
bound documents in large format are in this collection, many of them
in duplicate. It is evident that for the issue of these briefs on
the revolutionary situation, the analysts at Headquarters compiled
and collated all available information from sources and abroad. The
studies are organized in each weekly issue by areas, thus giving a
comprehensive survey of the growth of the revolutionary movement and
much information on individuals and organizations. These printed
materials do not have indices or tables of contents; they were
intended primarily for current briefing of Okhrana officers at home
and abroad.
Folders 1 to 7 contain general briefs, in chronological order
for the periods covered. Folders 8 and 9 are more specific
situation reports on the student movements in Russia, with 12 issues
for 1901 and 1902.
Another set of similar intelligence situation reports were the
lengthy briefs on individual revolutionary parties. These are filed
in the folders for those respective parties under Index Number
XVIb.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 277-281
Index XIIIc(2), Folder 1
Nos. 1-13,
1902 September-December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 277
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: activities of the Socialist Revolutionaries, the
"Iskra" group, important subversives. Based on reports from
guberniia Okhrana stations.
Index XIIIc(2), Folders 2-3
Nos. 14-65,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reels 277-278
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: activities of revolutionary groups and leaders;
labor agitation and strikes, operational and administrative
instructions.
Index XIIIc(2), Folders 4-5
Nos. 66-97, 99-118,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reels 278-279
Index XIIIc(2), Folders 6-7
Nos. 119-145, 147-160, 162-163,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reels 279-280
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: the strike at the Putilov plant, the spread of
unrest and upheavals, student activities, Gapon, Social
Democrats, etc.
Index XIIIc(2), Folder 8
Summaries on the student movement by cities: St.
Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, Odessa, Kazan, Kharkov,
etc.,
1901 November 1-December 15
Access
Available on microfilm reel 281
Index XIIIc(2), Folder 9
Summaries on the student movement,
1902 February 5-March 30
Access
Available on microfilm reel 281
Index XIIIc(2), Folder 10
Reference: For Headquarters intelligence summaries on the
structure and activities of the Socialist Revolutionaries,
Social Democrats, and other subversive political groups, see
XVIb
Boxes 154-157
(3) Incoming cables
Scope and Contents note
Record keeping for incoming telegrams was similar to that for the
dispatches. Each message was given an incoming serial number. The
names of individuals contained therein were checked and entered in
the reference card index. However, there was a lack of systematic
filing of cable messages. Many of them were inserted with incoming
dispatches, others stored in separate folders, in code or decoded. A
more methodical system was introduced in 1910. All incoming
telegraphic messages were then entered in a clear text and in
numerical order in a log book. Four large log books for the period
from 1910 to 1915 were arranged so that the front half of the book
was for incoming messages and the back half for outgoing telegrams.
(See the logs under Index Number XIIIb(3).)
Access
Available on microfilm reels 281-286
Index XIIIc(3), Folders 1-12
1887-1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 281
Index XIIIc(3), Folders 13-15
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 282
Index XIIIc(3), Folders 16-17
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reels 282-283
Scope and Contents note
Includes telegrams from Cairo.
Index XIIIc(3), Folders 18-19
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 283
Scope and Contents note
Includes telegrams from various cities in Egypt from agent
"Loir."
Index XIIIc(3), Folders 20-22
1906
Scope and Contents note
Nos. 37-773
Access
Available on microfilm reels 283-284
Index XIIIc(3), Folders 23-26
1907
Scope and Contents note
Nos. 10-787
Access
Available on microfilm reel 284
Index XIIIc(3), Folders 27-34
1908-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 285
Index XIIIc(3), Folder 35
Reference: See the reverse side of the log books in
folders 1-3, in XIIIc(3), telegrams for 1910-1915, which contain
the full texts of the incoming telegrams for those
years
Boxes 157-169
d. Headquarters circulars
Boxes 157-159
(1) Operational directives
Scope and Contents note
The files reveal that the Okhrana's Headquarters in St. Petersburg
maintained a system of intelligence and operational circulars even
before it founded its Paris office for operations abroad. Through
the years, the system was subject to many changes in form and
volume. At all times, however, the service of publishing and
disseminating circulars was a major function of the Special
Department (Vth, and later Vlth Deloproizvodstvo). The intelligence
entered in these publications was the sum total of all
counter-intelligence information on the revolutionaries, foreign
agents, and subversives in general. The purpose of the circulars was
instructional -- an operational aid, alert, and warning on
individuals, organizations, and their activities.
The collection under this Index Number includes, in the first six
folders, bound volumes which include operational directives and
also, for the most part, lists of individuals wanted by the police
department because of forbidden political activities, terrorist
acts, crimes, etc. These volumes cover the period from 1886 to 1910.
The volume in Folder 7 is entirely instructional, chiefly for
regular police uses, giving a Russian adaptation of the Bertillon
anthropometric system.
Folders 8 to 12, arranged in chronological order from 1894 to
1916, concern operational and intelligence directives issued by
Headquarters. This extensive collection of circulars in mimeographed
form was for the use and guidance of Okhrana establishments at home
and abroad.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 286-290
Spisok lits rozyskivaemykh po delam
departamenta politsii
(Police Department Roster of
Persons Subject to Investigation)
Scope and Contents note
Alphabetic, tabular presentation with columns for name,
background, description, and police action requested.
Index XIIId(1), Folder 1
1886
Access
Available on microfilm reel 285
Index XIIId(1), Folder 2
1889
Access
Available on microfilm reel 286
Index XIIId(1), Folder 3
1893
Access
Available on microfilm reel 286
Index XIIId(1), Folder 4
1899
Access
Available on microfilm reel 287
Index XIIId(1), Folder 5
Alfavitnyi ukazatel' (Alphabetic
Guide to the Search List and Circulars of the Department of
Police),
1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 288
Index XIIId(1), Folder 6
Alfavitnyi spisok lits rozyskivaemykh
tsirkuliarami
(Alphabetic Roster of Individuals
Listed in Wanted Circulars),
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 288
Index XIIId(1), Folder 7
Rozysknoi al'bom: Vypusk 1
(Investigation Album),
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 288
Scope and Contents note
Instructions on the investigation of thieves, robbers, etc.,
after the Bertillon system; samples of keeping records.
Headquarters circulars containing operational directions
and instructions to subordinate Okhrana outposts at home and
abroad
Index XIIId(1), Folder 8
1894-1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 289
Index XIIId(1), Folder 9
1904-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 289
Index XIIId(1), Folder 10
1909-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 289
Index XIIId(1), Folder 11
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 290
Index XIIId(1), Folder 12
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 290
Boxes 159-169
(2) Warning lists
Scope and Contents note
This extensive collection is limited to various Headquarters
compilations of warning or watch lists. The arrangement is by years
of publication, from 1887 to 1917. The form of the publications
changed as the years went by, until the final printed form of
rosters was established and adhered to in 1907. These rosters were
then issued weekly until the end of the Okhrana. They contained
separate lists, each in alphabetical order, of persons subject to
investigation, surveillance, or arrest; of persons previously
mentioned in rosters but currently declared of no further interest
to Okhrana organs, etc.
In addition to the printed rosters, the Okhrana published in
mimeographed form circulars on individual revolutionaries, giving in
these circulars more detailed biographical accounts and outlining
the activities for which Okhrana action was ordered. The circulars
on important revolutionaries were extracted from this compilation
for inclusion under separate folders in XVII.
The biographical materials on individual political offenders,
published in the weekly rosters from 1907 to 1917 is all reproduced
in biographical cards stored under Index Number XIIIf(4)(c). These
cards and photographs are in fact a reprint, one individual per
card, from the paragraph on the person appearing in the roster.
Folders 3, 17, and 27 contain special rosters issued as
circulars on individuals expelled from Russia. Among these are
foreign nationals discovered or suspected to be foreign agents.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 290-312
Index XIIId(2), Folder 1
1887-1889
Access
Available on microfilm reel 290
Scope and Contents note
Circulars of the 3rd Branch of the MVD, addressed mostly to
guberniia police. The Paris office at this time retained only
circulars dealing with revolutionaries abroad or those in
contact with émigrés.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 2-3
1891
Access
Available on microfilm reel 290
Scope and Contents note
Includes roster of foreign nationals expelled from Russia and 60
circulars numbered 164-5580.
Index XIIId(2), Folder 4
1892
Access
Available on microfilm reel 291
Scope and Contents note
16 circulars numbered 684-5117.
Index XIIId(2), Folder 5
1893
Access
Available on microfilm reel 291
Scope and Contents note
48 circulars numbered 357-7454.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 6-8
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reels 291-292
Scope and Contents note
Includes 92 circulars numbered 162-9344 and a roster of expelled
foreign nationals. Circular no. 1800 gives a biographical and
political police account of 195 people and a roster of names
taken off the watch list.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 9-10
1895
Access
Available on microfilm reel 292
Scope and Contents note
82 circulars numbered from 430-10882.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 11-12
1896
Access
Available on microfilm reels 292-293
Scope and Contents note
82 circulars numbered from 53-11121.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 13-14
1897
Access
Available on microfilm reel 293
Scope and Contents note
84 circulars numbered from 524-11384.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 15-17
1898
Access
Available on microfilm reel 294
Scope and Contents note
Includes roster of foreigners expelled from Russia from
1894-1898.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 18-19
1899
Access
Available on microfilm reels 294-295
Scope and Contents note
46 circulars numbered from 132-2263.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 20-21
1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 295
Scope and Contents note
46 circulars from 43-2862.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 22-23
1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 296
Scope and Contents note
41 circulars from 131-4292.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 24-27
1902
Access
Available on microfilm reels 296-298
Scope and Contents note
66 circulars from 111-8268 and roster of foreigners expelled from
Russia.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 28-30
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reels 298-299
Index XIIId(2), Folders 31-33
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reels 299-301
Scope and Contents note
38 circulars from 630-14771. Circular no. 5500 includes the
police background on Dzhugashvili (Stalin).
Index XIIId(2), Folders 34-36
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reels 301-302
Scope and Contents note
47 circulars from 132-14994.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 37-40
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reels 302-303
Scope and Contents note
Includes roster of persons permitted to go abroad instead of
being exiled to Siberia.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 41-43
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reels 303-304
Scope and Contents note
30 rosters. The numbering system for Headquarters biographic
cards begins with this volume of circulars, with numbers up to
5152.
Index XIIId(2), Folder 44
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 304
Scope and Contents note
14 rosters numbered to 10673.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 45-47
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 305
Scope and Contents note
Includes printed rosters numbered to 16949.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 48-49
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 306
Scope and Contents note
41 rosters with file numbers for biographical cards up to
20332.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 50-52
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reels 307-308
Scope and Contents note
Rosters with file numbers for biographical cards from
20336-22800.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 53-54
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reels 308-309
Scope and Contents note
Rosters with file numbers for biographical cards up to 25537.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 55-56
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reels 309-310
Scope and Contents note
Rosters with file numbers for biographical cards up to 28595.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 57-58
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reels 310-311
Scope and Contents note
Rosters with file numbers for biographical cards up to 32013.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 59-60
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reels 311-312
Scope and Contents note
Rosters with file numbers for biographical cards from
32014-34833.
Index XIIId(2), Folders 61-62
1916-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 312
Scope and Contents note
Rosters with file numbers for biographical cards to 39341.
Box 169
(3) Warnings on dismissed agents
Scope and Contents note
This collection gives some insight into Okhrana practices within
Russia with regard to security checking and other
counter-intelligence activities for purposes of weeding out or
keeping out of the service unreliable agents. These circulars, dated
from 1909 to 1916, refer to particular individuals whose services
had been proven as unreliable or whose loyalties were subject to
questioning. In some cases, no reasons for dismissal are given; in
others it is obvious that decisions were made on the basis of
investigation.
Only one of these documents is actually a roster of a large number of
such dismissed agents. In it a statement is made that the
individuals were supplying the service with information but were
proven as unreliable or actually provocateurs on behalf of the
revolutionaries.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 313
Index XIIId(3), Folder 1
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 312
Index XIIId(3), Folder 2
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 312
Index XIIId(3), Folder 3
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 312
Index XIIId(3), Folder 4
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 313
Index XIIId(3), Folder 5
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 313
Index XIIId(3), Folder 6
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 313
Index XIIId(3), Folder 7
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 313
Boxes 170-173, 173A
e. Journals for incoming and outgoing messages
Scope and Contents note
A journal or log book of incoming and outgoing dispatches was probably
kept from the very beginning of the Okhrana service in Paris. The files,
however, contain only the journals dating back to the year 1891, one
book for the first ten years for each, incoming and outgoing. These
entries were nothing more than a record-keeping device and a check upon
what messages had been attended to. Some entries give brief statements
of the contents or comments concerning replies to communications.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 313-316
Index XIIIe, Folder 1
1891-1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 313
Index XIIIe, Folder 2
1901-1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 313
Index XIIIe, Folder 3
1902-1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 313
Index XIIIe, Folder 4
1905-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 313
Index XIIIe, Folder 5
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 314
Index XIIIe, Folder 6
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 314
Index XIIIe, Folder 7
1912-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 314
Index XIIIe, Folder 8
1916-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 314
Index XIIIe, Folder 9
1891-1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 314
Index XIIIe, Folder 10
1901-1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 314
Index XIIIe, Folder 11
1902-1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 315
Index XIIIe, Folder 12
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 315
Index XIIIe, Folder 13
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 315
Index XIIIe, Folder 14
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 315
Index XIIIe, Folder 15
1913 January-July
Access
Available on microfilm reel 315
Index XIIIe, Folder 16
1913 August-December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 315
Index XIIIe, Folder 17
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 315
Index XIIIe, Folder 18
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 315
Index XIIIe, Folder 19
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 316
Index XIIIe, Folder 20
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 316
Index XIIIe, Folder 21
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 316
(1) Reference card index files on
Main operational index file
Scope and Contents note
Contains about 85,000 cards giving the surname and, in most
instances, the given name and patronymic of various
individuals. References to incoming, outgoing dispatches,
circulars, or other documents are also recorded. In some
instances, the cards also give the individual's alias,
occupation, party, or subversive affiliation, photograph
available, and reference to his residence. Among the entries
are references also to spies (working for foreign
governments) and to deserters from the Russian services
Contains about 85,000 cards in Russian rearranged in Roman
alphabetical order as follows: a, b, c (Russian CH), d, e,
f, g, h (Russian KH), i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s (includes
Russian SH and SHCH), t, u (Russian IA and IU), v, z
(includes Russian ZH). Entries for the letters S-T were
filmed slightly out of sequence.
Box 230A
Aage-Alekseev
Access
Available on microfilm reel 403
Box 230A
Alekseev-Apraksin
Access
Available on microfilm reel 404
Box 230A
"Apsis"-Azef
Access
Available on microfilm reel 405
Boxes 230A,
230B
Azef-Bariatinskii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 406
Box 230B
Baryshnikova-Berzin
Access
Available on microfilm reel 407
Box 230B
Berzin-Bliumenfel'd
Access
Available on microfilm reel 408
Boxes 230B,
230C
Bliumenfel'd-Boiartsev
Access
Available on microfilm reel 409
Box 230C
Boiartsev-Budkevich
Access
Available on microfilm reel 410
Box 230C
Budo-Bzheski
Access
Available on microfilm reel 411
Box 230C
Chachin-Chistoserdov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 412
Boxes 230C,
230D
Chistoserdov-Diakonov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 413
Box 230
Diakova-Dolinda
Access
Available on microfilm reel 414
Box 230
Dolinda-Eikhman
Access
Available on microfilm reel 415
Boxes 230D,
230E
Eikhner-Eropkina
Access
Available on microfilm reel 416
Box 230E
Eropkina-Fetskin
Access
Available on microfilm reel 417
Box 230E
Fevarot-Frol'kis
Access
Available on microfilm reel 418
Boxes 230E,
230F
Frol'kis-Garanzhe
Access
Available on microfilm reel 419
Box 230
Garaveli-German
Access
Available on microfilm reel 420
Box 230
Germann-"Glebushka"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 421
Box 230
Glik-Gol'dsmit
Access
Available on microfilm reel 423
Boxes 230F,
230G
Gol'dsmit-Gotlib
Access
Available on microfilm reel 422
Box 230G
Gotovitskii-Groisman
Access
Available on microfilm reel 424
Boxes 230G,
230H
Groisman-Gus'kov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 425
Box 230H
Guskvarna-Hmelevskii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 426
Box 230H
Hmurzhinskii-"Iosif"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 427
Box 230H
"Ios'ka"-Kameneva
Access
Available on microfilm reel 428
Boxes 230H,
230I
Kamenskii-Kasper'
Access
Available on microfilm reel 429
Box 230I
Kasperovich-Kissina
Access
Available on microfilm reel 430
Box 230I
Kist'-Kolarov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 431
Boxes 230I,
230J
Kolbasa-Kostovich
Access
Available on microfilm reel 432
Box 230J
Kostovich-Krigs'
Access
Available on microfilm reel 433
Box 230J
Krikman-Kuznetsov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 434
Boxes 230J,
230K
Kuznetsov-Lebedev
Access
Available on microfilm reel 435
Box 230K
Lebedev-Levin
Access
Available on microfilm reel 436
Box 230K
Levin-Litvak
Access
Available on microfilm reel 437
Box 230K
Litvak-Liubimov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 438
Boxes 230K,
230L
Liubimov-"Maksim"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 439
Box 230L
"Maksim"-Manuil'skii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 440
Box 230L
Marmork-Meier
Access
Available on microfilm reel 441
Box 230L
Meier-Minevskii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 442
Box 230M
Minin-Moldavan
Access
Available on microfilm reel 443
Box 230M
Moritts-Naumov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 444
Box 230M
Naumov-Nordshtrem
Access
Available on microfilm reel 445
Boxes 230M,
230N
Nordshtrem-Orlov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 446
Box 230N
"Pavel"-Pire
Access
Available on microfilm reel 447
Boxes 230N,
230O
Pirino-Pototskaia
Access
Available on microfilm reel 452
Box 230O
Potlazhan-Raevskii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 448
Box 230O
Radlov-Rembitskii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 449
Boxes 230O,
230P
Reper'-Rotshtadt
Access
Available on microfilm reel 450
Box 230P
Rottshtadt-Rudzit'
Access
Available on microfilm reel 451
Box 230P
Rud'skii-"Sasha"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 453
Boxes 230P,
230Q
"Sasha"-"Sergei"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 454
Boxes 230Q,
230R
"Sergei"-Shchegoleva
Access
Available on microfilm reel 455
Box 230R
Shchegoleva-Shishkin
Access
Available on microfilm reel 456
Box 230R
Shishkin-Shreider
Access
Available on microfilm reel 457
Box 230R
Shreider-Siblei
Access
Available on microfilm reel 458
Box 230R
Siblin-Speranskii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 459
Boxes 230R,
230S
Spert'-Srvandstian
Access
Available on microfilm reel 460
Boxes 230R,
230S, 230T
Srvandstian-Tornan'
Access
Available on microfilm reel 463
Boxes 230R,
230S, 230T
Stoliarchik-Teshko
Access
Available on microfilm reel 465
Boxes 230R,
230S, 230T
Stoliarchik-Sysoev
Access
Available on microfilm reel 461
Boxes 230R,
230S, 230T, 230U
Sysoev-Uiarskii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 462
Boxes 230S
Torn'-Tselen
Access
Available on microfilm reel 464
Box 230T
"IU"-Iazykov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 466
Box 230T
"V"-Vasich
Access
Available on microfilm reel 467
Box 230T
Veber-Vinogradov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 468
Box 230T
Vinogradov-Voronov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 469
Boxes 230U,
230V
Voronov-Zarkhi
Access
Available on microfilm reel 470
Box 230V
Zarin-Zolov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 471
Box 230V
Zolov-Zhiull'era
Access
Available on microfilm reel 472
Pre-1907 operational index
Scope and Contents note
An earlier operational index file in French containing about
22,655 cards. This file, first started from French and other
Western police records on Russians abroad, gives the names,
passport records, residence, affiliations and other data on
the target individual and on émigrés of interest to the
Okhrana. References to dispatches and agent reports are made
only in a few entries.
Box 231A
A-B
Access
Available on microfilm reel 473
Box 231A
C
Access
Available on microfilm reel 474
Box 231A
D-E
Access
Available on microfilm reel 475
Boxes 231A,
231B
F-I
Access
Available on microfilm reel 476
Box 231B
J-K
Access
Available on microfilm reel 477
Boxes 231B,
231C
L-M
Access
Available on microfilm reel 479-481
Boxes 231B,
231C
K-N
Access
Available on microfilm reel 481
Box 231C
N-P
Access
Available on microfilm reel 482
Boxes 231C,
231D
O-S
Access
Available on microfilm reel 483
Box 231
T-Z
Access
Available on microfilm reel 484
Police Department index
Scope and Contents note
Index contains about 7,650 cards, giving names and references
to revolutionaries abroad reported on in the Police
Department circulars prior to the latter's introduction of
biographic cards published by Headquarters. Only the full
names and references are given. In Roman alphabetical
order.
Box 232A
A-B
Access
Available on microfilm reel 485
Box 232A
C-I
Access
Available on microfilm reel 486
Boxes 232A,
232B
K-M
Access
Available on microfilm reel 487
Box 232B
P-R
Access
Available on microfilm reel 488
Box 232B
R-S
Access
Available on microfilm reel 489
Box 232B
S-V
Access
Available on microfilm reel 490
Box 232B
W-Z
Access
Available on microfilm reel 491
(b) Organizations
Scope and Contents note
Approximately 5,500 operational reference cards giving the names
of organizations and publications advocating a revolution in
Russia or sympathetic to the revolutionaries. All subversive,
Marxist, anarchist, and minority groups are included. The cards
reference dispatches, circulars, telegrams and other documents.
Organized in Roman alphabetical order.
Box 233A
A-L
Access
Available on microfilm reel 492
Box 233A
L-R
Access
Available on microfilm reel 493
Box 233A
R-Z
Access
Available on microfilm reel 498
(2) Biographic card file
Scope and Contents note
These cards were published by Okhrana Headquarters as reprints of the
texts contained in the rosters collected under XIIId(2) (available
on microfilm reels 290-312). There is one card per subject
individual, including a reproduction of the police photograph and
profile where available.
The information on the cards follows a standard form, giving the
police file number from the roster, full name of the individual,
date and place of birth, religion, antecedents, siblings, marital
status, and his police record of offenses and punishments. The card
also indicates the action to be taken by the Okhrana: arrest,
surveillance, etc.
These cards on file are numbered up to 37,000, while the latest
rosters of warning lists, from which these cards were reprinted,
number above 39,000.
Boxes 229A-229CC
Main index
Access
This portion of the collection was not microfilmed.
Box 229DD
A-B
Access
Available on microfilm reel 503
Box 229DD
C-H
Access
Available on microfilm reel 504
Box 229DD,
229EE
I-L
Access
Available on microfilm reel 505
Box 229EE
M-O
Access
Available on microfilm reel 506
Box 229EE
O-S
Access
Available on microfilm reel 507
Box 229FF
T-Z
Access
Available on microfilm reel 508
Box 229FF
Z
Access
Available on microfilm reel 509
(3) Operational and intelligence topics
Access
Available on microfilm reels 492-502
Scope and Contents note
Two small files of cards used for reference purposes for mounting
operations and preparing intelligence dispatches.
Box 233B
Financial management; targets; codes; operational
addresses, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 496
Box 233B
Index cards to Socialist Revolutionary Party
activities
Access
Available on microfilm reel 496
Box 233B
Meetings and conferences
Access
Available on microfilm reels 496-497
Box 233B
Sensitive operational documents on targets
Access
Available on microfilm reel 497
Box 233B
Operational file on Zhitomirskii
Access
Available on microfilm reel 497
Box 233B
Deep cover agents
Access
Available on microfilm reels 494-495, 497
Box 233B
Agentura
Access
Available on microfilm reel 497
Box 233B
USA - Canada
Access
Available on microfilm reel 497
Box 233B
Unions
Access
Available on microfilm reel 497
Box 233C
Illegal use of passports
Access
Available on microfilm reel 497
Box 233C
Photographic operations
Access
Available on microfilm reel 497
Box 233C
Surveillance and espionage
Access
Available on microfilm reel 497
(4) Photographs
Access
Scope and Contents note
A folder of dispatches in this collection (XIIIf(4)) is illustrative
of the growing use of photographic documentation in mounting
operations and reporting counter-intelligence. Under Index Number Xg
are stored the albums of photographs of important revolutionaries
for the use of agents and case officers. This collection of
photographs may have served similar purposes, but more likely it was
a repository used together with all other biographical and reference
material as an aid in the preparation of intelligence reports.
Doubtlessly also, the photographic materials were organized in some
alphabetical or other order. The complete mix-up of all photographs
in boxes when the files were received by the Hoover Institution was
probably due to the frantic identification searches by the
Investigation Commission of 1917, which contributed greatly to the
disorder of the files.
The dispatches in this folder relate various transmittals of
photographs, requests for them, etc. The first seven boxes of
photographs are now organized in alphabetical order (Xlllf(4)(a)).
Many individuals in the box of group photographs have also been
identified. One box contains some portrait-type pictures of leading
revolutionaries.
Included in the collection are three boxes of negatives on glass
plates, some still in good condition (Xlllf(4)(b)). Many of these
were apparently obtained from various photographic studios in Paris
catering to Russian émigrés but under some control by the Okhrana
(see Xb).
Also placed with this collection as a matter of sampling is a
collection of Russian and German police records with photographs and
anthropometric data on a number of individuals (Xlllf(4)(c)).
Box 236A
Abrakhamov,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Abrahamoff
Box 236A
Abramov, Mikhail Nikolaevich,
1907-1909
Box 236A
Abramovich, Rakhil',
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Abramovskii, Eduard,
1893
Box 236A
Adamovich, Mikhail Prokhorovich,
1911
Box 236A
"Adol'f,"
1910
Scope and Contents note
Also "Solomon"
Box 236A
Afanas'ev, Sergei Ivanovich,
1903
Box 236A
Agafonov, Valerian Konstantinovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Agapov,
1905
Scope and Contents note
Also Sidorenko
Box 236A
Ahrberg, Wilhelmine,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Aizenshtadt,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Akinfieva, Ekaterina Dmitrievna,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Ekaterina Nikitina, Liza, Mariia, Mikhailova, and
Bessel'
Box 236A
Alad'in, Aleksei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Al'berts, Karl Georgievich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Aleinikov, Veniamin Markovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
"Aleksandr,"
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Aleksandriiskii, Vul'f Leibovich,
1902
Box 236A
Aleksandrov, Aleksei Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Aleksandrov, Grigorii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Aleksandrov, Ivan Mikhailovich,
1915
Scope and Contents note
Also Jean Alexandroff
Box 236A
Aleksandrova, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Alekseenko, Fedor Nikitich,
1904
Scope and Contents note
Includes photograph of his corpse
Box 236A
Alekseevskii, Ivan Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Aleksinskii, Grigorii Aleksievich,
1913
Box 236A
Aleksinskii, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Alperine,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Amaglobili,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Amaglobeli
Box 236A
Amaglobili,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Ambrozhevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Amfiteatrov, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Alexandre Amphiteatroff
Box 236A
Anan'eva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Anan'in, Evgenii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Andreev, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Alias Krasov
Box 236A
Andreev, Aleksandr Mikhailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Code name: Kudriavyi
Box 236A
Andreev, Andrei Nikiforovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Andreev, Grigorii Vasil'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Georges Andreeff
Box 236A
Andrikanis, Nikolai A.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Andropov, Sergei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Anguez, Paul Edward,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also: Angez, Auguez
Box 236A
Anteyperovitz family,
1917
Box 236A
Anteyperovitz, Ludwig Stanislavovitz,
1917
Scope and Contents note
French card
Box 236A
Antipin, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Arbatova, Nina,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Argunov, Andrei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Arkhangel'skaia, Nadezhda,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Arnev, Aleksandr Iakovlevich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See Box 236P
Box 236A
Aropovsky, Michel,
1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Mikhail Aropovskii
Box 236A
Ashkinazi, Shlema Shmulevich,
1912
Box 236A
Auerbakh, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Alias Averbakh, Victor Teodoroff
Box 236A
Averkieva, Vera Aleksandrovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Avksent'ev, Nikolai Dmitrievich,
1914
Scope and Contents note
Includes photograph with his daughter Aleksandra Nikolaevna
Pregel'' (nee Avksent''eva)
Box 236A
Azvolinskii, Viktor,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Bagdassarian, Tigran,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Bagrianovskii, Kornelii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Bakalov, Georgii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Bakiera, Franciszeck,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Bakradze,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Photograph of Bakradze with Anna Frelich
Box 236A
Bakunin, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Bakunin, Charles,
1915?
Scope and Contents note
Also Bakounine
Box 236A
Balamez, Gavriil Mikhailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Ballagina, Alexandra,
1914?
Box 236A
Bariatinskii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Erofeev, d''Ostrovsky, agent "Falstaff"
Box 236A
Barilio, Andrea di,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236A
Barnoff, Fedor,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also William Scott, Charles Todd, Barnov
Box 236A
Bartenev, Ivan Vasilievich,
1913
Box 236B
Bartol'd, Boris Vladimirovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Barthold and Lydoff
Box 236B
Barykov, Sergei Ivanov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Basovskii, Iosif Borisovich,
1902
Box 236B
Basta[?], Pavle,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bastrytscheff, Pierre,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bauman, Nikolai Ernestovich,
1902
Scope and Contents note
Also Nicholas Bauman
Box 236B
Beck, Georg,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Begenev, Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Beilin,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Al''bin
Box 236B
Belenkina, Adel',
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Belenkina, Lida,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Belevich-Stankevich, Boleslav Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Belousov, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Belov, Nikolai,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Belov, Nikolai,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Belov, Nikolai Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Belovitskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Belrekii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Belyi, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bendeliani, David Gavriulovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Berezin,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Azvolinskii?
Box 236B
Berezin, Viktor Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Bakulin
Box 236B
Bergman, Rudolf,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Berlin, Borukh Zel'man,
1900
Box 236B
Berman, Anna Leibovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bernatskii, Vatslav,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Wácław Kóstek-Biernácki
Box 236B
Bernson, Bertha,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bernstein, Sarah-Ruhel,
1917
Box 236B
Bertson, Arman,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Henri Gerard, Genri Zherard
Box 236B
Bessel', Aleksei Pavlovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Vinogradov
Box 236B
Bessel', Mariia Mikhailovna,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Liza"
Box 236B
Beziuk,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Alias Zhuravlev
Box 236B
Bichachi, Shaima Iakov,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also: Bishashi, Bikhakh, Bychachy
Box 236B
Bida, Timotheus Pawloff,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bilit, Boris Grigor'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Bontsion Gershevich
Box 236B
Biode, Genrikh,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bishentrop, Ian,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Jan Bichantropp
Box 236B
Bisk, Isaak Solomonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bizura, Rubin Abramovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also known as "Robert"
Box 236B
Bliumenfel'd, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bliumenfel'd, Iosif Solomonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bobrov,
circa 1883-1917
Availability
Use copy available. Hoover Identifier 26001.XIIIF.236B.0127
Scope and Contents note
Negatives
Box 236B
Bobrovskii, Aleksandr Semenovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bochkarev, Ivan Petrov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bogdanov, Ivan Grigor'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Bogdanoff
Box 236B
Bogomolov, Valerian,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bogoslanits, Mikhail,
1912
Scope and Contents note
Also Michel Bohoslaniz
Box 236B
Boikov, M.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bonishko, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Borisiuk, Avraam,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Maksim Litvinov, Vallakh
Box 236B
Borisov, Sergei Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Borneman, Vladimir Andreevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Boroda, Sergei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Botniker, Vera,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Brauch, Michel-Joseph,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Morris Braun
Box 236B
Bregman, Iosif,
1911
Scope and Contents note
Includes photographs with Mariia Bruskina
Box 236B
Breitfus, Andrei-Genrikh-Eduard,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Breshko-Breshkovskaia, Ekaterina
Konstantinovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Brilitskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Brodskaia, Sof'ia (Shifra),
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bromberg,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
1890
Box 236B
Bronner, Vol'f Moiseevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bronshtein, Boris,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bronshtein, Leiba Davidovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Leon Trotsky
Box 236B
Brontman, Evsei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Brown, Victor,
1912
Scope and Contents note
Also Viktor Broun, "Iurii"
Box 236B
Bruskina, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Bulgakov, Georgii Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Burachevskaia,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Born Petkevich-Stanislava
Box 236B
Burachevskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Burghard,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Burkat, Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236B
Burtsev, Vladimir L'vovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Butkovskii, David Nakhmanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Cafozzi or Capozzi,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Chabattini, Artur,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Chachava, Noi Slonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Chaikowski, Alexander,
1917
Box 236C
Chemeriskii, Shlema Ikhilevich,
1912
Box 236C
Chenykaev, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Cherepov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Cherepov, Aleksei Mikhailov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Cherkinskii, Morduk Mendelevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Chernavskii, Mikhail Mikhailovich,
1910
Scope and Contents note
Also Michel Tchernawsky, code name "Kozel"
Box 236C
Cherniak, Iakov,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See BOX 236P
Box 236C
Cherniavskaia, Galina,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Chernitsyn, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Konstantin"
Box 236C
Chernov, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Miguel Schernov
Box 236C
Chernov, Viktor Mikhailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Chernova, Ol'ga,
1913
Scope and Contents note
Also Olga Tchernoff
Box 236C
Chernyshevskii, N. G.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Chininov, Konstantin,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Chizhikov, Berka Vul'fov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Chkhenkeliia, Nikolai Dmitrievich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Chkhenkeli
Box 236C
Chomski, Moris Israel,
1917
Box 236C
Chumaevskii, Aleksei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Cocish, Serbe,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dakkar, Auguste,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Damaskin, [Pietre?],
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Damian', Emil,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Danilova, Elizaveta,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Darushicheva,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Prokof''eva
Box 236C
Dashinskii, F.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dashkevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Davidenko,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Davrishev,
1908
Scope and Contents note
Davricheff, Joseph
Box 236C
Davydov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Deb[...?], Charles,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Debagorii-Mokrievich, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Debogorii
Box 236C
Deich, Lev Grigor'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dembeski, Alexandre,
1893
Box 236C
Dembskii, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Demus, Lily Margarita (nee Libau),
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Deriabina, Serafima Ivanovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Deshina, Zinaida,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dialektov, Valerian,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Diamontov, Valerian,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Divnogorskii, Nikolai Valerianovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Vasilii Vlasov
Box 236C
Dlougatch, Isaac,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dmitrenko, Vsevolod Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dobkewitch, Cajetan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dobkin, Meer Khaimovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dobrazhinskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dobroliubov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dobrovol'skii, A.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dobrovolsky,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Petroff
Box 236C
Dolgenko,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Man
Box 236C
Dolgenko,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Woman
Box 236C
Dolgoneruk?, Antoni,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dolgopol'skii, Iosif Faivish Mendelevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dolzhenko,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dombrowski, Adam,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Adam Dombrovskii
Box 236C
Dormidontov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dorogobed, Aleksei,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Dorogobid
Box 236C
Dribin, Rafail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dronov, Pavel Makarovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dubuzharskii,
1908
Scope and Contents note
Douboujarsky
Box 236C
Dutchak, Andrei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Duvan, Anna Moiseevna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Duvan, Iakov Shebotaev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dykler, Shloima Mosesovitch,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dzerven,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Dserwen
Box 236C
Dzerzhinskii, Feliks Edmundovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dzhamgarova, Nvarda,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Ioannis''ian
Box 236C
Dzhaparidze,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dzhibladze, Silvestr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Dzis'ko, Mikhail Timof'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Efron, Paul,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Efroussi, Sophie,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Ephrussi
Box 236C
Egorov, Ivan Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Egorov, Petr Semenovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Eisenman, Jacob,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Elizarova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Emel'ianchenko, Ivan Iakovlevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Endrzheevskii, Boleslav,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Endrzheevskii, Vasilii Antonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Engel'man, Otto,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Epshtein, [Zakhar?],
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Eremeev, Ivan Maksimovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Erkoimashvili, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Ermolenko, Anna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Ermol'nikov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Eropkina, Matrena,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Er'zia, Stepan Dmitrievich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Evzerov, Moses,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Ewentow, Salman-Abram,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236C
Ezerskaia, Fania,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fabrikant, Iakov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fabrikant, Vul'f Osipovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Vladimir. Code name Dal''nyi
Box 236D
Fabrikantova, Iuliia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fain, Zalman [Nokhimovich?],
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fainman, Anna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fedorov, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fedorov, Osip,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fedorov, Petr Mikhailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fedorov, Vasilii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fedorova,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See BOX 236P
Box 236D
Fedorova, Mariia Andreeva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fedorova-Chernova, Ol'ga Elis'eva,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Wife of Viktor Chernov
Box 236D
Fedorova-Zabrezhneva, Nadezhda,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fedulov,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Fedouloff
Box 236D
Fedulov, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Feit, Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Felberg, Elias,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Feldmann, Wladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fenigstein, Abraham Wolf,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
1916 or 1917
Box 236D
Fetiskin, Vasilii Grigor'ev,
1907
Box 236D
Figner, Vera,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Filipchenko, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Filipchenko, Iurii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Filippeo, Maksim,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Filippovich, Titus Anton Kazimirovich,
1896
Box 236D
Filitz, David,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
1916 or 1917
Box 236D
Firsova, Nadezhda,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fishman, Vil'iamin Moiseevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Flotova, Khil'da,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fogel'man, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fomichev, Nikolai,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Bakhrushinskii
Box 236D
Frankfurt,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Code name: Znakomyi
Box 236D
Freilikh, Pavel Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See BOX 236P
Box 236D
Frenkel, Beniamin Shliamovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Friauf, [Nikolai?],
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fridberg, Boris Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fridmann,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Friedmann, Iankel Leib,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Fudel', Pavel,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Dolzhenko
Box 236D
Fuks, Lev,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Fuchs
Box 236D
Furer, Aron,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Furer, Aron-Shmul,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gabuniia, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Galkin, Semen Pavlovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gal'perin,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Wife of Gal''perin
Box 236D
Gal'perin,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Sister of Gal''perin
Box 236D
Gal'perin, Lev Khaimovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Lev Efimovich
Box 236D
Gal'peron,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gal'tseva, Liubov' Efimovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gamsaxurdia, Konstantine,
1916/1917?
Scope and Contents note
Also Konstantin Semenovich Gamsakhurdia
Box 236D
Ganelina, Sofiia Solomonova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Ganenko, Emel'ian Petrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gapon, Georgii Apollonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Garmidor, Moisei Efraimovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Baranov
Box 236D
Garness or Garnes,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gasko, Rebekka,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gasparinotto,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gavronskii, Meer Osherovich,
1907
Box 236D
Gavrushin,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gel'bart, Vul'f,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gel'fand, Khaim Shimonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gel'ms, Vil'gel'mina,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gentsel', Ivan Ivanovich,
1902
Scope and Contents note
Also Giovanni Hentsel
Box 236D
Gerber, Tsal' Nuselovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gershuni, Grigorii Andreevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gervasii, Anna Pavlovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gibal'skii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Ginbin, Petr Borisovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Ginsberg, Iokhem Tiudelevich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Johem Tudelewitz
Box 236D
Gintsburg, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Ginzburg, Iakov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Girshovich, Abram Leibovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gladkikh,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Glikin, Shlema,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gogeliia, [Georgii?],
1914
Scope and Contents note
Also Goguelia, Gogelia, Orgeiani
Box 236D
Goldberg, Joseph Meyerovich,
1917
Box 236D
Gol'dberg, Vladislav,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gol'dendakh, David,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also David Borisovich Riazanov
Box 236D
Gol'denfarb, Leon,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gol'dfarb, Tevel' Mordkovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Shub
Box 236D
Gol'dman, Boris Isaakov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gol'dman, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gol'dshtein,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gol'dshtein, Elena,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Helene Goldstein
Box 236D
Gol'dshtein, M[?],
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Goluboglazov, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Goluboglasov
Box 236D
Goncharenko, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gorbunov, Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gordin, Iakov Mikhailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Goriaev,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Includes photograph of an airplane
Box 236D
Gorizontova, Aleskandr Fedorova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gorky, Lidia,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Lydia Andreeff
Box 236D
Gorodetskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gorovits, Vera Isaeva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gorpinenko,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gots, Mikhail Rafailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236D
Gots, Vera,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Goubermann, Simhe Abram,
1916/1917
Box 236E
Gouxhman, Herson,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Govorov'in, S.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Grabenko,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Grabor, Joseph,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Gramatikov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Gredinger,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Grekov,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
See also Zafiridi
Box 236E
Gridenger,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Grigor'eva, Natal'ia Aleksandrovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Grinberg, David,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Grinberg, Joseph,
circa 1916-1917
Box 236E
Grinster, Iakov-Iosif Moiseevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Grishin, Lavrentii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Gromova, K.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Grosser, Bronislav,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Grozdov, Valentin Alekseevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Gruzdeva, Kseniia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Guerin, Henri Leon,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Gurevich, Chevel Hirsh,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Gurevich, Emmanuil,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Gurfinkel, Samuel,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Gurskii, Marian Grigor'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Gusev, Petr Ivanov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Gussar, Serge,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Gvatua, Avksentii Dmitrievich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Hansman, Rudolf,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Hartmann, Joseph,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Hentzel, Giovanni (Ivan),
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
1902
Box 236E
Hirschving,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Iagolkovskii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Cyprien Philippe Jagolkowski
Box 236E
Iakovenko, Boris Valentinovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Iakovlev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Zharikov
Box 236E
Iakovlev, Ivan Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Iakovlev, Vasilii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Iakovlevich, Grigorii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Iakubovich, Ivan-Ignatii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Ialovetskii, Vladimir Antonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Iampol'skaia, Frida,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Frieda Jampolska
Box 236E
Iamshchikov, Gavriil Grigor'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Ianson, Ianis,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Janis Jansons-Brauns
Box 236E
Ianulaitis, Avgustin,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Augustinas Janulaitis
Box 236E
Iastrebov, Aleksandr Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Il'in, Mikhail Andreev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Il'ina, Ekaterina Aleksandrovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Inguildeyeff, Hassaiyen,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Inguildeyeff, Ismyatula?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Iofe, Adol'f Abramov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Ioffe, V.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Iogikhes, Lev Shmuilovich (Samuilovich),
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Leo Jogiches, Otto Karlov Engelman, Tyszka
Box 236E
Iozefson, Sara (Sofiia),
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Isaak, Avraam,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Isuv, Iosif Andreevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Itkina, Frada Girsheva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
"Iudessa,"
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Anna
Box 236E
Iudilevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Iudilevskii, Iankel,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Iakov
Box 236E
Iungerov, Lev Vasil'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Iurgens,
1908
Scope and Contents note
Also Jurgens
Box 236E
Ivanitskaia, Mariia Petrova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Ivanov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Izbitskii, M. Iosif,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Jankowski, Alexandre,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Jankowski, Georges,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Jedrzejowski, Boleslas Antoine,
1893
Box 236E
Kabanov, Anton Sergeevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kabireff, Marie,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Mariia Kabireva
Box 236E
Kachetkova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kadariia, Chachu Khakhaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Saprom"
Box 236E
Kadomtsev, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kafliants,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kagan, Edlia (Adel') Gabrieleva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kagan, Il'ia,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
"Kan''"
Box 236E
Kaganovich, Shlioma Khaimovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also known as "Anarkhist Isaak"
Box 236E
Kaidonovskii, Berka,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kaiutin-Kaiutenko, Afanasii Stepanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kalafat?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kalandadze, Feodor,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kalia, Iosif,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kaliaev, Ivan Platonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kalibrin, Anatolii Evangelovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kalinin, Aleksandr M.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kalinoff, Fedor,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Kalinov
Box 236E
Kalinovskaia, Elisaveta Ivanova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kallistov, Sergei Nikolaev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kamel'kevich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Molchanov
Box 236E
Kamgonshner, Abraham Henri Motelevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kamler, Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kanashev, Aleksei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kaniskov (Kanniskoff),
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Photograph with Lukanov (Lukanoff)
Box 236E
Kapeliush, Fedor,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kaplik, Berko,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Karelin, Apollon,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kariakin, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Code name: Vanichka
Box 236E
Karpinskii, V.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Karpovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kartsevskii, Sergei Iosifovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236E
Kartvelova, Aleksandra,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kashinstev, Ivan Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kasparek, Teodor,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Fedor
Box 236F
Kassiush [Kassiusch?],
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Katcharowsky,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kats, Boris Davidov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kats, Itska Nakhmanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kats, Leizer,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kats, Lipa Khaim Khonov Moiseevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kats-Weber,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Katcz-Weber
Box 236F
Katsnel'son,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Katunskii, Moisei Iakovlevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kazaevskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kazakov, Anatolii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kazakova, Tat'iana Pavlovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kelder, Auguste,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kennan, George,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236F
Kensitskii, Mechislav,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kereselidze, Leon and Georgii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also include photograph of N. Migalov
Box 236F
Kerzhner, Moisei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kevorkov,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Amirov, "Khero," Khachatur Amirov
Box 236F
Khaletskaia, Izabella,
1884
Box 236F
Khasanov, Akhmed,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Khazanova, Ziama?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kheifets, Abram Zalmanov-Iankelev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Khodzhamiriants, Migran,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Khokhlov, Nazar,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Khotimskii, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Khrustalev-Nosar', Georgii Stepanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236F
Khudadov, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Khudadov, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Khododov
Box 236F
Khudadova, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Khododova
Box 236F
Khudadova, Ol'ga Petrovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Khvorostanskaia, Appolinariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kiknodze,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kiladze, Davyd Simonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Datik"
Box 236F
Kilpi, Kosti,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kipiani,
1887
Scope and Contents note
Also Serge Berditchewski
Box 236F
Kireevskii, Semen,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kirillov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kirillov, Dmitrii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kirischeck,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Kirishek
Box 236F
Kirschrood, Samuel Leibovich,
1916
Box 236F
Kiselevskaia, Anna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kisin, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kisin, Zalman Aizikovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Alexandre Kharkoff, Aleksandr Khar''kov
Box 236F
Klapina, Zinaida,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Klebodorov,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Klebodoroff
Box 236F
Klechewsky, Boris J.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kleibas, Eduard,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Klement'eva, Praskov'ia Efimovna,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Klemientiewa
Box 236F
Klepikov, F.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kliachko, Semen,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Klimin, Boris Innokent'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Klimova, Natalia Sergeevna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Klimovich, Stanislav,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Klitchoglou, Serafima,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Klushin, Boris,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Klushina,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Klyshko, Nikolai,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kmytsik, Osip,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Kmycik
Box 236F
Knuniants, Bogdan Mirzadzhanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kobliakov, Vul'f Sholom Aronovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kobyleva, Mariia Grigor'eva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kobylianskii, Ladislav,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kobylinskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kochurikhin, N.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kock, Johan,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See box 236P; Also Iogan Kokk
Box 236F
Kofman, Sof'ia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kogan, Eidlia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Koigen, Fishel',
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kok,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Matweyew, Matveev, Karl
Box 236F
Kolbasi, K.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kolganov, Iakov,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Ginzburg
Box 236F
Kolodina, Mariia Borisovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kolosov, Andrei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kolosov, Evgenii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kolosova, Irina,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kolosova, [Valentina?],
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Wife of Evgenii Kolosov
Box 236F
Komaritzny, W. A.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Komissky?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Komorskii, Vatslav,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Roginskii, Mishel''
Box 236F
Kon', Zakhar,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kondrashev, Ivan,
1907
Scope and Contents note
Also Morozov
Box 236F
Konik, Movsha,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Konstantinovskii,
1913
Scope and Contents note
Also "David." Includes photograph with his wife, a child, and two
women named Ol''ga and Lucia.
Box 236F
Koretskaia, Rozaliia Davidovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Koretskii, Faivel (Pavel) Abramovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236F
Kornienko, Fedor,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Korolkov?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Korsakow, Dmitry,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Dmitrii Korsakov
Box 236G
Korshun, Vasilii Vasil'ev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Korsunskaia, Khanna Nusimova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Korzinkin, Paul (Pavel),
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kosmodamianskii, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Jean or Giovanni Kosmodamiansky
Box 236G
Kosovich, Stanislav,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kossovich, Antonina Nikolaeva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kossovskii, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kostarev, Vladimir Fedorovich,
1910
Box 236G
Kotovich, Iankel,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Zorokhov?
Box 236G
Kotrakhov, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kouks, Sarah Wolfowna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kovalev, Luka Pakhomovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kovalev, Stanislav,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kovalev, Stepan Danilovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kovalik, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Koval'skii, Adam Adol'fovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kovarskii, Iuda,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kozakewitz, Sofia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kozlov-Grachevskii, Iakov Timofeevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kozlovskii, Vladislav,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kraevskii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Krajewski
Box 236G
Krakhmal'nik, Rubin Shaia Abramovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Krakov, Pavel,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Paul Krakoff
Box 236G
Krantsfel'd, Raisa,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Krasikov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Krasin, Leonid Borisovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Code name: Nikitich
Box 236G
Kratkovsky,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kratkovsky, David,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kravchinskii, Sergei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kravets', Aleksei Trofimovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Kravetskii-Ignatenko
Box 236G
Kravets', Arkhip Osipovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kravets', Ul'iana,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kravets, Zus' Abramov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kreslowski, Hirsh Raphael,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Krichevskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kriegel, John,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kris, Nikolai Meerovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Krokhmal, Viktor Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kroliunitskii, Iurii Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kropotkin, Petr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kruglikov, Filadel'f Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Krugman, Iudel' Gershkovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Krul', Iakov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Krupskaya, Nadezhda,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Includes negative
Box 236G
Krzykowski, Faustyn,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kuazik, David,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Daunis, David
Box 236G
Kuchinskii, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
See also "Appolon"
Box 236G
Kudriavtsev, Aleksei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kufel'd?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kulichev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kulikovskii, Petr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kulisher, Iakov Moiseevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kundzin, David Davidovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kupriianov, Dmitrii Fedorovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kuris'kov, Mikhail Andreevich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Includes photograph of his wife Kseniia Gruzdeva
Box 236G
Kurnatovskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kutasevich, Aleksandr Leonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kuvarshalov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kuz'min, Andrei Illarionovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Kviatovskii, Iogann',
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Johann Kwiatkowsky
Box 236G
Ladyzhnikov, [Ivan Pavlovich?],
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Laitinen, Iulius,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Landansky, Eugeny Alexandrowitch,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Lando, Shmul' Moiseevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Lapidus (unknown friend of),
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Lapin, Ian,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Jean Lapine
Box 236G
Larionova, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Mariia Oskonova?
Box 236G
Laskaia, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Latoshnikov, Sergei Mikhailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Lotoshnikov
Box 236G
Laurenceau,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Lavrenius,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Lazarev, Egor Egorovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Lazarkevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Lazofsky, Abraham,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Lazovskii
Box 236G
Leband, Hans,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Leband, [Zenis?],
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Lebedev, Boris Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Lebedev, Vladimir Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Lebedeva, ?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Lebedeva, Aleksandra,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Lechinskii?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Leibovich, Anna Evseevna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Leiteizen, Gavriil Davidovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Lindov
Box 236G
Leliuk, Fedor Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Leman, Inna Germogenovna,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Maiden name: Smidovich
Box 236G
Leman, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236G
Leonovich, Mariia Grigoreeva,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Wife of Vasilii Viktorovich
Box 236G
Leonovich, Vasilii Viktorovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Kobyzev
Box 236H
Leont'eva, Tat'iana,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also known as Stafford
Box 236H
Lepin, Dmitrii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lepin, Ian,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Leepin
Box 236H
Lepin, Ian,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lerchinskii, Stefan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lermus(?), Ida,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Letnikova, Aleksandra,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Code name: Dusha
Box 236H
Levenshtein, Aron,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Leventis, Srul,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Levi, Movsha Fishelevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Levi, Samuel,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Leviash, Viktoriia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Levidi, Adol'f Efrim Gershevich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Levit"
Box 236H
Levin, Boris,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Aleksandr" and "Abramov"
Box 236H
Levin, Lazar',
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Levit, Roza [Iosifovna?],
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Rossa
Box 236H
Levit, Sam,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Levitskii, Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Levkovitch, Shaia Itzekovitch,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lewina, Anna Samuelowna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lewina, Samuel,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Liakhotskii, Anton Mikhailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lianger,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Langer
Box 236H
Liasotzky, Dominik Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Lacocki?
Box 236H
Liberman, Lev Aronovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236H
Libermann, Iankel-Liebovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Libert, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lifer, Aron,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Liefer?
Box 236H
Ligskii, Konstantin Andreevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lindberg, A.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Linovskii(?),
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lis, Joseph,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lisakevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lishev, Nikolai Viktorovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lisheva, Ol'ga Viktorovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Litvak, Iankel',
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Liubarskaia, Vera Fedorovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Liubenko, Pavel,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Liudzhus,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Ludjus, Iavoras
Box 236H
Liulenetskii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Code name: Anatolii, Liuliu
Box 236H
Liutoshevskii, Konstantin,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Liuvshin, Vasilii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Livanskii, Boris,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Boris Liwansky
Box 236H
Lolua, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lomov,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Troitskii?
Box 236H
Lopoushanski, Michael,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lukashevich, Anna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lukashkin(?), Vasilii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Luk'ianovich, Sofiia Aleksandrovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lukomskii, Nikolai,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lunkevich?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lur'e, Mikhail [?],
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lur'e, Mikhail Leizerovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Lur'e, Mikhail Zalmanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
L'vov, Sergei Dmitreevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
M[?], David,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Maizel', Eva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Makhaiskii, Ivan Konstantinovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Ian Vatslav, Makhaev, Vol''ski
Box 236H
Makharashvili, S.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Makhnovets, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Maklovskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Makovskii, ?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Makovskii, Itsek,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Makoziol?, Ita,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Maksimov, Aleksandr Petrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Makushin, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Maleev, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Mal'eva, Aleksandra Vasil'eva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Maligonov, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Malikova, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Malinovskii, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Malinovskii, Roman,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Malitskaia, Ol'ga,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Malkhas'ian, Mel'kon Mel'konovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Malkhasian
Box 236H
Malovichko, Ivan Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Mal'tsev, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Mal'tsman, Boris,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Malum'ian, Khachatur,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Agnuni"
Box 236H
Mandelkorn, Uri Rudol'fovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Mandel'shtam, Martyn,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also known as Martyn Nikolaevich Liadov and Lidin
Box 236H
Man'kovskaia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Man'kovskii, Mechislav Konstantinovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Mantsev, Vasilii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Maravskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Marchlewski, Julian Baltazar,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Markelov, Aleksandr Dmitrievich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Markelova, Mariia Mikhailovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Markina, Anna,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Ol''ga"
Box 236H
Martynov, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Marushenko,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Mashitskii, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Masinzon, Rafail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Maslov-Stokoz, Vasilii Pavlovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Zhuk, Baranov, Baturinskii
Box 236H
Master, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Jan Jankovlevich
Box 236H
Mat'e, Elizaveta Andreevna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Mdivani, Budu (Polikarp) Gurgenovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Medem, Vladimir Davidovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Meerovich, Samuil,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Karl"
Box 236H
Meilakhovich, Iankel',
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
"Meiran,"
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Meisner, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Meitus, Anna Leibova-Vol'fova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Melenevskii, Mariian,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Meliaev, A. P.,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Konstantin Akashev
Box 236H
Melkov, Petr Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Mel'nikov, Grigorii Petrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Mel'nikov, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Merle, Evgenii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Metal'nikov, N. I.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236H
Metal'nikov, Nikolai Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mgebrov, A[leksandr?],
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Migalov, N.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Migdal', Leizer,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Migutskii, Viktor Anufrievich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
"Mikhail,"
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
"Mikhail 2,"
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mikhailov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mikhailov, Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mikhailovskii, Simon Leonard Adamovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mikhalevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mikhal'skii, Ignatii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mikhel'son, Vul'f,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mil'chik, Isai Isaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mirskii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Meshkovskii, Kudriavtsev
Box 236I
Mirskii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Kamo
Box 236I
Mirskii-Mariniolo, Kazimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mishukov, [Dmitrii?],
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Miuller, Karl Eduardovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Muller
Box 236I
Mlaeva, Aleksandra,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Moiseenko, Boris Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Moiseenko, Sergei Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Molochnikov, Aron,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Monasevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Monforiia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Moris,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Maurice
Box 236I
Morozov, Ivan Mikhailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Morosoff
Box 236I
Morozova, Anna Ivanovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mościcki, Ignacy,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Movshovich, David Khaim,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mrost, Mal'vina,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mudrov, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Mukhanov, Petr Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Munich,
1908
Scope and Contents note
Also Munjitsch
Box 236I
Muratov, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Murav'ev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Muravlev,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
See also Beziuk
Box 236I
Musatov, Dmitrii Sergeevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Muzil', Ignatii Ignat'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Muzil', Nikolai Ignat'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Rogdaev
Box 236I
Nacht, Siegfried,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Zigfrid Nakht
Box 236I
Nagorskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nakashidze,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nakhamkis, Ovshe Moiseevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Narkevich, Iodko,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Witold Jodko-Narkiewicz, Thomas Witold, Iodko-Narkevich
Box 236I
Nasonova, Ol'ga,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Natalenko, Nestor Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Natanson,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nazadov?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nazarbekian, Avetis (Avo),
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nazar'ev, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nebudek,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Goriaev
Box 236I
Nedzel'skii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Ogarev, Petrov
Box 236I
Neiburg, Petr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Neiskii, Petr Alekseevich,
1907
Box 236I
Nekliudov, Aleksei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nelidov, Ivan Pavlovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Tverskoi
Box 236I
Nemchenko, Avram,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236I
Nezhdanov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Neznamov, Nikolai Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Niiazov, T.,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Voronin
Box 236I
Nikiforova, Mariia Grigor'eva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nikitin, Andrei,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Sergei
Box 236I
Nikitina, Elizaveta,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nikolaev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nikolaev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nikolaev, Mikhail Konstantinovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nilov, Andrei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nimvitskii, Boris,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nochakov?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nogin, Viktor Pavlovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Makar"
Box 236I
Noiak, A. K.,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Naiak?
Box 236I
Nosar', Georgii Stepanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Khrustalev
Box 236I
Noskov, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Novitskii, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Novozhilov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nusenboim, Melaniia Abelevna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Nussemann,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Oblogin, Petr Mikhailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Obukhova, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Odoleev, Semen Pavlovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Opits, Liudovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Orlov, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Orlov, Leonid,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Ortenberg?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Osharin, Vladimir Andreevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236I
Osinskii, Valeriian,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236I
Ostroumova, Mariia Andreevna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Ostrovets, Adam,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Ostrovskii, Leonid,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Sergeev, Erofeev, Fal''staf
Box 236J
Ovchinnikova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Ovitskii, Lev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Ovsianikov, Nikolai Dmitreevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Ozelevskii, Oskar Eduard,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236J
Ozol', Al'bert Eduard,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Ozol', Ivan Petrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Padlewski, Stanislaw,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Paiunen, Karl-Al'mar Karlovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Palichkovskii, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pal'shau, Mikhail Vladimirovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Panov, Vasilii Akimovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pasen'kova,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Pasien''kova
Box 236J
Pashin, Georgii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pasiniokoff?,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Posiniokoff
Box 236J
Pavilius, Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pavlov, Dmitrii Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pavlov, Dmitrii Trofimovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pavlovskii, Iosif,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pedul, Petr Semenovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Perazich, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Perl, Feliks or Rafail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Perlin, Nakhman Senderovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Perlmann, Gutman Girshon,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Perl'shtein,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
With Ryvkina
Box 236J
Perovskaia, Sofiia,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236J
Perzner, Samuil,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Peshkova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Peskin, Izrail',
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pesochenskii, Sergei,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Serge
Box 236J
Peters, Aleksandr Al'bertovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Peterson, V.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Petrov, Nikolai,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Smirnov
Box 236J
Petrova, ?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Petrovskii, Kazimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Petrulis, Iosif Benediktovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pfeiffer, Carlo,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Piatkov, Petr,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also, "Peter the Painter," Shtern
Box 236J
Piatnitskaia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Piatnitskii, Petr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pigit, Anna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Piker, Saul,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Pikker, Martynov
Box 236J
Piliugin,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Piłsudski, Józef,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Ziuk, Dubrovskii
Box 236J
Plekhanov family,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Plekhanov, Georgii Valentinovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pliuskot, Osip,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pnevskii, Adam Ianovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Poderanskaia, Aleksandra,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Podvitskii, Boris Vladimirovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pokhitonova, Anastasiia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pokotilov, Aleksei Dmitrievich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pokrovskii, Aleksandr Dmitrievich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236J
Poletaev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Poliakov, Aleksei Alekseevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Politkovskii, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Nikolai Pashchenko
Box 236J
Poliukhov, Vladimir Andreevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Polonskii [wife of],
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Polonskii, Aizik Zalman Ilia Girsh Berkovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Poltzer, Johannes,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Poluboiarinov, Valer'ian Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Poniatovskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Ponkratov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Ponza, Giovanni Antonio,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Popov, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Popov, Nikolai,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Nicolas Popoff
Box 236J
Popov, Pavel Petrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Popov, Sergei Vasil'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Portnoi, Kusel'-Gendel',
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Margolis, Yekutiel Portnoy?
Box 236J
Posse, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Potamianos, Gerasim Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Potamianos, Nikolai Gerasimovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Potaska,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
With Dolgenko
Box 236J
Potresov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Potrubach, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pozin, Vladimir Ivanov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Poznanskii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Kogan''"
Box 236J
Predkal'n, Andrei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Predtechenskii, Anatolii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Preobrazhenskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pribylev, Aleksandr Vasil'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Prokof'ev, Georgii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Prokof'eva, Mariia Alekseevna,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Darushicheva, Emma
Box 236J
Pronkovskii, Konstantin,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Prosh-Proshiants,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Proskuriakov, Ivan Konstantinovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Pustovoitova, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Rabinovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Georgii Romanovich
Box 236J
Rabinovich, Isaak Vul'fovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Rabinovich, Morits',
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Rabinovich, Ovsei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Rabinovich, Roza,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Vera
Box 236J
Rabinovich, Sara,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236J
Rabinovich, V.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rabinowitz, Maurice,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rabinowitz, Zev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Radchenko, Liubov',
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Radin, Berka,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rafalovskii, Daniil,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rafalovskii, Iakov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Raichen, Simkha Gershevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Raider, Nataliia,
1907
Scope and Contents note
Also Nathalie Rayder, Kuz''mina
Box 236K
Raikhmann, Israel David Shlemovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rakitnikov, ?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rakitnikov, Nikolai,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rakitnikov, Nikolai Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rakitnikova, Inna Ivanovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rakovcic?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Ramishvili, Noi Vissarionovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rapoport, David,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rappoport, Leizer,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rappoport, Solomon,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rarenko, V.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Raskin, ?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Raskin, Moisei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Ratner, Leiba,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Radkin
Box 236K
Ravich, Sarra Naumovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Reclus, Paul,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Reider, Nataliia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Reimond,
1908
Scope and Contents note
Also Reymond
Box 236K
Rein, Rafail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Reines, Zakharii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rensgagen, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Renshagen
Box 236K
Reuter,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Reiter
Box 236K
Reznik, Isidore,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Riabchinskii, Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Riedelskii, Salvator,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rips, Mikhail Girshovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Movsha
Box 236K
Ritter, Friedrich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Auguste Dakkar
Box 236K
Roginskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rogova, Evdokiia Kondrat'eva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Romanov, Stepan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Romanovich, Georgii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Rubinovich and Rabinovich
Box 236K
Roshat,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Rochat
Box 236K
Rotshtein, Lazar Zakharevich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Rothstein, "Valerian"
Box 236K
Rotshtein, Samuil,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rozen, Movsha Aron Mordkov Khaimovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rozenbaum, Khaim,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rozenbaum, Mendel',
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rozental', Iosif,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rozhdestvenskii, Mikhail Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rubanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rubanovich, Grigorii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rubin, A.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rubin, David,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rubinshtein, Mark Geshelevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rublianskii, Ichke,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rudnev, Vadim Viktorovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rudneva, Lidiia Ivanova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rudzevich, Iosif,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Ivan
Box 236K
Ruets, Berta Karolina,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Ruets, Elizaveta Richardovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rutenberg, Petr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Rymgailo,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Ryndin, Fedor Konstantinovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Sakharov, Ivan Nikolaevich,
1886
Box 236K
Salaridze, Simeon or Simon,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236K
Salkina, Evgeniia,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Zalkina
Box 236K
Sal'nin, K.,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Grishko
Box 236K
Samoilov, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Samoilov, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Sandberg, Sof'ia,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Sheina Rebekka
Box 236K
Sanguinetti, Dolores,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Dolorosa Sanginetti
Box 236K
Sanzhur, Ivan Aref'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Saul(?), Malka Shimelovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Savel'ev,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Saverkin,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236K
Savinkov, Boris Viktorovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Savitskaia, Lidiia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sazonov, ?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sazonov, Egor,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Schenberg, Ernestina,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Shoenberg
Box 236L
Schimelmitz, Esriel Wolf,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Schmulki, Sam,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Kovenski, Shmul''ke?
Box 236L
Schwarz, Anna Ethel,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Shvarts
Box 236L
Seleznev, Petr,
1907
Scope and Contents note
Also Paulo
Box 236L
Seliuk, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Semenov, Fedor Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Semenov, Vasilii Petrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Serebriakov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sergov, U.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sermus, Ida,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Seroshevskii, Vatslav,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Wacław Sieroszewski
Box 236L
Sesekin, Fedor Fedorovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sesitskii, Il'ia Petrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shadovskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shagiakhmetov, Islam,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shalambaridze, Silvestr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shalenberedze,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shantser, Virgilii Leonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Marat
Box 236L
Shapiro, ?,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shapiro, Aron,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shapiro, David,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shapiro, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shapiro, Osip,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shchekoldin, Fedor,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shchepetev, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shchepeteva, Anna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shebedev, Vsevolod Dmitrievich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sheftel', Felitsiia Isaakovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sheina, Mariia Vasil'eva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sheintsis, S.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shenkevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shental', Ul'rikh,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shershov, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Gorin
Box 236L
Shestakov, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shilek,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Shimen
Box 236L
Shimkevich, Mikhail Vladimirovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shishalova, Olimpiada Mikhailovna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shishko, Leonid,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shiutts, Moisei,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Shutz and Shultz
Box 236L
Shklovskii, Girsh,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shkol'nik, Mariia Mordukova,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Shkol''nikova
Box 236L
Shlezinger, Ella,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shliapinkov, Aleksandr Gavrilovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shlikhter, Aleksandr Grigor'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shmuilovich, D.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shneur,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
"Agent de Shneur"
Box 236L
Shpiro, Moses Efraim,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Spiro
Box 236L
Shpiro, Samuel,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shrag, Il'ia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shrapunov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shub, Pavel,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Gol''dfarb
Box 236L
Shul'man, Aron,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shul'meister, Efrem,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shultz, David Adam,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shultz, Martin (?),
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Shvarts, Luiza Tereziia,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Lidiia-Mariia
Box 236L
Sichinskii, Miroslav Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sidorchuk, Petr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sierozputowski, Wladislaw,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sikorskii, Shimel'-Leiba Vul'fovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sil's, Ian Karlovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Siils
Box 236L
Sil'vin, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sipido, Jean Baptiste,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Siranus, Iogan',
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sitek, Osip,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Sitnikov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Siverov, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Siverskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Skolozuk, Samson,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Skrepkin,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Skritin
Box 236L
Sladkopevtsev, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Slavek, Valeriian,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Slavinskii, Bronislav Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Borovskii
Box 236L
Sletov, Stepan Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Smelov, Pavel,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Smirnov, Ivan Davydovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Smirnov, Valer'ian,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Smus, Hil Ianov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236L
Snitkin, Izrail',
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sobinskaia, Leontina,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sobolev, Petr Vasil'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sofronskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Soifer, Moisha,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sokolov, Mikhail Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sokolovskii, Petr Valeriianovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Soldatov, Leonid Konstantinovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Solntseva, Elizaveta,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Solov'ev,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Solovichin
Box 236M
Somova, Evgeniia Ivanovna,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Born Zil''berberg. Also Savinkova and Shirinskaia-Shikhmatova
Box 236M
Sosedkov, Dmitrii Ivanovich,
1907
Box 236M
Soshnikov, Innokentii Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Soskis, Meer Davidovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Gol''dfarb
Box 236M
Speranskii, Anatolii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sprantse, Iogan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Stakhurskii, Ian-Vikentii Antonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Starynkevich, Ivan Iul'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Stavskii, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Steinlof, Herman,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Kalish
Box 236M
Stepanov, Evgenii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Stepanovskii, Vladimir Iakovlevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Stepniak, S.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Stiazhkina, Praskov'ia Afanas'evna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Stoimenova,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Iuliia Debagorio-Mokrievich
Box 236M
Stoliarov, Ivan Vasil'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Pavel." Includes photographs with Nataliia Klimova.
Box 236M
Stolovaia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Strakhal, Il'ia Ignat'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Stramilov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Strashevich, Sigizmund,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Stringer, Morris,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also John Wade
Box 236M
Strokov, Pavel I.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Struve, Petr Bergardovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Studenik, Petr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sukhomlin, Vasilii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sukhomlina, Anna,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Asia
Box 236M
Sulima, Georgii Stepanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Surzhitskii, Stefan (Ivan),
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sushchinskii, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sushchinskii, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sutte, Karl,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Svetkovskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Svezhinskii, Aleksandr Mikhailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sviatopolk,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Sviderskii, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Petr Silov
Box 236M
Sysoev, Aleksei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tablov, Max,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Tablow
Box 236M
Takhtarev, Konstantin,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Takovleva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Taranov, Konstantin,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tarasov, Boris Favstovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tarasova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tarasova, Aleksandra,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tarasova, Ol'ga,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tarasova, Vera,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Taratuta, Aron,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Taratuta, Ovsei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Taratuta, Viktor,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tarlo,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Kats
Box 236M
Tarshis, Iosif,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Osip Aronovich Piatnitnitskii
Box 236M
Taubman, Il'ia Borisovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Teplov, Aleksei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tereshkovich, Iu.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Thaer, Ahmed,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tibal'di,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Timashev, Pavel Stepanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tirimov, Pavel,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tischler, Wilhelm,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tissen, Iogan Gergardovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Titov, Vitalii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tiutchev, Nikolai Sergeevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Tolchenov, Mikhail Alekseevich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Tolchenko
Box 236M
Toliados,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Toluzakov, Nikolai,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Toporov, Vladimir Viktorovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Trautman,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Trepov, Vasilii Osipov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Trofimenko,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Troianovskii, Boleslav,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Troianskaia, Anna,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Troitskii, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236M
Troitskii, Vasilii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Somov
Box 236N
Trusevich, Stanislav,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Trushkovskaia, Sof'ia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Trushkovskii, Ieronim,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tsebrikova, M. K.,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tsederbaum, Fedor,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tsederbaum, Iulii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Martov
Box 236N
Tsederbaum, Sergei,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Ezhov
Box 236N
Tsentura, David,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tsentura, Gersh,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tsereteli, Mikhail Georgievich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tshchondorisk?, Joseph,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tsimmerman, Anatolii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tsingovatov, Nikolai,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tsingovatova,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tsodel, Frants,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Franz Zodel
Box 236N
Tsukerman,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Zuckerman
Box 236N
Tsvetkov, Grigorii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tsvetkov, Nikolai Grigor'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tukmankin, Sergei Petrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Turchaninov, Pavel Dmitrievich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tverdovskii, Grigorii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Tylitskii, Stanislav,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Tylicki, Tilitskii
Box 236N
Tynnikov, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Udalov, Aleksandr Maksimovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Urakina, Rachel,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Usov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Uspenskii, Viktor Petrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Ustinov, Mikhail Alekseevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Uznadze, Lavrentii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vadimov, Andrei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vainberg(?), Shaika Khamovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vainer, Moisei Abramovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Weiner
Box 236N
Vainshtein, Aron,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vainshtein, Semen Lazarevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vallakh, Meer,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Abraham Borisiuk, Maksim Litvinov, Wallach
Box 236N
Vanichka,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Varavko, Vasilii Viktorovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also German Savitskii
Box 236N
Varenov, Leonid Dmitrievich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Varshavskii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
With Dokhman
Box 236N
Varshavskii, Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vartepov, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vasich, Nikolai Nikolaevich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Nikolai Voennyi"
Box 236N
Vasil'ev, Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vasil'ev, Sergei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
"Vasilii, Grigor'evich,"
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Diaden''ka"
Box 236N
Vaslavskii, Abram Nakhmanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vasser, Moisei Iakovlevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vedeniapin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Veidenfeld,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Veinberg, Abram,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Abraham Weinberg
Box 236N
Veinshtok, Viktor,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Veists, Martyn,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Martin Weisz
Box 236N
Veiverin, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Verigin, Vadim Mikhailovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Versilova, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vidmar, Frantsisk,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vikhi or Vikha,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vilkov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vil'skii, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vil'son,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Wilson
Box 236N
Vimba, Arnold,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Arnold Wineba
Box 236N
Viniarskii, Lev Eduardovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vinogradov, Viacheslav Kupriianovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Stepa
Box 236N
Vinogradov-Bessel', Aleksei Pavlovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vishnevskaia, Ester,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vislitskii, David,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vladimirskii, Mikhail,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vladimov, Grigorii Rubanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Voichinskii, Martyn Ignat'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Voinich, Mikhail Leonardovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vol'f, Srul Naftulovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Volianskii, Nikon Ivanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Volkhovskii, Feliks,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Felix
Box 236N
Volodia,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Wladislaw
Box 236N
Vol'per, Maks,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Max Wolpert
Box 236N
Vorovskii, Vatslav,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Wacław Worowski
Box 236N
Vovk, Vasilii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vul'fovich, Iulii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vul'fson, Vigdor,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Vul'pe, Ivan,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Wasiutynski, Andrew,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Werbaough, Moise,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Werbach?
Box 236N
Werner, Friedrich Karl,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Winkler, Ernest,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236N
Wojciechowski, Stanisław,
1893
Scope and Contents note
Also Stanislav Vaitsekhovskii
Box 236N
Wraag, Wasil Michaelovitz,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Yehudda, Shaiak,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zafiridi, Aleksandr,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Grekov
Box 236O
Zaitsev, Grigorii Stepanovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
OVERSIZE - See box 236P
Box 236O
Zaitseva,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zakharchenko,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zakhar'ev, Iarchuk Khaim,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zakharov, Denis Efimovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zakras, Andrei,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zalevskii, Feofil,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zalmanov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zamukhovskii,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zapol'skii,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Dovnar
Box 236O
Zaslavskaia, Mariia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zavadskii, Aleksandr Antonovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zbarskii, Iakov Feliksovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zborovskii, Saul Shlemovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zelenskii, Evgenii Osipovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zel'tser, Anton,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zemliachka,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zenzinov,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zeziulenskii, Girsh (Nikolai),
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Bogdan"
Box 236O
Zhelikhovskaia, Ol'ga,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Vinogradova
Box 236O
Zherkov-Zherchenko, Tikhon,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zheronimius, Bella,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Geronimus
Box 236O
Zhilin, Ivan Iakovlevich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zhitlovskii, Khaim,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Includes Avram and Shaia Zhitlovskii
Box 236O
Zhnudskii, Vatslav,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zhukaev, Salangkeri (Nikolai) Asakhmetovich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zhuravlev, Petr Petrovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Vasilii Beziuk
Box 236O
Zhurovskii, Cheslav-Feliks Ignat'evich,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zick, Michael Semenowitz,
circa 1883-1917
Box 236O
Zommerfel'd, Vladislav Iakovlevich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also "Martynov"
Box 236O
Zverin, Aron Isaakovich,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Also Zverev
Box 236O
Zyrulnik, Levi Nosolevich,
circa 1883-1917
(c) Police identity reports
Box 243
Handwritten report,
1913 July 31
Scope and Contents note
"'Signalement' description of unknown person."
Box 243
Abachidzé,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Abachidzé, Alexandre,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Abrahamoff,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Agafonoff, Talérian,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Akhmatoff, Jean,
1914 February 10
Box 243
Alexinsky,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Andreff, Georges,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Balabanoff, Angelique,
1914 March 7
Box 243
Barthold, Boris,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Bass, Guillet,
1914 March 4
Box 243
Beckermann,
1913 August 13
Box 243
Beloussoff, Alexandre,
1913 August 1
Box 243
Beloussoff, Valentine,
1913
Box 243
Benson, Nathan,
1916 February 14
Box 243
Berezine, Victor,
1913 August 1
Box 243
Berzine, Jean,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Letter from J. Berzine to Madame
Box 243
Bezuck, Yourauleff,
1913 August
Box 243
Blank index card,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Blumenfeld, Amelie,
1913 August
Box 243
Bogatski, Henri,
1913 September 25
Box 243
Borissoff, Terye,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Bornemann, Vladimir,
1913
Box 243
Bornstein,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Boulgakoff, Georges,
1912
Box 243
Bourtzeff, Vladimir,
1913 August 1
Box 243
Boutilkine, Jean,
1913 August 1
Box 243
Boyasky, Harry,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Brodsky,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Sheet of paper with list of relations
Box 243
Chagiakhmetoff, Tslam,
1913
Box 243
Chagiakhmetoff, Tslam,
1913
Box 243
Chalitte, Molf,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Chmaisnok, Moise,
1913 August 19
Box 243
Depohl, Jules, Gustave,
1913
Box 243
Djeaparidse Ivanovsky, Tarina,
1913
Box 243
Dolyenko, Anna,
1913 July 26
Box 243
Efroussi, Sophie,
1913 August
Box 243
Eichembaum, Tsevolade,
1913
Box 243
Eitchinsky, Alexandre,
1914 January 15
Box 243
Erofeieff,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Eroffeef,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Fabricantoff, Julia,
1913
Box 243
Federoff, Victor,
1913 July 11
Box 243
Fedoroff, Jean Henry,
1913
Box 243
Fedoroff, Ossipe,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Finkelberg,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Flabukaul,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Frielich, Jacques,
1913 July 12
Box 243
Galperine,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Gambachidze, Basile,
1914 March 24
Box 243
Glik, Naoum,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Goguelia,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Gorodetski,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Gotz,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Note to 'Chere Madame' from 'V. Gotz'
Box 243
Guessesberg, Zarehis,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Guinsberg,
1913 August 19
Box 243
Handwritten report,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Handwritten report, title reads: "Signalemente"
Box 243
Herzenstein, Judas Wolf,
1913
Box 243
Holstein, Vladimir,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Jakowlewieff, Cain,
1913 August 13
Box 243
Jeanne, Pierre, Serge, Albert,
1913
Box 243
Joukowski, Alexandre,
1913
Box 243
Karassouloff, Helene,
1913
Box 243
Khoudadoff, Marie,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Khoudadoff, Vladimir,
1914 August
Box 243
Kirischeck,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Kissme, Alexandre,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Klapina,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Handwritten note to Mlle Klapina from Julie.
Box 243
Kobylansky, Ladislav,
1913
Box 243
Kobylinsky, Ladyslas,
1913
Box 243
Kopelova, Nathalie,
1913 August 19
Box 243
Kosowsky, Michel,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Kotrotkoff,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Koulikovsky, Pierre,
1911
Box 243
Kouzmine,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Kravetz, Jean,
1913 August 13
Box 243
Kropolkine,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Kroul, Jacob,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Lapatine, Kevolad,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Lebensbaum, Edouard,
1914 February 10
Box 243
Ligsky, Constantin,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Loubarsky, Vera,
1914 February 26
Box 243
Lunovziarsky, Valerian,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Maltzeff, Jean,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Malysceff, Alexandre,
1913 September 25
Box 243
Man leaning back against a rock face,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Markach, Nina,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Mazurenko,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Meerowitch, Leo,
1914 February 10
Box 243
Meissmer, Ferdinand,
1913
Box 243
Meitousse, Anna,
1909 July 31
Box 243
Metalnikoff, Ivanoff,
1913
Box 243
Miroliouboff, Victor,
1913
Box 243
Moiisseenko, Nicolas, Serge,
1913
Box 243
Monassovitch,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Mousenko, Serge,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Nassonoff, Olga,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
No. 55, Aleksai Kanashev,
1909
Box 243
No. 56, femme de Kolary,
1913
Box 243
No. 79, N. Varshavov,
1913
Box 243
No. 80, Frada Girteva Itkina,
1913
Box 243
No. 88, V. Gruzdeva,
1913
Box 243
Odoleieff,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Oselewsky, Oskar, Edouard,
1913
Box 243
Oustinoff,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Oustinoff,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Piatkoff, Jacquelet, Jean,
1913
Box 243
Plekanoff, Alexandre,
1914 February 26
Box 243
Police identity reports,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Polonsky,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Portrait of an unidentified man,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Portrait of an unidentified man,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Portrait of an unidentified woman,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Posiniokoff,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Preobajensky, Nicolas,
1913
Box 243
Priaouff, Emile, Edouard, Nicolas,
1913
Box 243
Procopoff, Georges,
1914 March 4
Box 243
Prokofiewa, Maria d'Alessio,
1913
Box 243
Prybileff,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Prybileff, Alexandre,
1913
Box 243
Prybileff, Alexandre,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Pupkowicz, Gloria det Gustave,
1914 February 14
Box 243
Rabinovitch, Georges,
1913
Box 243
Roskoff, Modeste,
1914 March 14
Box 243
Routkovsky, Anatolie,
1913
Box 243
Sandel, Guillarme,
1914 February 10
Box 243
Schweikovsky, Povalo,
1913
Box 243
Sergueieff, Alexandre,
1911 March 12
Box 243
Serye,
1913
Scope and Contents note
Handwritten authorization for 'Serye' from anon.
Box 243
Slatopolsky, Alexandre,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
de Smelinsky, Victor,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Smirnoff,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Handwriting sample
Box 243
Somoff, Eugenie,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Soukomline, Anna, Assia,
1913
Box 243
Strokoff, Paul,
1914 February 10
Box 243
Summary of photographs with a single copy in the
index,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Heading reads: "Photographies à me seul exemplaire collè sur
la fiche"
Box 243
Tcherniavsky, Michel,
1913
Box 243
Tchoudousk,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Tchoumakoff, Jacques,
1913
Box 243
Tichonov, Marie,
1913 August 13
Box 243
Toporoff,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Trakineff, Rachel,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Trotsky, Raissa,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Turkin, Levy,
1913 August 19
Box 243
Unidentified handwriting sample,
circa 1883-1917
Scope and Contents note
Handwritten note, no identifiers.
Box 243
Unidentified man sitting at a chair,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Unidentified portrait of a woman,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Vinogradoff,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Vinogradoff, Alexis,
1913
Box 243
Vishnevtky, Esther, Dveira,
1913
Box 243
Vosteim, Igoroganess,
1913 August 19
Box 243
Wladimiroff et Riskine,
1913 August 13
Box 243
Yaravko, Lydia,
1913 August 19
Box 243
Zamarajeff, Pierre,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Zetlin, Michel,
1914 March 24
Box 243
Zimermann, Bernard,
circa 1883-1917
Box 243
Zoitzeff, Serge,
circa 1883-1917
Boxes 173-180
g. Émigré rosters
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana abroad developed in its very early years of operation the
practice of keeping a complete record of all émigrés abroad. The purpose
of this was to take the obvious first step in intelligence efforts
against the revolutionaries and their activities. Any new names of
subversives or suspects were checked against these records as to his or
her name, address, occupation, passport, and the like. The bulk of
information on émigrés entered in the large ledgers or specially printed
folios was obtained from various cooperating police offices and, in
fewer cases, from non-Russian investigation agents.
This extensive collection of rosters in book form dates back to 1887 and
continues through the years. There is little uniformity in the ledgers;
and specially prepared rosters, some of which are not even in
alphabetical order, some of which are incomplete, and some of which list
the names only, or the names and addresses, while others, with folios
arranged in columns, render considerable other details.
The collection is arranged chronologically, most of the books covering
Paris and Prance. A comprehensive collection on Belgium shows that the
uniform collection could have been secured only by transcription from
police records. The records on émigrés in Switzerland, in German cities,
and others are in similar order.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 317-323
Index XIIIg, Folder 1
1887
Access
Available on microfilm reel 316
Index XIIIg, Folder 2
1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 316
Index XIIIg, Folders 3-4
1891
Access
Available on microfilm reel 317
Index XIIIg, Folder 5
1892-1893
Access
Available on microfilm reel 317
Index XIIIg, Folders 6-8
1893-1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 317
Index XIIIg, Folder 9
1894-1895
Access
Available on microfilm reel 317
Index XIIIg, Folder 10
1897-1898
Access
Available on microfilm reel 318
Index XIIIg, Folder 11
1898-1899
Access
Available on microfilm reel 318
Index XIIIg, Folder 12
1899-1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 318
Index XIIIg, Folder 13
1900-1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 318
Index XIIIg, Folder 14
1902
Access
Available on microfilm reels 318-319
Index XIIIg, Folders 15-17
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reels 319-320
Index XIIIg, Folder 18
Undated roster
Access
Available on microfilm reel 320
Scope and Contents note
Book with entries by agent Neuhaus in Berlin on Russians in
Germany.
Index XIIIg, Folder 19
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 320
Index XIIIg, Folder 20
Belgium,
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reels 320, 322
Scope and Contents note
Folios on Russian émigrés in printed form from Belgian police
registers of foreigners.
Index XIIIg, Folder 21
Switzerland,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 322
Scope and Contents note
Rosters with about 2500 entries from Bern, Zurich, and
Lausanne.
Index XIIIg, Folder 22
France,
1891-1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 322
Scope and Contents note
Includes roster of "jeunes gens faisant partie de la colonie
russe" at Nancy. Rosters include subjects of Bulgaria, Serbia,
and Poland.
Index XIIIg, Folder 23
Various
Access
Available on microfilm reel 323
Scope and Contents note
Includes émigrés in Darmstadt, Germany; Russian physicians in
Paris (1905); list of Russians in Tilff, Belgium (1912); émigrés
in Heidelberg; Russian revolutionaries in London (November
1905); Russian revolutionaries in Italy (1910-1913); etc.
Index XIIIg, Folder 24
Without dates or locations
Access
Available on microfilm reel 323
Index XIIIg, Folder 25
Roster of Russian anarchists and Narodovoltsy (People's Will)
in Paris,
1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 323
Index XIIIg, Folder 26
List of newspapers and magazines in England and the United
States; names and addresses of Russian revolutionaries in
London,
1894-1896
Access
Available on microfilm reel 323
Index XIIIg, Folder 27
Russian revolutionaries in Bern, Switzerland,
1898
Access
Available on microfilm reel 323
Index XIIIg, Folder 28
Alphabetized catalog of revolutionaries with photographs
available
Access
Available on microfilm reel 323
Scope and Contents note
Letters A-D only. Under "Remarks," there are entries on the
individual's political affiliation, police action, and
references.
Index XIIIg, Folder 29
Alphabetized roster used as a working ledger,
1900-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 323
Index XIIIg, Folder 30
Alphabetized ledger of agent reports on émigrés,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 323
Index XIIIg, Folder 31
Rosters of émigrés and students in Paris and
Germany,
1902-1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 323
Boxes 181-183
h. Rosters of Russian students attending schools
abroad
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana's collection of rosters on Russian students abroad began in
1893 through agents enrolled as students. As some of the documents in
this collection indicate, the agent-student compiled lists of his
student compatriots or submitted short biographic cards on each. This
was the practice at the University of Paris and some German schools, but
only for a few school years.
The Okhrana then resorted to the simpler method of obtaining printed
school catalogues, which listed teachers and students, and kept these as
a reference on Russian students. All such catalogues found in the files
are listed in the inventory.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 323-329
Index XIIIh, Folder 1
Dispatches concerning rosters of students abroad,
1910-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 323
Faculty of Medicine in Paris
Index XIIIh, Folder 2
1898-1899
Access
Available on microfilm reel 324
Index XIIIh, Folder 3
1899-1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 324
Index XIIIh, Folder 4
1900-1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 324
Index XIIIh, Folder 5
Montpellier, France,
1896, 1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 324
Index XIIIh, Folder 5
Nancy, France,
1910, 1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 324
Index XIIIh, Folder 6
University of Liege, Belgium,
1909-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 324
Index XIIIh, Folder 7
Germany,
1904-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 324
Scope and Contents note
Includes rosters from Leipzig, Mittweida, and Saxony.
Index XIIIh, Folder 8
Zurich and Bern,
undated
Access
Available on microfilm reel 325
Index XIIIh, Folder 9
University of Geneva
Access
Available on microfilm reel 325
Scope and Contents note
Includes
Liste des Autorités, Professeurs,
Etudiants de l'Universite de Genéve.
Index XIIIh, Folder 10
University of Lausanne,
1893-1898
Access
Available on microfilm reel 325
Index XIIIh, Folder 11
University of Bern,
1893-1898;
1909-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 325
Index XIIIh, Folder 12
Hochschule Zurich,
1893-1898
Access
Available on microfilm reel 326
Index XIIIh, Folder 13
ETH Zérich,
1895-1899
Access
Available on microfilm reel 326
Index XIIIh, Folder 14
Fribourg, Zurich, and Darmstadt,
1893-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 326
Index XIIIh, Folder 15
University of Lausanne,
1898-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 326
Index XIIIh, Folder 16
University of Geneva,
1900-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 327
Index XIIIh, Folder 17
Unidentified medical school,
1893-1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 327
Index XIIIh, Folder 18
Zurich,
1898-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 327
Index XIIIh, Folder 19
Berlin,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 327
Index XIIIh, Folder 20
Darmstadt,
1903, 1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 328
Index XIIIh, Folder 21
University of Bern,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 328
Index XIIIh, Folders 22-23
Munich,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 328
Index XIIIh, Folder 24
Paris,
1891
Access
Available on microfilm reel 328
Index XIIIh, Folder 25
Russian students in contact with revolutionaries,
1892
Access
Available on microfilm reel 328
Box 184
a. Pouch systems with home office
Scope and Contents note
Written communications between the Paris Office and Headquarters were
carried by pouch as well as regular, registered mail. Some instructions
from Headquarters on the preparation of pouches, the use of double
envelopes, the sealing of letters and packages, and addressing are still
extant among the papers in this collection. Also included are a few
sample envelopes of registered Okhrana mail, with the Police Department
wax seal, and post office receipts.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVa, Folder 1
Dispatches and notes referring to communications by Okhrana
pouch through diplomatic courier,
1907-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 329
Scope and Contents note
Includes directives on how to address the mail, preserved samples of
addresses, envelopes of regular registered mail with wax seal,
etc.
Box 184
b. Correspondence between field installations
Scope and Contents note
Normally all field correspondence between the Paris Office and
subordinate establishments or agents abroad, as well as correspondence
with Okhrana provincial offices in Russia, went through regular postal
and telegraphic channels. For this reason, the correspondents resorted
heavily to the use of double talk and words with meanings as agreed upon
in advance. The use of word and number codes, usually some ad hoc
system, was frequent not only for telegrams but for intelligence
reporting in general. Difficulties arose in wartime when various
governments began to introduce censorship. The documents in this
collection discuss that problem as well as various other points in the
handling of communications in the field.
At the end of the collection (in Folder 2) is a log book for incoming
registered mail from July 1915 to March 1917. Only the dates and the
names of sender and addressee are entered. Both mail from Russia and
from field correspondents is entered; correspondents from Russia are
addressed by their true name, those from abroad usually by their
pseudonym. Letters from the field are more numerous than those from
Russia.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVb, Folder 1
Dispatches concerning codes used in correspondence between
field offices,
1906-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVb, Folder 2
Journal for incoming registered mail from operatives in the
field and in Russia,
1915-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 329
Boxes 184, 244
c. Code systems
Scope and Contents note
A series of circular dispatches from Headquarters reveals how from time
to time a code system was compromised or suspected as possibly being
learned by unauthorized persons. These memoranda show that Okhrana
Headquarters never gave these matters the benefit of the doubt. The
slightest suspicion meant that the code had to be replaced by another
one. Several samples of codes are included herein. Others may be found
in the collection of coded and decoded messages collected in XIVd.
The code used very extensively for non-Russian operators for many years
(included in this collection) was a simple transposition of letters. A
printed card giving the system of encoding and decoding was given to all
investigation agents of some standing.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVc, Folder 1
Dispatches containing code systems; Headquarters circulars on
codes compromised and withdrawn from use; notes and instructions on
the handling of codes and coded messages,
1903-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVc, Folder 2
Glass plates with a British code
Access
This portion of the collection was not microfilmed.
Index XIVc, Folder 4
Reference: See operational card index file for reference to
Okhrana codes
Box 184
d. Encoded and decoded messages, drafts, worksheets
Scope and Contents note
This collection supplements Index Number XIVc with examples of actual
encoding of outgoing telegrams and deciphering of encoded incoming
messages. Experts on code can detect from the worksheets in these
folders that the Paris Office and Okhrana Headquarters preferred three
fairly simple systems. The most common practice was to use four
variable, two-number digits for 25 letters of the Roman alphabet. The
table simply listed the letters, giving four sets of digits for each,
e.g.:
a - 75, 23, 14, 09
b - 33, 11, 88, 70
Using such a variable choice of digits was deemed completely secure as
long as the key or tables on encoding and decoding were safe.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVd, Folders 1-2
Drafts of encoded outgoing telegrams, coded and deciphered
incoming messages, and worksheets,
1894-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVd, Folder 3
Envelopes
Access
Available on microfilm reel 329
Box 184
e. Secret writing
Scope and Contents note
Only a set of "cyclostyle" sheets were found in the Okhrana files,
indicating that someone had probably been using them for a simple type
of secret writing. There are no evidences among the files of agent
reports that any method of secret writing was employed.
On the other hand, Okhrana people used chemicals and the application of
heat to detect secret writing in the intercepted mail of the
revolutionaries. The intercepted correspondence of Krupskaya (Lenin's
wife), for instance, has more examples marked that the text was
developed from "chemical inks" than those without such notations.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVe, Folder 1
Two sheets of used cyclostyle paper
Access
Available on microfilm reel 329
Index XIVe, Folder 3
Reference: See case officer Litvin's report from London in
1915, in IIIb, folder 23
Boxes 185-188
XV. Security of establishments and personnel
Box 185
a. Physical security of Okhrana establishments and
documents
Scope and Contents note
Assuring secrecy of operations and security of files, in view of constant
efforts by the revolutionaries (Burtsev) to penetrate the Okhrana and
expose its agents, constituted a permanent worry for Headquarters and
the chiefs of the Paris Office. Instructions, issued in this matter by
Headquarters, were very strict.
At the beginning of World War I, when French authorities were evacuated
from Paris, the Okhrana office also moved to Bordeaux but soon returned
to its readjusted and re-equipped office at 79 rue de Grenelle.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVa, Folder 1
Dispatches,
1896-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 330
Scope and Contents note
Includes instructions from Headquarters for security measures of
Okhrana establishments.
Index XVa, Folder 2
Reports on the purchase of sample gas bombs and hand grenades
to use against rioters,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVa, Folder 3
Report on the visit of officers Tregulov and
Lebedev,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVa, Folder 4
Letters and reports on renting an apartment for
Iosefovich,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVa, Folder 5
Temporary transfer of the Paris office to Bordeaux and return
to Paris,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVa, Folder 7
Reference: For a report on the transfer of the Okhrana
offices to Bordeaux, August 22, 1914, see IIe, folder 6
Box 185
b. Security of agents
Scope and Contents note
The files on agents under Indices Ille and Illf and VId and VI-1
illustrate in many instances that the lives of Okhrana agents abroad, as
in Russia, were subject to frequent threats of exposure and murder by
the revolutionaries. To protect its people, the Okhrana abroad developed
and adhered to its system of code names and to its practice of
communicating with agents in such a way that most of the Okhrana
permanent employees did not know the true identity of the agents. The
case officers did not visit the Okhrana office, and the agents did not
know each other. Two of them might have known each other as fellow
revolutionaries, but not as agents.
The collection in these folders does not contain specific papers on the
security of agents; but the collection of dispatches, papers on
individual cases, and some of the circulars on security matters yield a
fair insight into the practices relating to the matter of preventing
agent exposure. Some of the papers show also that the Okhrana was
interested in modern protective equipment for the use of the agents. One
set of papers dealing with security precautions for traveling imperial
personages is included in Folder 1 because parts of it also concern
the security of agents themselves.
The collection of court proceedings against agent Rips for his attempt to
kill case officer Colonel von Kotten in 1910 is included because of the
many references to physical security of Okhrana personnel exposed to the
revolutionaries in Paris.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 330-331
Index XVb, Folder 1a
Passes issued in Russia (1887-1882); assignment of agent
Gutman; security investigation of agent Kavtaradze,
1887-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVb, Folder 1b
Agent code names, pseudonyms, true names,
1907-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVb, Folder 1c
Okhrana's interest in modern protective equipment,
1913-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVb, Folder 1d
Security measures to protect imperial personages
abroad,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 330
Index XVb, Folder 2a
Dispatches relating to security precautions for
agents,
1894-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 331
Index XVb, Folder 2b
Notes on the trial of agent Rips for his attempt on the life
of case officer Colonel von Kotten,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 331
Index XVb, Folder 2c
Forms on agent's pay; security regulations on agent
handling,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 331
Index XVb, Folder 2d
Garting's apprehension that Lopukhin exposed Azef
Access
Available on microfilm reel 331
Index XVb, Folder 2e
Activities of Burtsev and Bakai (revolutionary
police)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 331
Index XVb, Folder 3
Case of defected agent Rips in the French court: complete
summary of proceedings,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 332
Box 185
c. Methods of checking on the security of agents
Scope and Contents note
Only three dispatches with attached letters were placed in this folder.
They refer to cases of Manasevich-Manuilov in Paris, the revolutionary
Lopatin in possession of a list of Okhrana agents in Italy, and an agent
named Abramov in Moscow. More background material on this topic may be
located in agent folders under IIIe, Illf, and VId.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 331
Index XVc, Folder 1
Correspondence found in the possession of
Manasevich-Manuilov,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 332
Index XVc, Folder 1
Dispatch advising that revolutionary Lopatin has a list of
Okhrana surveillance agents in Italy,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 332
Index XVc, Folder 1
Correspondence found in the possession of agent Abramov in
Moscow,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 332
Boxes 185-188
d. Security of high personages traveling abroad; physical
safety
Scope and Contents note
One of the major responsibilities of Okhrana establishments abroad,
essentially different from the normal tasks of collecting intelligence
on revolutionaries, was the perennial requirement of participating in
the task of providing physical safety of the traveling monarch, members
of the imperial family, and other high personages. They traveled on
state visits and incognito. Regardless of the method or purpose of
travel, the separate imperial security in St. Petersburg participated
not only as corporal guards but in advance preparations for transits
safe from interferences by revolutionaries.
Invariably the Paris Okhrana was called upon for assistance, by doubling
and tripling surveillance over the movements of terrorists, and by
engaging foreign liaisons for special protection. Non-Russian agents of
the Okhrana, called from the more routine posts in a given locale, were
set up in teams to guard trains and stations or the areas surrounding
the intended lodging for the distinguished visitors. Okhrana planning
was methodical, as the various security programs in this collection of
documents indicate, depending heavily on its own agent resources and
synchronizing its plans of watchfulness with that of the imperial
security corps and the local organs of the respective countries.
The folders in this collection are assembled to cover separately each
major trip of the Tsar, the Dowager Empress, and the Grand Dukes and
Princes. Some of the folders are selections of day-to-day-surveillance
reports. Folder 17 is a booklet containing Okhrana regulations on
security measures for the safety of an imperial trip.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 332-338
Index XVd, Folder 1
Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich's trip to France,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 332
Index XVd, Folder 2
Travels of the Russian Empress in Europe,
1909-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 333
Index XVd, Folder 3
Tsar's travels in Europe,
1895-1897
Access
Available on microfilm reel 333
Index XVd, Folder 4
Tsar's trip to Paris,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 333
Index XVd, Folder 5
Tsar's trip to Paris,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 6
Daily reports from agent Maurice Vogt on the stay of imperial
personages in London,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 7
Surveillance reports on German ports in connection with
security arrangements for travel,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 8
Lecointe's accounts of the visits of Queen Aleksandra to
England, Denmark, and Sweden,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 9
Bint's report on his assignment to protect an incognito lady
and child in Bad Elster, Germany,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 10
Agent Vogt's reports on the visit of royalty to Vichy and
Biarritz,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 11
Instruktsiia (Regulations regarding
security measures for imperial trips abroad),
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 12
Tsar's trip to Konstanz,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 334
Index XVd, Folder 13
Imperial trip to Germany,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 335
Index XVd, Folder 14
Miscellaneous notes,
1897-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 335
Index XVd, Folder 15
Tsar's visit to Berlin,
1913 May
Access
Available on microfilm reel 336
Index XVd, Folder 16
Tsar's trip to Hesse,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 336
Index XVd, Folder 17
Grand Duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich's travels in
Europe,
1910-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reels 336-337
Index XVd, Folder 18
Tsar's tour of the Baltics,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 338
Index XVd, Folder 19
Bittard-Monin's report on attempt on the life of the Russian
Minister of Education, in Nice,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 338
Index XVd, Folder 20
Notes and wires regarding the protection of the Minister of
the Interior in Germany,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 338
Index XVd, Folder 21
Partial roster of personnel serving Russian
royalty
Access
Available on microfilm reel 338
Index XVd, Folder 23
Reference: See the operational card index file for references
to security arrangements during the trips of Russian royalty
abroad
Index XVd, Folder 24
Reference: See outgoing telegram, September 26, 1903,
relaying the Tsar's order for Lopukhin to go to Italy to discern the
political climate for a potential visit
Box 188
e. Control of information passed to security organs of other
countries
Scope and Contents note
Despite the close cooperation with foreign security organs, the Paris
Okhrana was extremely cautious in passing information to them, not only
in order to protect its sources, but to restrict the flow of
intelligence only to the essentials or to those elements that were to
the Okhrana's advantage if the cooperating organs were informed on. The
Paris Office fully realized that it could not expect adequate control
over the information passed on to the French and German services.
These four dispatches pertain to relations with the Belgian, French, and
Prussian security organs. In each case, revealing information to them
threatened the security of sources. In fact, one of the reasons that
Okhrana key agent Maurice Leroy had to be dismissed was the lack of
control of the information revealed to the French.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 338
Index XVe, Folder 1
Dispatches regarding the exchange of information passed to
security organs in countries other than France: the cases of
Chicherin, Leroy, and Mantenfel
Access
Available on microfilm reel 338
Box 188
f. Intelligence transmitted to services of other
countries
Scope and Contents note
When the war came, the exchange of intelligence information between the
Okhrana and representative organs of the Allied services in Paris became
a daily routine, as may be noted in the folders on the wartime Okhrana
under Index Number Ille and on counter-espionage in VIIb, as also
various folders on liaison, in Index Numbers under V. The collection
under this title (XVf) contains only samples of the materials
transmitted. The copies are for the most part duplicates of other copies
placed under other indices according to the contents of the subject
matter.
These samples show that information was transmitted in sanitized form,
never mentioning the source or anything that might possibly help to
disclose the source. The degree of reliability of source or substance of
the information is given in some of these transmittals. It appears also
that the Paris Okhrana refrained from classifying these intelligence
notes. Only a few original drafts (on Paris Office letterhead),
addressed to the Italian chief of service in Paris, carry the
classification of "confidential". In contrast, Okhrana memoranda to
Headquarters were normally marked "secret" (sekretno) or "top secret"
(sovershenno sekretno).
Access
Available on microfilm reel 338
Index XVf, Folder 1
Intelligence reports in French on individuals and
organizations transmitted to French, Italian, and British
intelligence services during the war,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 338
Box 189
a. History of revolutionary movements
Scope and Contents note
The paramount and openly stated task of the Okhrana establishments abroad
was to seek contacts with foreign security services in order to provide
security for the traveling imperial personages and to prevent terrorist
plots at home and abroad. In line with this assignment, Russian
revolutionary groups of all philosophic and ideological description
became the agency's principal targets. It watched and studied all émigré
groups by collecting intelligence about them and penetrating them by
placing agents posing as revolutionaries in revolutionary committees,
councils, conferences, and congresses. In many instances, the Paris
Okhrana was informed daily on the revolutionary meetings, frictions, and
cooperation, agenda, and conspiracies. As an intelligence agency, it
reported faithfully and without bias to Headquarters, thus leaving in
the carbon copies now collected under these indexes some truly authentic
source materials on the history of the Russian revolutionary
movement.
In addition to the papers on the early history of the Russian
revolutionary groupings abroad, Index XVIa includes documents discussing
all revolutionary groups, papers that could be placed under nearly all
sub-titles on political parties and minority groups.
Much of the material in these folders is on the nihilists, including
handwritten tracts and memoirs of known revolutionaries abroad. In
Folder 1, a draft report of 1890, probably intended for the French
Sûreté, discusses the nihilists in Paris; another similar draft, based
on correspondence with Leon Jolivard, deals with nihilists in London and
Berlin. Rachkovskii's notes on George Kennan are dated 1893 and a draft
of 1901 points to the cleavage between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
Folder 2, starting with the year 1889, contains general reports on
student groups, Narodnaia Volia, the Bund, general materials on leftist
organizations and leaders. At the end is a Headquarters circular (1916)
giving the history of Russian revolutionary movements. A chart at the
end shows graphically the structure of the Russian Social Democratic
Workers Party and its affiliation with the national minority
parties.
Folder 5 contains a 1906 intelligence brief on revolutionary groups
within Russia. A special issue of
L'Eclair,
Paris, July 5, 1890, treats in detail and with illustrations the famous
trial of the nihilists in Paris (Folder 6).
Access
Available on microfilm reels 339-340
Index XVIa, Folder 1
Reports from the Paris Okhrana on revolutionaries, including
correspondence with Leon Jolivard regarding nihilists in
London,
1890-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 339
Index XVIa, Folder 2
Chart of the composition of the Social Democratic Workers
Party; information on revolutionaries; reports, circulars, and
intercepted letters,
1889-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 339
Index XVIa, Folder 3
Data on individual revolutionaries; handwritten memoirs,
reports, and letters,
1887-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 339
Index XVIa, Folder 4
Matters pertaining to revolutionary publications abroad:
Burtsev's correspondence; handwritten articles; tracts; and memoirs
on revolutionary parties (from the mid-19th century)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 340
Index XVIa, Folder 5
Headquarters circulars (no. 1510 and supplement) on
revolutionary groups within Russia,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 340
Index XVIa, Folder 6
Articles from the foreign press on nihilists, including the
July 5, 1890 issue of
L'Eclair on the
Paris trial of the nihilists,
1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 340
Index XVIa, Folder 8
Reference: For letters and reports from various agents in
London in French, Polish, and Russian from 1891-1902, see
XIIIa
Index XVIa, Folder 9
Reference: For agent Farce's report of 1902 containing a list
and description of revolutionaries and their publications in London
and the United States, see VIk, folder 23
Index XVIa, Folder 10
Reference: See "L'Affaire Azef" in
Hors
de Loi
, in XIIc(1)
Box 189
(1) Narodovoltsy
Scope and Contents note
The Okhrana files are comparatively meager on documents dealing with
the Narodnaia Volia (People's Will), or Narodovoltsy. This
organization had already become a fairly cohesive political group
among the émigrés abroad even before the Okhrana developed into a
full-fledged agency in Paris. The terrorist excesses hurt the
organization, and by the 1890s, most of the outstanding leaders were
affiliated with the larger political grouping of Socialist
Revolutionaries in Prance or the Anarcho-Communists in England. The
Narodovoltsy may thus be considered as the antecedents of the
Socialist Revolutionaries and their extremist terrorist detachments.
In fact, some of the enclosed documents in this collection refer to
the Narodovoltsy and Socialist Revolutionaries as almost one and the
same group, so that no line can be drawn as to where the antecedents
ended as an organized grouping and the successor took over.
Folder 1 of the collection contains several long drafts of
reports to Headquarters and other communications on the party and
its leaders. In Folder 2, much information on the same is given
in three Headquarters circulars. Lavrov, one of the theoreticians of
the group in London, wrote a large number of Narodnaia Volia tracts,
a collection of which is placed in Folder 3.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 340
Index XVIb(1), Folder 1
Drafts and dispatches on the Narodovoltsy and early
Socialist Revolutionaries,
1886-1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 340
Scope and Contents note
Includes intercepted letters concerning revolutionary
publications.
Index XVIb(1), Folder 2
Reports and personal data on various Narodovoltsy;
circulars from Headquarters; personal data and intelligence
analysis of Rubinovich,
1888-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 340
Index XVIb(1), Folder 3
Mimeographed tracts by Lavrov,
1892
Access
Available on microfilm reel 340
Box 190
(2) Social Democrats
Scope and Contents note
This collection of Headquarters and Paris Office dispatches, notes,
publications, intercepted letters, newspaper clippings, and short
published and unpublished tracts includes many documents dealing
with the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP) and its
leaders. The bulk of it could therefore be classed also under
XVIb(6), which deals specifically with the RSDWP and its fractions,
the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and the narrow group of Lenintsy. The
researcher studying the background of Russian Social Democracy, the
RSDWP, and the emerging communist party would thus find it essential
to consult the papers under all these indices and also the special
personal folders on Lenin, Plekhanov, and Trotsky under XVII.
In many of the documents in this collection the term "Social
Democrats" is used almost as a generic term. The Duma faction is
referred to as the "Social Democrats" and many intelligence reports
refer to the RSDWP simply as S. D. Then, there is a number of
smaller groups, such as Social Democratic Internationalists, Social
Democratic Independents, or Free Socialists, organized in Paris by
Vsevolod Mikhailovich. This collection includes also papers
pertaining to the Social Democracy in Western Europe.
Each folder is organised in chronological order. In Folder 1,
which holds various correspondence, a draft at the beginning of the
set gives a short chronology of the Social Democrats since 1876 and
refers to the Russian Social Democratic Party as the "United Social
Democratic Workers Party".
Folder 2 is somewhat specific on Lenin's role in the Party,
showing his maneuvering of the Bolsheviks to supremacy. Folders 4
and 6 concern the Latvian, Jewish, and Polish groups participating
in the Russian Social Democratic Party, while Folder 5 contains
a set of resolutions and proclamations of the Party. Some of these
are also found among the unassorted materials in Folder 8.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 341-343
Index XVIb(2), Folder 1
Correspondence between Headquarters and Paris; reports on
the activities of Social Democratic party groups in Europe, the
United States, and Russia,
1876-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 341
Index XVIb(2), Folder 2
Dispatches on Lenin's methods on the road to power;
manuevering of the Bolsheviks within the party; gains and losses
by the Mensheviks,
1904-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 341
Index XVIb(2), Folder 3
Dispatches on the attitude of the Social Democratic party
toward the war,
1914-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 341
Index XVIb(2), Folder 4
Dispatches on the activities of the Latvian group in the
Russian Social Democratic Party,
1904-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 341
Index XVIb(2), Folder 5
Resolutions, proclamations, appeals, and circulars issued
by the party,
1904-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6a
Dispatches on the disagreements between the Bolsheviks
(Lenin) and the Polish group of the party,
1911-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6b
Dispatches concerning the Internationalists
Access
Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6c
Dispatches concerning Social Democratic propaganda
schools in Bologna and Longjumeau,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6d
Dispatches on party contacts with similar parties in
Europe and the United States,
1912-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6e
Circular issued by the Jewish section of the Social
Democratic party,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6f
Dispatches concerning the revolutionary press; reports by
agent Bint; articles in
Vorwérts,
1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 6g
Reports from agent Powell on revolutionaries in London
and their contacts with British nihilists,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 7
Dispatches and reports on Social Democratic leaders,
their movements, activities, functions, and
addresses,
1904-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 8
Intercepted letters,
1902-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 342
Index XVIb(2), Folder 9
Incomplete manuscripts on the Social Democrats in Russia
(undated part of a novel), booklet of dues, and small
pamphlets
Access
Available on microfilm reel 343
Index XVIb(2), Folder 11
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 31, May 1, 903,
for a draft of the by-laws of the 2nd RSDWP Congress in
XIIIc(2), folder 2
Index XVIb(2), Folder 12
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 64, December 18,
1903, for a survey of the composition and organization of the
RSDWP in XIIIc(2), folder 2
Index XVIb(2), Folder 13
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 67, January 8,
1904, for report on the Brussels congress of the RSDWP in
XIIIc(2), folder 4
Index XVIb(2), Folder 14
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 132, April 7,
1905, for the program of the 3rd RSDWP Congress in XIIIc(2),
folder 6
Index XVIb(2), Folder 15
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 154, September 8,
1905, for the program of a RSDWP conference in Ekaterinodar in
XIIIc(2), folder 6
Boxes 191-192
(3) Socialist Revolutionaries
Scope and Contents note
This political organization was by far the most formidable target for
the Okhrana. Among its leaders were men of higher educational
qualification -- professional people, a number of them with funds of
their own, and more widely spread than all other political factions.
They also proved to be more aggressive, with separate clandestine
sections for the promotion and carrying out of terror, than other
rebel groups. In addition, they developed an intelligence
organization of their own, not only to carry conspiracies into
Russia, but to counteract the efforts of the Okhrana at home and
abroad.
The collection under this Index Number does not include all Okhrana
materials on the Socialist Revolutionaries. The subsequent index,
XVIb(4), with the collection of papers on the militant terrorist
units, includes many documents on the fighting and mobile units
maintained as the more clandestine and conspiratorial branches of
the Party. The separate files under XVII for leaders like Chernov,
Gots, and Savinkov likewise contain much information on the
activities of the Party. Finally, the file on Vladimir Burtsev, the
self-styled intelligence chief of the revolutionaries, gives another
aspect of the activities of the Socialist Revolutionaries.
Among the contents in the folders on the Socialist Revolutionaries,
the following are of particular significance: Folder 1:
Instructions and briefs supplied by Headquarters. The case of Azef
and its impact on the Party; Folder 3: Rosters, personal data on
party leaders; Folder 5: Socialist Revolutionary groups by
countries, conventions and conferences.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 343-346
Index XVIb(3), Folder 1
Dispatches and circulars
Access
Available on microfilm reel 343
Scope and Contents note
Includes instructions and intelligence on the Socialist
Revolutionary Party from Headquarters (1901-1909); terrorism and
expropriations (1905-1914); the Azef case and its impact
(1909-1913); Socialist Revolutionary party activities in Russia
(1910-1914); attitude toward the war (1914-1916); financial
problems of the party (1903-1915); secret addresses for
letters.
Index XVIb(3), Folder 2
Various revolutionary publications
Access
Available on microfilm reel 344
Index XVIb(3), Folder 3
Rosters, reports, and circulars with personal data on
individual members,
1903-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 344
Index XVIb(3), Folder 4
Reports on the activities of Socialist Revolutionary
groups abroad (rifts, splits and attempts at
unification),
1903-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 345
Index XVIb(3), Folder 5
Reports on Socialist Revolutionary groups in New York,
Montreal, Belgium, Switzerland, England, and Germany,
1901-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 345
Index XVIb(3), Folder 6
Reports on conventions of Socialist Revolutionary groups
abroad,
1904-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 345
Index XVIb(3), Folder 7
Reports on the Socialist Revolutionary Party Central
Committee, the Regional Committee, and the Council,
1908-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 345
Index XVIb(3), Folder 8
Dispatches pertaining to the activities of Socialist
Revolutionary groups in Paris,
1910-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 346
Index XVIb(3), Folder 9
Publications, resolutions, and other
materials,
1903-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 346
Index XVIb(3), Folder 10
Intercepted letters,
1905-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 346
Index XVIb(3), Folder 12
Reference: See operational card file index for references
to Socialist Revolutionary activities and congresses
Index XVIb(3), Folder 13
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 7, November 11,
1902, for a review of the activities, membership, and
publications of the Socialist Revolutionary party in Russia, in
XIIIc(2), folder 1
Index XVIb(3), Folder 14
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 43, July 23,
1903, for plans for organization of a foreign branch in Geneva,
in XIIIc(2), folder 2
Index XVIb(3), Folder 15
Reference: See directive circular no. 10412, 1906, for
instructions for the peasant union of the Socialist
Revolutionary party, in XIIId(1), folder 9
Index XVIb(3), Folder 16
Reference: For a listing of individual leaders in the
party and in its fighting unit, see XVIIn
Index XVIb(3), Folder 17
Reference: For "Report on Savinkov," 1915, see
XVIIi
Box 192
(4) Militant terrorist units
Scope and Contents note
The collection of documents under this subject is supplemental to the
materials gathered under XXIVi on terrorist techniques and XXVIId,
threats upon the life of security personnel. All revolutionary
groups resorted to terror, not so much to eliminate by assassination
the individuals considered as oppressive tyrants, but for the
purpose of creating confusion and, often, to eliminate popular
personages in the Tsarist governmental and social structure. Of all
the revolutionary groups, however, it was only the Party of
Socialist Revolutionaries that maintained permanent fighting units
(boevaia druzhina) which carried on a systematic program of terror
under the subsequent leadership of Gershuni, Azef, and Savinkov.
(See XVIIi.)
The Social Democratic Workers Party (Bolsheviks), at times on record
as being opposed to terror as a revolutionary instrument, had in
time of stress (1905) instructions on its program for attacks on
government establishments, arsenals, banks, and liquidation of
government organs. Also, the bloody armed robbery in Tiflis and
similar excesses were organized by the RSDWP leaders, but the
purpose of these was to obtain funds needed for the revolution
rather than mere terror. The funds from the Tiflis and other
robberies went for the needs of Lenin, Litvinov, Krassin, and their
revolutionary plans. (See particularly the files on Litvinov and
Krassin in XVII-1, XVIIm, and XXVc.)
The folders of this file contain dispatches about terrorists from
1890 to 1914. Folder 4 has a series of Headquarters circulars on
individual terrorists.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 346-347
Index XVIb(4), Folder 1
Dispatches on terrorists, arms smuggling in Russia, and
other activities,
1890-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 346
Index XVIb(4), Folder 2
Clippings, reports, and dispatches on terrorist
publications, acts of terror, Burtsev's role, and criticism of
his behavior (Bakai),
1906-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 346
Index XVIb(4), Folder 3
Intercepted letters written by terrorists,
1905-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 346
Index XVIb(4), Folder 4
Data on individual terrorists, with emphasis on
Savinkov's group in Paris,
1903-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 347
Index XVIb(4), Folder 5
Reference: See operational card index file for reference
to terrorist units
Index XVIb(4), Folder 6
Reference: For "Liste des actes terroristes et des
pillages a main armee en Russie, commis depuis 15 octobre 1907
jusqu'au 8 avril 1910," a statistical and chronological account,
see XXIVi
Boxes 192-193
(5) Anarcho-Communists
Scope and Contents note
This collection contains documents on anarchists of the "school" that
followed the teachings of Prince Petr Kropotkin in his London and
other European exiles, the descendants of the old nihilist school,
and several factions that variously called themselves
Anarcho-Communists.
As the files show, all these "schools" were strongly influenced by
the Western European anarchists, fairly fashionable in pre-World War
I days. The files show also that the Russian Anarcho-Communists were
an assortment of militant exiles, but not as organized as the
terrorist bands of the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries. Their
principal purpose was akin to that of the West European anarchists
-- to kill off the crowned monarchs or the ruling heads of
governments, but by aiming primarily at the Russian rulers. The
adherents were a conglomerate from all strata an occasional nobleman
like Kropotkin, malcontent intellectuals, deserters, unemployed
émigrés, and also ordinary criminals, as some of the police records
indicate.
A document in Folder 1 reports on the plan of Italian anarchists
in Hamburg conspiring attempts on the lives of the crowned heads of
Europe. Several papers in other folders refer to European
anarchists. The dispatches in Folder 1 deal with various acts of
terror, such as the Houndsditch robbery and murders, committed by
Russian Anarcho-Communists, which led to close cooperation with
Scotland Yard.
Folder 2 has dispatches referring to anarchist publications,
including five handwritten unpublished tracts and copies of the
"Worker's Friend" in Yiddish.
Prince Kropotkin's file, in Folder 3 has papers on Russian
liaison with European and American anarchists, intercepted letters,
etc.
In Folder 4, a 61-page account on the First Conference of the
Russian Anarcho-Communists in December 1913 is included. And Folder
No. 5 has a Headquarters circular which gives a comprehensive brief
on the Anarcho-Communists in 1909 and their organization and
activities.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 347-350
Index XVIb(5), Folder 1
Dispatches, letters, and reports,
1901-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 347
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on planned attemps by Italian anarchists in
Hamburg on the lives of crowned heads of Europe; acts of
terrorists and banditry committed by anarchists outside of
Russia (including the Houndsditch affair).
Index XVIb(5), Folder 2
1905-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 347
Index XVIb(5), Folder 3
Letters and reports on and by Prince Kropotkin; reports
on the liaison of Russian Anarcho-Communists with European and
American anarchists (1909-1916); intercepted letters
(1895-1909); list of non-Russian anarchists not permitted to
enter Russia; appeals of anarchists against the war,
1895-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 348
Index XVIb(5), Folder 4
Dispatches on anarchist activities in Paris, London,
Switzerland, and Belgium, including a protocol of the 1st United
Conference of Russian Anarcho-Communists Abroad,
1907-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 348
Index XVIb(5), Folder 5
Exchange of intelligence on Anarcho-Communists between
Headquarters and the Paris office,
1893-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reels 348-350
Scope and Contents note
Includes a 120-page brief for agents (1909); dispatches referring
to anarchist activities in the United States (1914); established
identity and personal data on individual anarchists (1903-1916);
Headquarters circulars (1910-1911); copies of the publication
V pomoshch in Russian and
Yiddish (1910-1913).
Index XVIb(5), Folder 7
Reference: See operational card index file for references
to anarchist organizations
Index XVIb(5), Folder 8
Reference: For a listing of individual
Anarcho-Communists, see XVIIn
Index XVIb(5), Folder 9
Reference: For letters, raw reports from various agents
in London, in French, Polish, and Russian, 1891-1902, see
XIIIa
Index XVIb(5), Folder 10
Reference: For letters on Erofeev, drafts of telegrams on
"Falstaff," see XIb
Index XVIb(5), Folder 11
Reference: See agent Farce's reports from London,
1901-1907, in VIk, folder 23
Boxes 193-194
(6) Russian Social Democratic Workers Party
Scope and Contents note
Many papers in this collection have sections dealing with Bolshevik
and Menshevik factions, for which materials are grouped under
subsequent specific index numbers. These two folders cover general
papers and reviews discussing all the factions of the party.
A set of circulars from Headquarters includes extensive intelligence
briefs based on all available intelligence on the structure,
leadership, programs, and activities of the party. These valuable
documents, based on information obtained from Okhrana agents
participating in the party, are analyses made at various periods of
growth,from 1903 to 1916.
A number of charts in the collection adds to the interpretation of
the RSDWP and its relation to the Polish, Latvian, and Jewish
parallel organizations. A chart prepared by the Okhrana in 1909
depicts the pattern of subsequent Communist Party pyramidal
structures, from the local and functional cells to the hierarchy of
the Central Committee and the top bureau. Full texts of resolutions
and appeals of the party, or excerpts from them, add further to the
historic source materials on the pre-revolution Russian communist
movement.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 350-351
Index XVIb(6), Folder 1a
Exchange of intelligence between Headquarters and the
Paris office,
1901-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 350
Index XVIb(6), Folder 1b
Structural charts of the RSDWP (1909); letter with
official seal,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 350
Index XVIb(6), Folder 1c
Circulars and briefs from Headquarters on the RSDWP and
its leaders,
1903-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 350
Index XVIb(6), Folder 1d
Intercepted letters,
1904-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 350
Index XVIb(6), Folder 1e
Resolutions and appeals issued by the Party,
1905-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 350
Index XVIb(6), Folder 2
Drafts and reports on the RSDWP,
1903-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6), Folder 4
Reference: For summary report by principal agent Henry
Bint, May 16, 1916, see VIk
Box 194
(a) Bolsheviks
Scope and Contents note
The rudiments of split in the RSDWP into the Bolshevik and
Menshevik factions became apparent in the very first years of
its existence. Much of the information on the growing friction
because of ideology, tactics, as well as differences in the
character of the leaders, may be observed in many documents of
the preceding folders under XVIb(6).
This folder concerns the emerging Bolshevik or Communist Party.
At the end of the file are two copies of the leaflet announcing
the publication of the newspaper
Kommunist in Geneva.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 350-351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 1
Drafts and dispatches on the RSDWP,
1908-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 2
Activities of the Latvian group in the Party
(intercepted letters),
1914-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 3
Intercepted letters referring to the Bolsheviks;
Aleksinskii's letters,
1904-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 4
Report on the Russian revolutionary press in
Paris,
1915 December
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 5
Circular issued by the Social Democratic group
"Vpered,"
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 6
Letters with official seals; announcement of the
publication
Kommunist,
1905,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(a), Folder 7
Reference: For a review of the Russian Social
Democratic Workers Party, see XVIb(6), folder 1
Box 194
(b) Mensheviks
Scope and Contents note
The split between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks widened
particularly after the outbreak of World War I. Lenin's
partisans dubbed those of Plekhanov the "Social-patriots".
Roughly, the major issue of the two was exemplified in dispute
as to whether Russia and the Allies should be supported to win
the war, against Germany or not. While the Mensheviks were
vacillating and some of them were even in favor of supporting
the imperial regime to win the war, to the Bolsheviks, the
defeat of Russia became the most desirable step for the
advancement of the revolution.
Among the documents in this file dealing with the activities of
the Mensheviks is a Headquarters circular giving the contents of
a resolution the Mensheviks adopted at Lausanne in August 1915.
The included list of leaders shows that the majority of the
important revolutionaries abroad, even up to 1916-1917, were
Mensheviks, holding on to the socialist ideology but supporting
the war effort against the Central Powers. (For materials on
Plekhanov, leader of the Mensheviks, see XVIIlb.)
Access
Available on microfilm reels 350-351
Index XVIb(6)(b), Folder 1
Dispatches and circulars pertaining to the Mensheviks
and activities of various groups,
1909-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(b), Folder 2
Dispatches and circulars on Menshevik leaders
("Socialpatriots"),
1910-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(b), Folder 3
Intercepted letters,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(b), Folder 4
Box 194
(c) Lenintsy
Scope and Contents note
The term "Lenintsy" (Lenin's men) was used primarily in some of
the Okhrana Headquarters circulars relating to a rather narrow
circle within the Bolshevist group of the RSDWP. Essentially the
same group was originally referred to as the "Iskrovtsy" (from
Iskra, the paper founded by
Lenin at the turn of the century). During the war, this informal
group of zealous supporters aggressively advocated the defeat of
Russia and was, for that reason, often referred to as
Germanophile.
The circulars in this collection carry pre-war dates. They refer
to the illegal, secret organization of the Lenintsy and the
conspiratorial work to foment the revolution. Several notes in
French dated 1916 discuss the activities of Lenin, Trotsky, and
others, and their publication
Nashe
Slovo.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(c), Folder 1
Drafts and reports on the activities of Social
Democratic "Lenintsy" group,
1902-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(c), Folder 2
Headquarters circulars briefing officers and agents
of the Okhrana on the "Lenintsy" group,
1912-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 351
Index XVIb(6)(c), Folder 3
Boxes 194-195
(7) Students and other émigré groups
Scope and Contents note
Hundreds of students from Russia were enrolled by the end of the 19th
century in French, Swiss, and German universities. Many of these
came from Russian universities, where they had already been
subjected to much of the prohibited revolutionary propaganda.
Abroad, the exposure to leftist ideologies became more intense. The
Russian Social Democratic Workers Party in particular was interested
in spreading its ideology among students. Various circles were
formed -- early student unions, mutual self-help units, most of
which soon became little more than front organizations for the
RSDWP. Similarly, other émigrés not organized in the major political
groups but forming circles, libraries, mutual aid clubs like the
"Emigrantskaia Kassa" (a kind of émigré savings and loan unit),
though loyal to the regime as individuals, often became convenient
front organizations of the RSDWP.
There is no record to show that the Okhrana used such groups as
anti-propaganda instruments. Instead, it engaged individual students
for reporting on the activities of these leftist front
organizations. (On the latter, see XXIVg, on early types of
communist front organizations.)
Folders 1-4 of this collection contains dispatches, drafted reports,
and rosters of Russian student groups in European countries. In
Folders 5-13, the reports are on Polish and Georgian students,
activities of all-Russian émigré organizations, etc.
Folder 14 contains a collection of 15 intelligence summaries on
student movements in Russia, published by Okhrana Headquarters in
book form through school semesters of 1900 and 1901. There is no
evidence whether these lengthy summaries were discontinued after
1901. In the box at the end of this collection are some 600
handwritten cards prepared by agents for biographic information on
Russian students in Europe in 1899-1901. (A much more extensive
record on students in Europe has been placed under Xlllh.)
Access
Available on microfilm reels 352-353
Index XVIb(7), Folder 1
Correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris Okhrana
referring to the actitivies of Russian students abroad,
including 3 reports,
1901-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 2
Rosters and data on individual Russian students in
Western Europe,
1893-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 3
Dispatches and reports referring to conventions and
meetings of Russian students abroad,
1910-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 4
Dispatches on the activities of Russian students in
London, Germany, Paris, Switzerland, and Belgium
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 5
Reports on Polish student organizations in Krakow and on
Georgian student organizations of a revolutionary
character,
1911, 1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 6
Intercepted letters,
1899-1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 7
Student Iosif Gotthelf's notes on the Swiss government;
drafts of articles on social problems,
1902, 1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 8
Dispatches relating to activities of Russian émigré
organizations of political and social character,
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 9
Dispatch concerning the failure of revolutionaries to
gain teachers for their cause when touring Western
Europe,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 10
Dispatches on the dormant organization Independent
Socialists and its leader Mikhailovich,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 11
Dispatch on Wallach (Litvinov) and Lebedev, leaders of a
Russian émigré group in London,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 12
Dispatch reporting on the Jewish colony in London
(Whitechapel) and pro-German feelings,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 13
Leaflets issued by the Russian Seaman's Union Abroad
(front organization),
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 352
Index XVIb(7), Folder 14
Weekly intelligence summaries from Headquarters on the
student movement,
1901-1902
Access
Available on microfilm reels 352-353
Index XVIb(7), Folder 15
Student biographic cards and circulars issued by
students,
1899-1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 353
Boxes 195-196
c. Congresses and important conferences
Scope and Contents note
Conventions and meetings of Russian revolutionaries were of prime
importance to the Okhrana for the following reasons: most of them were
held outside of Russia, thus escaping surveillance of the home police;
these gatherings disclosed plans of action; they revealed contacts the
revolutionaries had with other leftist organizations in Europe and
America as well as the degree of their cooperation; and the conferences
often disclosed sources of funds for the revolutionaries.
While many conferences of the revolutionaries were held in secret, with
the place and time known only to the subversives, they were usually well
covered by the Paris Office through penetration agents, at times
themselves attending as recognized revolutionaries. Detailed reports on
the composition, agenda, resolutions, and plans of action were thus
forwarded to Headquarters promptly. The latter, in turn, informed the
Paris Office on certain conferences not attended by agents of the Paris
Okhrana.
Folders 1-4 contain dispatches from and to Headquarters pertaining to
various meetings of the RSDWP, the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries,
all-Russian conferences and meetings (mostly during World War I), and
meetings with foreign groups. Folders 5-7 have the correspondence on the
international socialist movement and cooperation of Russian
revolutionaries, their attendance at conferences at Stuttgart,
Copenhagen, London, Vienna, Zurich, Zimmerwald, Bern, Kintal, and The
Hague (1906-1916). Resolutions and manifestos and some intercepted mail
is included. Folders 8-9 contain data on revolutionary leaders and
meetings of the Baltic Slavs, Maksimalists, Austrian Slavs, Macedonian
revolutionaries, the Russian cultural congress in Italy, Trade Union
Conventions in London, the Zionist Conference in Vienna, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 354-355
Index XVIc, Folder 1
Dispatches concerning conventions and meetings of the Russian
Social Democratic Workers Party,
1901-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 354
Index XVIc, Folder 2
Dispatches, notes, and letters on conventions and meetings of
the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party,
1906-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 354
Index XVIc, Folder 3
Dispatches pertaining to meetings and contacts with Bulgarian
anarchists (Chashin),
1901-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 354
Index XVIc, Folder 4
Dispatches and drafts on all-Russian conferences, meetings,
and unified actions,
1908-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 354
Index XVIc, Folder 5
Dispatches and reports on the International Socialist
movement,
1906-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 354
Scope and Contents note
Includes directives on contacts with Russian revolutionaries at
congresses and conferences in Stuttgart, Copenhagen, London, Vienna,
Zurich, Zimmerwald, Bern, and The Hague.
Index XVIc, Folder 6
Resolutions and manifests of the Socialist Revolutionary and
Social Democratic parties,
1909-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 354
Index XVIc, Folder 7
Intercepted letters referring to revolutionary
congresses,
1904-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 355
Index XVIc, Folder 8
Data on individual revolutionary leaders and their
activities,
1909-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 355
Index XVIc, Folder 9
Miscellaneous reports
Access
Available on microfilm reel 355
Scope and Contents note
Topics include the Maksimalists (1907); convention of Macedonian
revolutionaries and elections of the Supreme Committee (1908);
meeting of the right wing of the Socialist Revolutionaries in Paris
on the Azef case (1909); Congress of Austrian Slavs in Krakow
(1911); Social Democratic Party conference in Vienna (1912); Russian
cultural congress in Italy (1913); International Zionist Conference
in Vienna (1913); 1st Trade Union Convention in London (1914);
meetings of Balkan Slavs in Sofia and Bucharest (1915). Also
includes notebook listing revolutionary conferences and meetings
(1914).
Index XVIc, Folder 11
Reference: See operational card index file for references on
revolutionary meetings and congresses
Index XVIc, Folder 12
Reference: See operational card index file for references to
International Socialist conferences
Box 196
d. Cohesion, cleavage, and morale
Scope and Contents note
Unity in planning and agreement on common action among Russian
revolutionaries abroad as well as between various parties were generally
elusive or of temporary character. The fact that all revolutionary
groups were against the Tsarist government did not carry enough weight
to prevail over diversified methods with which they endeavored to attain
their only goal the revolution in Russia.
Inside each revolutionary party there were differences of opinion,
clashes between individuals, invariably interfering with the ultimate,
purpose. The struggle between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, out of which of
characteristic of Lenin came victorious, is characteristic to almost all
revolutionary groups. Congresses and conferences served more often as
battlegrounds for ambitious leaders than as forums for coordinated
action.
This unity in purpose and disharmony in action created a gap deepened by
the war to; the point of making any span impossible.
The collection in Folder 1 contains drafts and reports describing or
revealing the cleavage and action for unification of revolutionary
groups abroad between 1894 and 1917. Among the intercepted letters in
Folders 3 and 4, there are several from or addressed to Lenin and other
important revolutionaries, discussing frictions between and within their
groups.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 355-356
Index XVId, Folder 1
Drafts and reports on cleavage and action for unification
among revolutionary groups abroad,
1894-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 355
Index XVId, Folder 2
Reports on the attitude of revolutionary organizations toward
war and divided opinions on its outcome,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 355
Index XVId, Folder 3
Intercepted letters mailed from Russia abroad,
1902-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reels 355-356
Index XVId, Folder 4
Intercepted letters mailed to Russia from abroad,
1901-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 356
Boxes 196-205, 242
XVII. Revolutionary leaders
Boxes 196-197
a. Vladimir Il'ich Lenin and Nadezhda Konstantinovna
Krupskaya
Scope and Contents note
The earliest document in Lenin's file, dated June 6, 1895, is a dispatch
from St. Petersburg, advising that Lenin had departed from Russia. There
is also a dispatch dated September. 7, 1900, regarding Lenin's second
departure abroad, where he published for a while the newspaper Iskra
with Martov (Tsederbaum), Potresov, and Plekhanov.
Folder 1 contains copies of a number of intercepted letters between
various individuals, mostly revolutionaries, discussing Lenin and his
views. This file further contains a lengthy report on the 1903 Social
Democratic Congress in Brussels, prepared by Chief Rataev of the Paris
Okhrana Office (Outgoing Dispatch #168/1903).
The inventory sheets for Folders 2-5 are prepared in considerable
detail, listing individual letters written by Lenin and Krupskaya or
received by them. The letters are copies rendered verbatim by the
Okhrana's offices from intercepted mail. Since it was the practice of
Okhrana offices to return to the post offices the mail for delivery to
addressees, it is possible that much of the original mail was thus lost,
while the Okhrana's copies remained.
Since copies of intercepted correspondence that became subjects of
dispatches were kept at Petersburg Headquarters, they came into
Bolshevik hands like most all of the other Okhrana documents. As Lenin's
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii compilation
reveals, many of these copies were preserved. Most of those included in
the printed collection are verbatim reproductions, while some of them
differ in small details from the samples in this collection. The letters
of Lenin's wife, Krupskaya, included in this collection are not printed
in the
Sochineniaa.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 356-358
Index XVIIa, Folder 1
Dispatches and letters pertaining to Lenin and Krupskaya;
intercepted correspondence between revolutionaries referring to
Lenin or Krupskaya,
1900-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 356-357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2a
Memorandum from Headquarters advising that Ulianov departed
from Russia for abroad,
1895
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2b
Letter from Nizhnii Novgorod to Liege discussing
disagreements between the Lenin and Martov factions,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2c
Report on the split among the "Iskrovtsy,"
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2d
Excerpt from a letter from Lenin in Geneva to his mother in
Kiev,
1904
Scope and Contents note
Includes an English translation
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2e
Report on "Katia" Krupsakaya as an important member of
Iskra,
1904
Scope and Contents note
Includes an English translation
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2f
Letter from Lenin, Zverev, and Glebov in Darmstadt to Dauge
in Moscow,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2g
Letter from Lenin in Nuremberg to Dr. Aleksandrov in
Gomel,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2h
Letter from Krupskaya in Nuremberg to Shpolianskaia in
Moscow,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2i
Letter from Lenin to Anton Peres in Moscow,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2j
Letter from Lenin in Nuremberg to Sokolovskii in
Odessa,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2k
Dispatch from Headquarters advising that Bogdanov is giving
financial help to Lenin,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2l
Report on the 3rd London RSDWP Congress and Lenin's
role,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2m
Letter from Krupskaya in Leipzig to Vera Mikler in
Moscow,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2n
Letter from Lenin in Munich to Pushenskii,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2o
Letter from Lenin in Munich to Pushenskii in Kherson (with
English translation),
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2p
Report on the Social Democratic Conference in Vyborg and
Lenin's role,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2q
Letter from Krupskaya to Lenin
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2r
Report on the All-Russian Conference of the Social Democratic
Party in Paris,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2s
Roster of the members of the RSDWP-Bolshevik faction
abroad,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2t
Letter from Moscow to Krupskaya containing the texts of
agitation pamphlets,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2u
Letter from Lenin in Paris to his sister in Russia discussing
peace with the Mensheviks,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2v
Report on the composition of the RSDWP Central Committee
including Lenin,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2w
Letter from Lenin in Paris to I. K. Frim in
Bucharest,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2x
Letter from Krupskaya in Paris to Iukevich in St.
Petersburg,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2y
Report on Lenin's attempts to sue Tsetkina for 80,000 francs,
an inheritance left by Schmidt,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 2z
Memorandum from Headquarters reporting on a conference of
Lenin's political partisans,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3a
Report on Lenin and Zinovyev (Grigorii Radomysl'skii) moving
to Krakow to be closer to Russia during the Duma
elections,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3b-3e
Letters from Lenin in Krakow to the
Pravda editorial office in St. Petersburg,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3f
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Nazarov in St.
Petersburg,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3g
Letter from Lenin in Krakow to the editorial office of
Sovremennyi mir in St.
Petersberg,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3h-3k
Letter from Krupskaya to Akselrod in St.
Petersburg,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3l-3m
Letter from Krupskaya to Podvoiskii in St.
Petersburg
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3n-3o
Letter from Lenin in Krakow to the
Pravda editorial office in St. Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3p
Letter from Lenin in Krakow to Lazurkin in St.
Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3q
Letter from Lenin in Krakow to Bel'skii in St.
Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3r-3u
Letters from Krupskaya in Krakow to Podvoiskii in St.
Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3v
Letters from Lenin in Krakow to his sister Mariia in
Saratov,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3w
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Kvaleva in St.
Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3x
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Podvoiskii in St.
Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3y
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Knipovich in St.
Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 3z
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Rymash in St.
Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4a
Letter from Krupskaya in Zakopane to Kvaleva in St.
Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4b
Letter from Krupskaya in Zakopane to Podvoiskii in St.
Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4b
Letter from Lenin in Zakopane to Podvoiskii in St.
Petersburg
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4c
Letter from Lenin in Zakopane to Kolkov in St.
Petersburg
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4d
Letter from Lenin in Zakopane to Podvoiskii in St.
Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4e
Letter from Lenin in Krakow to
Pravda editorial office in St. Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4f
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Sekorskii in
Tiflis,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4g
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Kavtaradze in St.
Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4h
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to
Za
pravdu
in St. Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4i
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Samolei in St. Petersburg
reporting on the strike movement,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4j
Report on the 2nd Regular Conference of the RSDWP and Lenin's
role,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4k
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Antoshevskaia in
Viatka,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4l
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Elizarova in St.
Petersburg,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4m
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Anton Samolei in St.
Petersburg,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4n
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Nina Krug in St.
Petersburg,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4o
Letter from Krupskaya in Krakow to Voitsekhovskii in St.
Petersburg,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4p
Letter from Krupskaya in Vienna to Sikorskii in Tiflis
regarding preparations for a congress,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4q
Letter from Krupskaya in Zakopane to
Proveshchenie in St. Petersburg on the 2rd International
Conference of Women Socialists and Female Workers'
Organizations,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4r
Letter from Krupskaya in Rabka to Ivan Samovarov,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4s
Letter from Krupskaya in Poronin to Enukidze in St.
Petersburg asking for information on Georgian and Armenian
newspapers published in the Caucasus,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4t
Letter from Krupskaya in Austria to Ivan Samovarov in
Kremlevo Station,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4u
Report advising that Lenin is not in prison in Krakow, but is
living in Berlin,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4v
Letter from Lenin's sister Mariia in Petrograd to Lenin in
Bern containing family news,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Scope and Contents note
Includes English translation.
Index XVIIa, Folder 4w
Report on Lenin's attitude towards terrorism,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4x
Briefs on Safarov, relative of Krupskaya, Ludmila Stiglis and
Selikmann,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4y
Report on Lenin's defeatist views regarding Russia's
participation in the war,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 4z
Letters in French by or about Lenin,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 357
Index XVIIa, Folder 5a
Lenin's letter to Safarov in French,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5b
Chronological review of Lenin's activities from February
1904-April 1916,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5c
Surveillance reports on Lenin by agent Bint,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5d
Report on Lenin's lecture, "Conditions of Peace and the
National Question,"
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5e
Resume of Lenin's report in Zurich entitled "The War and Two
Internationals,"
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5f
Statements by Lenin to Safarov on French
revolutionaries,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5g
Resume of a lecture delivered by Lenin in Geneva entitled
"Two Currents in the International Workers' Movement,"
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5h
Report on the Geneva Conference of émigré Treasuries, with
Krupskaya as secretary,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5i
Cable about Lenin receiving the protection of
Germany,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5j
Report on Lenin's participation in the Bern Conference of
International Socialist Commissions,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5k
Draft of a declaration to be published by the RSDWP Central
Committee (represented by Lenin) on the conference of socialists of
the "concordat" countries,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5l
Report on existing opinion on Lenin's attitude towards
terror,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5m
Report concerning Lenin's mistress Inessa Armand,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5n
Okhrana circular on Nadezhda Krupskaya
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5o
Safarov's letters to Krupskaya,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 5p
English translations of Lenin's correspondence
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIa, Folder 7
Reference: For agent Zhitomirskii's (Daudet) reports on Lenin
and his group from 1911-1913, see IIIf, folder 36
Index XVIIa, Folder 8
Reference: See agent Bint's 1917 report on Inessa Armand in
VIk, folder 5
Index XVIIa, Folder 9
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 61, 1903, on
Anichkin, a student in St. Petersburg, involved in a plot with Lenin
in XIIIc(2), folder 2
Index XVIIa, Folder 10
Reference: See outgoing telegram no. 224, January 9, 1916,
advising that Lenin's courier "Liza" is departing Switzerland for
Russia, in XIIIb(2), folder 8
Box 197
b. Georgii Valentinovich Plekhanov
Scope and Contents note
The collection of papers on this Marxist theoretician, founder of the
Russian Social Democratic Party, and comrade and opponent of Lenin,
dates from 1891 to 19l6. Folder 1 contains an assortment of various
dispatches, while the documents in Folder 2, individually described,
refer to his various activities, organizational work, funding,
extraditions, and differences with the Bolshevik faction of the Party.
Of considerable interest are the intercepted letters. As later with
Lenin, Plekhanov had troubles with P. Lavrov, the anarchist leader in
London. Also includes Headquarters circulars giving Plekhanov's physical
description and photograph.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 1
Various dispatches referring to Plekhanov,
1894-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2a
French surveillance agent reports on Plekhanov,
1891
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2b
Letters on Plekhanov and his work,
1892
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2c
Plans of the French government to deport Plekhanov and
Selikrevskii,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2d
Report that Plekhanov still visits Geneva,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2e
Plekhanov's intention to withdraw from the Party,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2f
Views of the Kostroma Committee regarding Plekhanov's desire
to represent the Party at the International Socialist
Bureau,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2g
Letter from Smirnov to Plekhanov in Geneva about Deutsch and
Zasulich,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2h
Letter regarding a financial contribution for
Plekhanov,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2i
Okhrana's circular on Plekhanov with his
photograph,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2j
Physical description of Plekhanov,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2k
Report that Burtsev and Plekhanov are planning to go to
Russia,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2l
Plekhanov's letter on preparations for the Duma
elections,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2m
Plekhanov's letter on non-recognition of Lenin's Central
Committee as the central organization of the Party,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2n
Report that Plekhanov enrolled in electricians' school in
Paris,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2o
Report that Plekhanov arrived in Paris to organize a meeting
of the conciliatory faction,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2p
Letter to Plekhanov concerning the "liquidation" theory and
other party theories,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2q
Lecture delivered by Plekhanov on "The National Question and
the Social Democrats,"
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2r
Lecture entitled "War and the Social Democracy" delivered by
Plekhanov in Lausanne,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2s
Report on the publication
Edinstvo by Plekhanov,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2t
Dispatches concerning the whereabouts of
Plekhanov,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIb, Folder 2u
Background and activities report on Plekhanov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Box 197
c. Leon Trotsky
Scope and Contents note
The collection in Folder 1 covers the period from 1901 to 1917. The
intercepted letters of Natalia and Lev Bronstein and those of Trotsky's
wife are of particular interest, pertaining mostly to Party matters.
Differences and reconciliations with Lenin are referred to in this as
well as in individually inventoried documents in the second folder.
Correspondence with the Socialists in the Duma, Trotsky's stay in the
United States, his travels, and editorial work, particularly on Nashe
Slovo are covered. Several Okhrana intercepts and copies include
Trotsky's letters.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 1
Various dispatches and letters pertaining to
Trotsky,
1901-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2a
Report on RSDWP member Bronstein in Geneva and his relations
with Helfand,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2b
Letters from "Sasha" in St. Petersburg to her husband Trotsky
in Vienna,
1908-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2c
Letter from Trotsky in Kiev to de Montbrand in
Lausanne,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2d
Data on Trotsky's wife,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2e
Letter from Trotsky in Vienna to Duma deputy
Pokrovskii,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2f
Report of the Nikolaevsk Okhrana chief on Trotsky, his wife,
and other revolutionaries,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2g
Report of the Odessa Okhrana chief on Trotsky and his
wife,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2h
Letters from an unidentified writer to Akselrod in Zurich and
Trotsky in Vienna on the German Social Democratic Party
conference,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2i
Letter from Trotsky in Vienna to the editor of
Luch,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2j
Trotsky's letter to Duma member Chkheidze praising his
speeches and commenting on Leninism,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2k
Report that Trotsky arrived in Paris,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2l
Trotsky's speech in Paris on "The Defense of the
Homeland,"
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2m
Trotsky's speech in a workers' club in Paris,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2n
Bint's report on Trotsky's activities,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2o
Report on Chernov and Trotsky touring Switzerland and
agitating for the cessation of the war,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2p
Report on the pro-German stance of Trotsky's newspaper
Nashe slovo,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2q
Bint's report revealing Trotsky as an Austrian
agent,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2r
Meeting of the Committee for the Resumption of International
Relations and Trotsky's role in it,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2s
Documents pertaining to the deportation of Trotsky from
France,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2t
Documents pertaining to Trotsky's efforts to obtain a Swiss
visa,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2u
Moscow millionaire Shakhov's offer of financial assistance to
Trotsky,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2v
Agent Bint's reports on Trotsky,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2w
Letter from Trotsky to his friends in New York,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2x
Arrival of Trotsky and his family in New York,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2y
Report on Trotsky as the editor of
Nashe slovo
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 2z
Official Okhrana circulars on Trotsky
Access
Available on microfilm reel 358
Index XVIIc, Folder 4
Reference: See reports on Trotsky's daily newspaper
Nashe slovo and on the polemics of its
banning, in XVIIr(1)
Index XVIIc, Folder 5
Reference: See report on
Nashe
slovo
for 1916, banned as being pro-German, in VIIIb,
folder 3
Boxes 197-198
d. Vladimir L'vovich Burtsev
Scope and Contents note
This extensive collection is the most telling proof that Vladimir Burtsev
and his work represented a continuous and important target for the
Okhrana in Paris. A competent writer, propagandist, and advocate of
terror and assassination as a means leading to revolution, he developed
also an active revolutionary counter-intelligence with the purpose of
exposing Okhrana agents and discrediting the Okhrana as an establishment
in European countries. In this connection, many of the documents
concerning Burtsev are also located under XXIVa and XXIVb, since the
bulk of revolutionary intelligence and propaganda was either directed by
Burtsev or closely affiliated with his functions.
Folder 1, in two sections, contains general materials of Burtsev,
dispatches on him and his writings, copies of intercepted letters,
various agent reports, etc. His functions and the contributions of
Okhrana defector Mikhail Bakai in exposing Evno Azef are well covered,
as is also Burtsev's exposure of Okhrana Chief Garting.
Folders 2 to 5 have documents concentrating on certain periods and
events, as for instance, Folder 5, with papers on Burtsev's stay in
Rumania and England, his imprisonments in London, and the case of agent
Bullier. Folder 3, in two sections, for the period from 1899 to 1917
concentrates on Burtsev's work in Paris, revealing the nature of the
revolutionary police and Burtsev's methods of intelligence operations
and press campaigns. Surveillance reports on him and his intelligence
service are dated from 1906 to 1914.
Folder 4 covers the Okhrana's attempts to have Burtsev and his group
deported from France, while the last folder (No. 5) contains information
on his return to Russia, official trial records, intercepted
correspondence from the jail, disposal of his archive and personal
effects in Paris, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 359-361
Index XVIId, Folder 1
Miscellaneous documents including intercepted letters,
dispatches, and agent reports pertaining to Burtsev and the defector
Mikhail Bakai,
1890-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 359
Index XVIId, Folder 2
Documents on Burtsev's stay in Romania and England, his
arrest and imprisonment in London, and the case against agent
Charlotte Bullier,
1890-1899
Access
Available on microfilm reel 360
Index XVIId, Folder 3
Collection of papers pertaining to Burtsev's work in Paris;
Burtsev's revolutionary police; publication of
Budushchee; detailed Okhrana report on his mode of
operation; his press campaign against Garting and the Paris Okhrana;
collections of surveillance reports on Burtsev; Burtsev's trip to
the United States,
1899-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 360-361
Index XVIId, Folder 4
Dispatches and reports concerning the Okhrana's attempts to
have Burtsev deported from France,
1904, 1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIId, Folder 5
Documents pertaining to Burtsev's imprisonment in Russia:
official trial records, intercepted correspondence between the
imprisoned Burtsev and Paris concerning the disposition of his
personal affairs in Paris,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIId, Folder 7
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 17, January 24, 1903,
regarding Burtsev and Krakov in the Socialist Revolutionary Fighting
Unit, in XIIIc(2), folder 2
Index XVIId, Folder 8
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 42, July 16, 1903, on
Burtsev's role in the plot to assassinate the Minister of the
Interior, in XIIIc(2), folder 2
Index XVIId, Folder 9
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 62, December 4, 1903,
on Burtsev in England and Switzerland, in XIIIc(2), folder
2
Index XVIId, Folder 10
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 94, July 15, 1905,
concerning Burtsev and Krakov, in XIIIc(2), folder 4
Index XVIId, Folder 11
Reference: For letters addressed to Burtsev and reports on
his accusations against Okhrana censorship and perlustration, see
Xc
Index XVIId, Folder 12
Reference: For reports on Jollivet's assignments on Burtsev
and Leroy, 1914-1915, see VIk, folder 33
Index XVIId, Folder 13
Reference: See Charlotte Bullier's personnel file for reports
on her contacts with Burtsev, in IIIe, folder 3
Index XVIId, Folder 14
Reference: See incoming telegram no. 166, January 21, 1903,
for instructions concerning surveillance over Krakov between Bern
and the Russian border, in XIIIc(3), folder 14
Index XVIId, Folder 15
Reference: See outgoing telegram, June 2, 1903, informing of
a secret courier en route from Burtsev to St. Petersburg, in
XIIIb(2), folder 2
Index XVIId, Folder 16
Reference: See outgoing telegram, November 12, 1903, advising
that Burtsev is about to publish the fifth issue of
Narodovolets, in XIIIb(2), folder
2
Index XVIId, Folder 17
Reference: See outgoing telegram, March 23, 1904, advising
that Burtsev and Krakov left Paris secretly for an unknown
destination, in XIIIb(2), folder 3
Index XVIId, Folder 18
Reference: See outgoing telegram, June 15, 1904, advising
that Burtsev is expecting an event of grave consequences to take
place in Russia, in XIIIb(2), folder 3
Box 198
e. Grigory Yevseyevich Zinovyev
Scope and Contents note
A large number of documents pertain to this important Bolshevik leader,
closest associate of Lenin, writer, and orator. However, most of the
Okhrana dispatches pertaining to his work and activities deal also with
other top revolutionaries and have therefore been placed under various
other index numbers. (See the cross-reference sheet in Folder 6.
)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIe, Folder 1
Letter from Zinovyev in Paris to Mlle. Levin in St.
Petersburg about the publication of a magazine,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIe, Folder 2
Letter from Zinovyev in Paris to Duma member Poletaiev
regarding the placement of a newspaper announcement,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIe, Folder 3
Zinovyev's brochure "Elections to the Fourth Duma and Our
Tasks,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIe, Folder 4
Report that Zinovyev is in St. Petersburg,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIe, Folder 5
Okhrana circular on the background of Zinovyev
("Radomyslskii")
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Box 198
f. Pavel Nikolaevich Miliukov and Aleksandr Fyodorovich
Kerensky
Scope and Contents note
The file on Miliukov consists of dispatches sent by Headquarters to the
Paris Office, dating back to 1897 and giving his background and his
contacts with Russian revolutionaries abroad. The Paris Office reported
twice to Headquarters on Miliukov's comments on conditions which would
assure the revolutionaries victory (May 1916) and on his meeting with
Bulgarian minister Todorov (December 1916) in Lausanne. Miliukov was
representing the Cadet Party in the Third and Fourth Dumas.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 1a
Background information on Miliukov,
1897
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 1b
Letters from Soskis in Paris to Miliukov transmitting a
manuscript for publication,
1898
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 1c
Dispatch giving background information on
Miliukov,
1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 1d
Letter from Miliukov in London on his plans for a lecture
tour of America,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 1e
Memo advising that Miliukov left Russia again,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 1f
Letter from "Shklovskaia" in London to Miliukov in St.
Petersburg,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 1g
Newspaper item titled "Les atrocitiés bulgares" on the role
of Miliukov,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 1h
Copy of
La Courier Européen,
co-published by Miliukov,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 1i
On O. Masarik's correspondence with Miliukov,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 1j
Clipping from
L'Oeuvre with
Miliukov's article,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 1k
Report on Miliukov's meeting with Todorov,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 1l
Letter from Chaikovskii in London to Miliukov in Sofia
requesting participation in a revolutionary publication
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 2a
Political background of Kerensky,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 2b
Letter to Kerensky asking for legal advice,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 2c
Official Okhrana circulars on Kerensky,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIf, Folder 2d
Report on the activities of the "Russian Maritime Union" in
London,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Box 198
g. Viktor Mikhailovich Chernov
Scope and Contents note
Viktor M. Chernov, a prolific writer, was one of the most militant
revolutionaries advocating terrorism. At the age of 24 he was in exile
and at the head of the Socialist Revolutionary Central Committee in
Paris, where he was constantly followed at close quarters by local
Okhrana agents.
Arrested in October 1905 in Russia, which he entered illegally to edit a
clandestine publication,
Mysl, he fled
abroad to become again a subject of surveillance. He maintained contacts
with Gorky, Savinkov, Aleksinskii, and attended the Socialist
Revolutionary Congress in London in 1908.
It was during the War that Chernov attained the peak of his importance as
a revolutionary. A Paris report of November 1914 underlines his
extremely energetic action among the revolutionaries in Paris, who felt
caught between party allegiance and patriotic feelings, for serving
purely revolutionary aims.
The Paris Office reported in 1915 that, in his anti-tsarism and
anti-militarism, Chernov went so far as to merit the label of a
Germanophile. Supported by Martov, he advocated the defeat of Russia and
preached alliance with the German socialists.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 361-362
Index XVIIg, Folder 1
Intercepted letters to and from Chernov and his wife; Okhrana
dispatches on Chernov and his group; agent surveillance
reports,
1903-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 361
Index XVIIg, Folder 2a
Surveillance reports on Chernov by agent
Fehrenbach,
1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2b
Letter to Chernov from Goldstein containing Shimel'
Sikorskii's biography, one of Pleve's assassins,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2c
Letters from Kropotkin and other individuals,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2d
Chernov reports on a Petersburg meeting which included the
participation of the Socialist Revolutionaries and
Kadets,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2e
Plans to assassinate the Tsar, prepared by the Fighting Unit
and involving Chernov,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2f
Chernov's reports on Iudelevskii's theories and the London
Conference,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2g
Arrival of Chernov's wife in St. Petersburg,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2h
Circular on Chernov with photograph,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2i
Chernov's comments on the booklet "Conclusions of the Azef
Affair Investigation Commission,"
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2j
Drafts of Savinkov's letters to Chernov,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2k
Arrival of Chernov in Paris from Italy to participate in
discussions of a split in the Socialist Revolutionary
Party,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2l
Report that Chernov does not belong to the extreme left wing
of the Socialist Revolutionaries,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2m
Lecture delivered by Chernov in Paris on "The Moral Problem
in Ropshin's [Savinkov's] Novels,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2n
Lecture delivered by Chernov in Paris on the "Current
Political Situation in Russia,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2o
Letters to and from Chernov and his wife,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2p
Report on Chernov's mother,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2q
Report that Chernov is in Italy, not engaged in revolutionary
work,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2r
Dispatches and drafts for reports on Chernov's activities
during the war, his propaganda to defeat Russia, editorial work,
lectures, etc.,
1914-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2s
Lecture on "Evaluation of the Zimmerwald
Conference,"
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2t
Official Okhrana circular on Chernov,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 2u
Report on Chernov and Martov in a Germanophile,
anti-militarist campaign,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIg, Folder 4
Reference: See outgoing telegram, April 15, 1904, advising
that Sazonov had spent two months with Chernov in Geneva in
XIIIb(2), folder 3
Box 198
h. Mikhail Rafailovich Gots
Scope and Contents note
Gots emigrated from Russia in 1900 with an impressive political record as
a terrorist and devoted member of the Socialist Revolutionary party.
Upon his arrival in Paris in early 1901, he established close contacts
with Chernov, Rubanovich, Rappoport, and Gavronsky and became the
subject of surveillance by the Paris Okhrana, who followed him to Nice,
Rome (where he was arrested), and Geneva, where he settled in 1903. Soon
all activities of the Socialist Revolutionary party abroad centered
around Gots's home. After his death in Berlin in 1906, his wife Vera
continued to be active in the Socialist Revolutionary ranks until
1916.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to Mikhail Gots and his
wife,
1902-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2a
Reports on Gots and agents Fehrenbach and Bint,
1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2b
Draft of a report to Headquarters,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2c
Report on Gots's arrest in Italy,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2d
Report on Gots in Geneva,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2e
Clippings on Gots's particular view of terrorism,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2f
Report on Gots's illness,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2g
Terrorist Ivanov summoned by Gots to Geneva to plan an act of
terror,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2h
Perlustrated correspondence of Gots and his wife
Vera,
1905-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2i
Funeral arrangements for Mikhail Gots,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2j
Gots's funeral in Geneva,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2k
Circular on Vera Gots,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2l
Vera Gots's plans to go to Russia,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2m
Agent Durin's reports on Vera Gots,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2n
Agent Bint's reports on Vera Gots,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 2o
Perlustrated letter from Vera Gots,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIh, Folder 4
Reference: See outgoing telegram, March 16, 1903, on attempts
to arrest Gots in Italy, in XIIIb(2), folder 2
Index XVIIh, Folder 5
Reference: See outgoing telegram, September 11, 1906, report
that Gots is dead, in XIIIb(2), folder 4
Box 199
i. Boris Viktorovich Savinkov
Scope and Contents note
Boris Savinkov, Socialist Revolutionary terrorist, was a key figure
plotting the assassination of Minister of the Interior Pleve in 1904 and
of the Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich in 1905, thereby gaining the
attention of the Okhrana, which continued throughout his revolutionary
career abroad, despite the fact that his importance as a revolutionary
terrorist dwindled considerably after the two assassinations mentioned
above.
The dispatches in the last folder of this series give accounts of the
changes that took place in this Savinkov. Once a ruthless schemer of
assassinations, he first lost his fervor in drinking and reckless
living. When sobering up, he became opposed to terror as a revolutionary
method and when the war came he practically broke away from
revolutionary activities by engaging in war correspondence.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 362-365
Index XVIIi, Folder 1
Dispatches, notes, and reports on Savinkov,
1904-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 362
Index XVIIi, Folder 2a
Okhrana circular on Savinkov's background
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2b
Agent Fehrenbach's report on Savinkov,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2c
Savinkov's police record,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2d
Savinkov working in Tiflis,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2e
Savinkov located in Tiflis,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2f
Report in German on the arrival of Savinkov in Copenhagen
from Finland,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2g
Report on Savinkov in Paris, perlustrated letters, including
letter from his mistress breaking off their relationship,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2h
Agent Durin's surveillance reports on Savinkov from Paris,
Villefranche, and Genoa,
1908-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2i
Savinkov and his mistress, Evgeniia Somova, in
Paris,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2j
Savinkov's withdrawal from revolutionary work,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2k
Savinkov's trip to Brussels,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2l
Report on difficulties maintaining surveillance over
Savinkov,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2m
Incident between Savinkov and Okhrana surveillance
agent,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2n
Official Okhrana circulars on Savinkov, one with a
photograph,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2o
Okhrana's interest in Savinkov's mother,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2p
Physical description of Savinkov,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2q
Savinkov's suspicions of provocation in the Socialist
Revolutionary Party,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2r
Incident involving false information on Savinkov's presence
in Frankfurt,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2s
Savinkov's trip to Berlin and re-entry into the Fighting
Unit,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2t
Letter from Savinkov to his wife Vera in St.
Petersburg,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2u
Savinkov's sudden departure from Paris,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2v
Revolutionaries collecting money to organize the
assassination of the Tsar and Stolypin,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2w
Agent Andre's surveillance reports on Savinkov in
Monte-Carlo,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2x
Agent Pouchot's surveillance reports on Savinkov,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2y
Agent Robail's surveillance reports on Savinkov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 2z
Agent Lecointe's surveillance reports on Boris and Sofiia
Savinkov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 3a
Report on Savinkov and other top terrorists,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 363
Index XVIIi, Folder 3b
Surveillance reports by Vogt and Lecointe on Sofiia Savinkov
at Menton,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 364
Index XVIIi, Folder 3c
Okhrana circular with Savinkov's physical
description,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 364
Index XVIIi, Folder 3d
Agent Bittard-Monin's reports on Savinkov,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3e
Agent Aubert's surveillance of Savinkov,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3f
Savinkov and entourage at Monte-Carlo,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3g
Savinkov's contacts and activities,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3h
Savinkov's withdrawal from the Fighting Unit,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3i
Report on preparations to keep Savinkov under constant
surveillance,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3j
Letter from Savinkov to his wife in Paris about family
matters,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3k
Correspondence between Savinkov in Théoule and Kolosov in
Cavi di Lavagna,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3l
Note and drafts in Savinkov's handwriting,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3m
Draft letter in Savinkov's handwriting to
Fundaminskii,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3n
Savinkov's stay in Paris,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3o
Mme. Richard's surveillance reports on Savinkov,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3p-q
Agent Fontaine's reports on Savinkov,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3r
Agent Vogt's reports from Cannes and San Remo,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3s
Agent Sauvard's reports on Savinkov and Somova in Paris and
Cannes,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3t
Savinkov-Malmberg's salvaged correspondence,
1911-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3u
Natanson as Savinkov's adversary,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3v
Agent Barthes's surveillance reports from San
Remo,
1912-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3w
Savinkov's opposition to terrorism,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3x
Report on the techniques used to maintain surveillance over
Savinkov,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3y
Two samples of Savinkov's handwriting,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 3z
Two personal letters,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 4a
Agent Delangle's surveillance reports from Nice,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 4b
Dispatch and three letters by Savinkov,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 4c
Agent Bint's surveillance reports from Paris,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 4d
Reports on Savinkov's activities,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 4e
Savinkov as a war correspondent,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIi, Folder 6
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 85, May 13, 1904, in
which Savinkov is reported in Russia, in XIIIc(2), folder
4
Index XVIIi, Folder 7
Reference: See circulars on Savinkov's fellow conspirators,
1909-1912, in XVIb(4), folder 4
Index XVIIi, Folder 7
Reference: See incoming telegram no. 294, March 20, 1909,
with instructions for strict surveillance of Savinkov, in XIIIc(3),
folder 28
Box 200
j. Roman Malinovskii
Scope and Contents note
Roman Malinovskii was a Tsarist police agent and a Bolshevik
representative in the Duma who subsequently resigned from the Duma and
went to Germany in 1914. The documents yielded by the Okhrana Archives
on Malinovskii cover the period from December 1913 to August 1914 and
consist of copies of two intercepted letters to Malinovskii, one
intercepted letter mentioning him, and a number of dispatches on his
resignation from the Duma and presence in Paris and on the accusations
of provocation leveled against him by the Social Democratic faction.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIj, Folder 1
Dispatches and Malinovskii's intercepted
correspondence,
1913-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Box 200
k. Aleksandr Antonovich Troianovskii
Scope and Contents note
Aleksandr Troianovskii joined the revolutionary movement in 1902 and the
Russian Social Democratic Workers Party in 1904. He was exiled to
Siberia in 1909, escaping abroad in 1910. He joined the RSDWP Central
Committee and attended the 1912 congress in Basel as a delegate. The
documents on Troianovskii consist of copies of intercepted letters to
Troianovskii along with dispatches on his background and activities.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIk, Folder 1
Dispatches concerning Troianovskii and intercepted letters
addressed to him,
1913-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Box 200
l. Meer Wallach (Maksim Litvinov)
Scope and Contents note
Maksim Litvinov (Wallach, "Papasha," "Feliks") became a member of the
Social Democratic Party in 1898. He traveled throughout Europe and was a
key figure in the attempts by the revolutionaries to change 500 ruble
bank notes obtained in the Tiflis holdup. Litvinov was also very active
in smuggling operations of the revolutionaries supplying revolutionaries
in Russia with weapons.
The documents on Litvinov are arranged in chronological order in both
folders and consist of outgoing and incoming dispatches as well as raw
reports from agents in the field. They cover Litvinov's gunrunning
activities, his attempts to exchange 500 ruble bank notes stolen in
Tiflis, and his involvement in a bomb-making workshop. Also included are
several copies of intercepted letters from Litvinov. On Litvinov's
participation in arms smuggling and "expropriation" banditries, also see
XXIVh and XXVc.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 1
Dispatches, notes and telegrams pertaining to Wallach
(Litvinov)
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2a
Wallach (Litvinov) in Russia,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2b
Methods of transferring money to Wallach (Litvinov) in Berlin
for the purchase of weapons,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2c
Letters from Wallach (Litvinov) concerning money for arms
purchases,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2d
Perlustrated and transcribed letters,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2e
Letters from Wallach (Litvinov) in Brussels on arms
smuggling,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2f
Letters from Litvinov on the purchase of arms to smuggle into
Russia,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2g
Departure for St. Petersburg to raise 30,000 marks for
arms,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2h
Case of security violation in handling information about
Litvinov,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2i
Litvinov's activities in Vienna and Bulgaria,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2j
Report of the Berlin police chief on Wallach
(Litvinov),
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2k
Plans to go to St. Petersburg and Moscow,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2l
Wallach's (Litvinov's) role in changing 500 ruble bank notes
stolen in the Tiflis robbery and attempts by the Russian government
to extradite him to France,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2m
Deportation of Wallach (Litvinov) from France to
England,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2n
Reports from London Okhrana agents on Litvinov as a German
spy,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2o
Litvinov's wartime activities in London,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 2p
Draft report on Litvinov as a German spy,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIl, Folder 4
Reference: For a report on Litvinov's talks with Krassin on
counterfeiting bank notes, 1907, see XXVc, folder 2L
Box 200
m. Leonid Borisovich Krasin
Scope and Contents note
This collection includes three circulars issued by Headquarters, with
photographs, personal data and the revolutionary record of Leonid Krasin
("Nikitich"), dispatches, and a note in German with his address in
Zellendorf, near Berlin.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIm, Folder 1
Okhrana circulars on Krasin ("Nikitich") with photograph,
report on general background, and request for
surveillance,
1909, 1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIm, Folder 2
Krasin's address in Berlin
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIm, Folder 3
Request to interrogate "Nikitich," arrested in Moscow, but
not to expose secret agentura abroad,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIm, Folder 4
Identification of Social Democrat "Vadim" (Postalovskii) as
equal in importance to Nikitich,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIm, Folder 5
Report on Krasin in Paris,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 365
Index XVIIm, Folder 7
Reference: For reprot on Litvinov's talks with Krasin on
counterfeiting bank notes, 1907, see XXVc, folder 2L
Boxes 200-201
n. Other important revolutionaries
Scope and Contents note
This collection is a continuation of the separate file kept by the
Okhrana on revolutionaries whose activities warranted, at one time or
another, special watchfulness. Of significance in this collection are
the mimeographed Headquarters circulars giving a biographic account of
these individuals and their political and police records. Many of the
circulars also attach photographs. Two bound collections of the
circulars are enclosed in Folder 8, together with indices of names.
The entire set in Folders 1 to 6 is arranged in alphabetical order,
with the names listed in the inventory of contents.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 366-368
Circulars and reports in alphabetical order
Index XVIIn, Folder 1
A-F
Access
Available on microfilm reel 366
Scope and Contents note
Includes Agabekov, Akselrod, Akshtein, Akulov, Aleksinskii,
Andrikanis, Argunov, Avksentiev, Babaev, von Bach, Balivich,
Bartenev, Berdo, Bernstein, Birzhishko, Borisov, Braginskii,
Breshkovskaia, Buchholtz, Butkevich, Bychkovskii, Cherevanin,
Chernenkov, Cherniavskii, Chernov (Vladimir), Chicherin,
Chichinadze, Chkheidze, Deich (Deutsch), Dekabrev, Denisenko,
Denisov, Dombrovskii, Donskoi, Dubrovinskii, Durko, Elanchik,
Fabrikant, Fedorov, Feit, Figner,Frolenko, and Fundaminskii.
Index XVIIn, Folder 2
G-K
Access
Available on microfilm reel 366
Scope and Contents note
Includes Gavronskaia, Galkin, Galperin, Gedeonovskii, Gershuni,
Glotov, Goguelia, Goldsmith, Gonecki, Gurvich, Igaev, Il'in,
Iogikhes, Ionov, Izbitskii, Karskii, Karpovich, Khovrin,
Klimova, Kochetkova, Koigen, Kollontai, Komorskii, Kopel'zon,
Kovalenko, Kozlova, Kropotkin, Kudriavstev, and Kukhranov.
Index XVIIn, Folder 3
L
Access
Available on microfilm reel 367
Scope and Contents note
Includes Lagunov, Lanne, Lazarev, Lebedev, Lechenev, Leder,
Levin, Listov, Liubin, Lopatin, Lorinskii, Lukanov (see also
Lechenev), Lunacharskii (Lunacharsky), and Lunkevich.
Index XVIIn, Folder 4
M-P
Access
Available on microfilm reel 367
Scope and Contents note
Includes Maksimov, Malantovich, Malinovskii, Malstev, Mandelstam,
Mankovskii, Martov, Maslov, Mdivani, Medem, Meerovich, Meisner,
Menkes, Medvednikov, Mikelson, Mikhalkovskii, Minor, Moiseenko,
Mokhov, Molochnikov, Mrost, Nakhamkis, Natanson, Naumov,
Nesterovskii, Nikol'skaia, Nosar', Nudel'man, Ovsiannikov,
Ozol', Pelipeiko, Piker, Podwicki, Poletaev, Popov, Portnov,
Potapov, Potresov, and Povilus.
Index XVIIn, Folder 5
R-S
Access
Available on microfilm reel 368
Scope and Contents note
Includes Rabinovich, Rakhmilevich, Rakitnikov, Ramishvili,
Rikhter, Rosenblum, Rozenfeld, Rubanovich, Sasha(?), Seiliger,
Seliuk, Sereda, Serezhnikov, Shantser, Shapiro, Shestakov,
Shishkin, Shishko, Shliapnikov, Shtammer, Shuliatikov, Shweidt,
Sissoev (Sysoev), Skipotis, Skrypnik, Sklowski, Sladkopevtsev,
Slepov, Sletov, Sokolov, Solomonovich, Soskis, Speranskii,
Starynkevich, Starosel'skii, and Stiglis.
Index XVIIn, Folder 6
T-Z
Access
Available on microfilm reel 368
Scope and Contents note
Includes Teplov, Tkachenko, Todorov, Troitskii, Ulianov
(Aleksandr), Vedeniapin, Viazmenskii, Vichenko, Vladimirov,
Vnorovskii, Volkhovskoi, Yanulaitis (Janulaitis), Yudelevskii
(Iudelevskii), Zagorskii, Zamiatin, Zasulich, Zenzinov, and
Zhitomirskii.
Index XVIIn, Folder 7
Dispatches pertaining to important
revolutionaries
Access
Available on microfilm reel 368
Scope and Contents note
Each document refers to two or more persons.
Index XVIIn, Folder 8
Biographic briefs on important revolutionaries
Access
Available on microfilm reel 368
Scope and Contents note
In two bound volumes, these briefs are mainly duplicates of circulars
found in XVIIn, folders 1-6, although some do not appear in other
collections. Each volume includes an index.
Index XVIIn, Folder 9
Lists of revolutionaries marked for intense
surveillance,
1909-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 368
Index XVIIn, Folder 11
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 34, 1903, on
Gershuni's arrest in Kiev, in XIIIc(2), folder 2
Index XVIIn, Folder 12
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 81, 1905, on
Breshkovskaia's arrival in Russia, in XIIIc(2), folder 4
Index XVIIn, Folder 13
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 103, 1905, reporting
that Sletov was arrested attempting to go to Russia, in XIIIc(2),
folder 4
Index XVIIn, Folder 14
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 147, 1905, on
terrorist Goguelia in Geneva, in XIIIc(2), folder 6
Box 201
o. Counter-intelligence of the revolutionaries (to penetrate the
Okhrana)
Scope and Contents note
This folder contains documents (intercepted letters and dispatches) on
suspected revolutionary counter-intelligence agents Trushkovskii,
Zaleski, Sychev, and Bessel. However, the bulk of material on
revolutionary penetration of the Okhrana is located in XXIVc.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIo, Folder 1
Dispatches, intercepted letters, and photographs,
1895-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Scope and Contents note
Topics include the Trushkovskii case, false information on plans to
assassinate the Tsar by Zalesskii, movement of vessels in European
ports, rumors that Burtsev's archives were stolen, and associates of
agent Permiak.
Box 201
p. Preparation for staging the revolution
Scope and Contents note
This subject file contains incoming and outgoing dispatches pertaining to
revolutionary maneuvers in preparation for the revolution in Russia,
covering the period from 1902-1916. The file also includes a printed
Okhrana circular on revolutionary preparations in St. Petersburg (April
1916).
Access
Available on microfilm reels 369-370
Index XVIIp, Folder 1a
Exposure of Weise, consular employee, as a revolutionary
collaborator,
1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1b
Report of a Russian battleship commander about suspicious
vessels encountered near Skagen,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1c
Letter from a Bund representative in Berlin with a telegram
from Durnovo to the Kiev police chief ordering the execution of
revolutionaries,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1d
Dispatch containing an intercepted revolutionary telegram
giving new orders,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1e
On Lopukhin's whereabouts in Europe,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1f
Note that three fighting detachments were kept from leaving
Russia because Burtsev knew of plans to arrest them,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1g
Revolutionary police in Paris,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1h
Propaganda for touring teachers from Russia,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1i
Revolutionary plans to kidnap Okhrana Chief
Garting
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1j
Reports about Burtsev's operations,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1k
On "Ivanov," who exposed 40 Okhrana provocateurs in
Europe,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1l
Secret agent Simanov to be exposed in Russia,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1m
Burtsev's attempts to reveal the composition of the Paris
Okhrana staff and agents,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1n
Bureau of Prisoners of War in Lausanne,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1o
Dissemination of communist propaganda among prisoners of
war,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1p
Preparations for an uprising in the army,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Index XVIIp, Folder 1q
Situation report on revolutionary preparations in St.
Petersburg,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Boxes 201-205, 242
r. Revolutionary press
Scope and Contents note
The extensive collection on the revolutionary press abroad contains no
full collection of any of the periodical publications but a good
sampling of all. It was a standard intelligence collection requirement
to dispatch to Headquarters, in multiple copies, all hostile
publications; and the copies of the weekly letters of transmittal of
printed matter would indicate that the emphasis was on supplying the
home office rather than retaining all the samples in Paris.
Folders 5 and 7 under this index contain numerous dispatches on the
revolutionary press in general, reviews of its growth and extent of
influence, friction caused by editorial policies, shifting political
influences, endless revolutionary polemics, and the like. Many of these
papers deal with individual publications, political controls, and the
development of Marxist editors. Ilia Erenburg is first mentioned among
these in a dispatch of 1910. The dispatches are arranged in a
chronological order, while the printed materials are listed individually
as to the numbers or dates of the issues included.
Boxes 201-205,
242
(1) Abroad
Access
Available on microfilm reels 369-374
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 1a
Budushchee,
1912-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Scope and Contents note
Contains issues no. 40 and 44.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 1b
Darkest Russia,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Scope and Contents note
Contains vol. II, no. 77.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 1c
Dimineata,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Scope and Contents note
Contains no. 3763.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 1d
Free Russia,
1898,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Scope and Contents note
Contains vol. 9, no. 2 and an incomplete copy of October
1909.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 1e
Golos,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Scope and Contents note
Contains nos. 6-32, 35, 37-39, 43, 71-86, 91, 93-100, and
108.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 1f
Golos sotsialdemokrata (edition
for smuggling),
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Scope and Contents note
Nos. 1-2 and 4-5.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 2a
Golos truda,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Scope and Contents note
Contains nos. 1-17.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 2b
Golos truda
(cont'd.),
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 369
Scope and Contents note
Contains nos. 21, 24, 29-31, 33, 38, 40, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51,
55, and 59-61.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 3a
Il libertario,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Scope and Contents note
Contains nos. 491-492 and 494.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 3b
Listok,
1913 May
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 3c
Mysl',
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Scope and Contents note
Contains no. 13.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 3d
Nachalo,
1916-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Scope and Contents note
Contains nos. 14-15, 95, and 117.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 3e
Nash golos,
1914-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Scope and Contents note
Contains nos. 1-5 and 87.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 3f
Parizhskii vestnik,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 3g
Prizyv,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Scope and Contents note
Contains nos. 27, 32-33, 47, and 50.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 3h
Proletarii,
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Scope and Contents note
Contains nos. 36, 42-44, and 50. Some issues are printed on
tissue paper suitable for smuggling.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 3i
Russkii vestnik,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Scope and Contents note
Contains no. 126.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 3j
Sila i pravo,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Scope and Contents note
Contains no. 1.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 3k
Zagranichnie
otkliki
,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Scope and Contents note
Contains no. 22.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 4a
Zhizn' (Paris),
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Scope and Contents note
Contains nos. 1, 2, 4-38, and 41-62.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 4b
Zhizn' (Geneva),
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 370
Scope and Contents note
Contains nos. 3-7 and 26.
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 4c
Znamia truda
(Geneva),
1909-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Scope and Contents note
Contains nos. 1909-1914.
Pamphlets, leaflets, and other materials
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 4d
Doloi tsaria, by Vladimir
Burtsev, published in London,
1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 4e
Batumskaia Boinia by the
Socialist Revolutionaries,
1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 4f
Graf L.N. Tolstoi i rabochii
narod
,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 4g
Reprints from
Byloe in
pamphlet form,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 4h
Krest'ianskoe
zemlirasstroistvo
,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 4i
Appeal of the Socialist Revolutionary and Social
Democratic parties to Russian workers,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 4j
Clipping from the newspaper
Russkie vedomosti containing a review of a book
about Rasputin,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5a
Leaflets issued by anti-defeatists and
monarchists,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5b
Appeal to the Russian proletariat by the Geneva
Socialist Group marking the anniversary of January
9,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5c
Pour la Paix des
Peuples
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5d
Revoliutsionnie dni v
Petrograde
, by V. Chernov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5e
Russian Free Press Fund pamphlets from
London,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5f
Vsem pnoteanym russkago
tsaria
,
1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5g
Editorial policy of
Free
Russia
in English and Russian,
1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5h
Russian Free Press Fund leaflets from
London,
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5i
Report on plans to publish Russian revolutionary
propaganda in German in
Russische
Zustaénde
,
1895
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5j
Report on the organization of a "flying squad" to
deliver revolutionary propaganda to Russia,
1899
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5k
Headquarters request for more vigilance in
intercepting and reporting shipments of revolutionary
propaganda,
1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5l
Bulletins of various revolutionary groups,
1901-1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5m
Sionizm i interesy evreiskago
proletariata
(Zionism and Interests of the Hebrew
Proletariat),
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5n
Booklets and pamphlets in Yiddish published by
Abraham Nathanson in London,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5o
Iskra, vol. III, no.
54
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5p
Report on anarchist plans to publish an "Anarchist
Almanac" in Geneva,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 5q
Various dispatches concerning publications and
editors,
1907-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 371
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6a
Dispatches on the revolutionary periodicals
Golos,
Mysl', and
Nashe
slovo
,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6b
Roster of members of the editorial board of the Paris
newspaper
Mysl'
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6c
Dispatches on the publication and closing of the
Paris newspaper
Mysl',
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6d
Report on the newspapers
Nashe
slovo
and
Zhizn',
published in the place of
Golos
and
Mysl',
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6e
Report on the Paris newspaper
Nashe ekho,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6f
Report on the Paris newspaper
L'Echo de Russie,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6g
Report on the newspaper
Zhizn',
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6h
French translation of Martov's article in
Le noveau monde,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6i
Survey of contents of the revolutionary
press,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6j
Headquarters survey of revolutionary publications
abroad,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6k
Report on the closing of the New York newspaper
Volia,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6l
Report explaining the closure of the New York
newspaper
Golos
truda
,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6m
History of the newspapers
Nashe
slovo
,
Golos, and
other émigré newspapers in French,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6n
Brief on the Russian revolutionary press in
Paris,
1915-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6o
Report on
Nashe
slovo
,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6p
Report in French on the revolutionary press abroad to
the Army General Staff,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6q
On the banning of the revolutionary daily
Nashe slovo as a pro-German
newspaper,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6r
Nachalo (Paris daily), vol. 1,
no. 69,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6s
Reports from
Nashe
slovo
, edited by Trotsky, proving that the paper is
pro-German,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6t
List of the collaborators of the newspaper
Golos in Paris,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6u
Lists of revolutionary publications up to
1913,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6v
Leaflet,
Chto delaietsia v
Sibiri?
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 6w
List of Social Democratic publications until
1900
Access
Available on microfilm reel 372
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 7
Dispatches, notes, and reports pertaining to the
revolutionary press abroad,
1886-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reels 372-374
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 8
List of revolutionary publications,
1912-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 374
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 9
V pomoshch,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 374
Scope and Contents note
Includes nos. 1 (in Yiddish) and 3-5 (in Russian).
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 10
The Worker's Friend,
1915 March-July
Access
Available on microfilm reel 374
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 11
Materialy dlia istorii russkogo
Sotsial'no Revolutiutsionnogo dvizheniia
,
Geneva,
1896
Access
Available on microfilm reel 374
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 12
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 13
Reference: See the operational card index file for a
list of revolutionary and other publications
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 14
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 15
Reference: See letters from London with French
translations from
Free Russia,
The Anglo-Russian, and
other pro-revolutionary newspapers, 1891-1902, in
XIIIa
Index XVIIr(1), Folder 16
Reference: See agent Farce's reports from London,
1901-1906, for French translations of articles in
Free Russia and other
publications, in VIk, folder 23
Box 242
Various oversize material
Box 205
(2) In Russia
Scope and Contents note
The batch of dispatches in this folder relates mostly to intercepted
letters of the revolutionaries, discussing the underground press in
various parts of Russia. No examples of clandestine publications are
included. The collection of printed materials at the end of the
folder carries dates after the termination of the Okhrana. These
posters and leaflets with Lenin's and Trotsky's proclamations must
have been added to the files by the Investigation Commission of
1917-1918.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1a
Documents (mostly dispatches on intercepted letters)
pertaining to the revolutionary press in Russia,
1899-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1b
Letter from Kiev to Switzerland describing a primitive
mimeographing method,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1c
Clandestine printing shop in Warsaw,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1d
Letter from Kiev to Elsa Beer in Vienna on the effect of
Social Democratic propaganda on industrial workers in
Russia,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1e
Publication of the Moscow Social Democratic periodical
Proletariat,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1f
Plans of Bilit, Argunov, Voronov, and others to publish
revolutionary periodical in Baku,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1g
Irkutsk Social Democratic organ
Sibir',
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1h
Poster titled "Land Law" signed by the Chairman of the
Council of Peoples' Commissars Vladimir,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1i
Poster issued by the Military-Revolutionary Committee
concerning supplies for front-line troops,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1j
"Down with the Bolsheviks," an article published by the
Petersburg Regional Committee of Bolsheviks condemning their
opposition
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1k
"An die deutschen Soldaten," a leaflet signed by Ulianov
(Lenin) and Trotsky
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1l
"Decree for Peace," a leaflet in Belorussian (Belarusian)
adopted at a session of the All-Russia Meeting of Workers,
Peasants, and Soldiers Deputies Council,
1917 October 26
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1m
Tolstoy's short play
Ot nei vse
kachestva
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1n
Political cartoon
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 1o
Mir narodov in German
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Scope and Contents note
Nos. 1 and 3 of the periodical published by the Council of
Workers, Soldiers, and Peasants' Deputies in St. Petersburg for
distribution among German troops.
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 3
Reference: See the operational card index file for a list
of revolutionary and other publications in Russia and
abroad
Index XVIIr(2), Folder 4
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 113, November 25,
1904, on the organization of a large underground printing plant
by the Russian Socialist Democratic Workers Party in Odessa, in
XIIIc(2), folder 4
Box 205
s. Liaison with European and American revolutionaries
Scope and Contents note
The earliest documents in these folders date back to 1893. It is evident,
however, that liaison of Russians with various Western revolutionaries
had existed for many preceding years. The philosophic and ideological
background for the movement was Western; and the contacts furnished
considerable material and political support. All this concerned the
Okhrana abroad. In addition to engaging the leftist press of France and
all other European countries, the Russian revolutionaries also succeeded
in gaining support from the liberal and leftist parliamentarians of
France, Italy, another countries. Added to the attacks in the press,
propaganda was channeled through parliamentary interpellations to the
general public.
These papers give also the proceedings of the various international
conferences of the Socialists, Russian attendance and liaison, a report
on the French "Confédération générale du travail," and a review, in
long-hand, of George Kennan's association with the Russian
revolutionaries.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 376
Index XVIIs, Folder 1
Documents pertaining to Russian revolutionary liaison with
European revolutionaries,
1903-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIs, Folder 2
Specific cases involving liaison with British and French
revolutionaries; record of the French socialist defense of
Rips,
1893-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 376
Index XVIIs, Folder 3
Liaison with Swiss and Belgian revolutionaries;
Bittard-Monin's report on the connection between Russian
revolutionaries and the French press; reports on Russian socialists
in America; on Bulgarian revolutionaries; the Internationale
Sozialistische Kommission zu Bern,
1911-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 376
Index XVIIs, Folder 4
Report in French on the Confédération générale du travail;
pacifist movements among European socialists and Social
Democrats,
1903-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 376
Box 205
t. Access to the foreign press
Scope and Contents note
The file contains documents covering the period from 1894 to 1917. On the
whole, the Russian revolutionaries abroad had comparatively easy access
to the foreign press through some of their most articulate
representatives such as Burtsev, Gorky, Bakai, Agafonov, Savinkov, and
Viktor Chernov. The bulk of material planted by Russian revolutionaries
in the foreign periodical press dealt with sensational exposes of
conditions in Russia. Burtsev utilized the foreign press for the purpose
of rousing public opinion and governmental interest in the existence of
Russian secret police in France, the background of Okhrana Chief
Garting, and the famous leader of a revolutionary fighting organization,
Evno Azef. The foreign press was also used to arouse public opinion
during the Rips and Beilis trials. It is also revealed that the
revolutionaries used such newspapers as the
New
York Times
and the New York
American in their propaganda campaigns in this country. The
press in Italy, Britain, America, Germany, and Switzerland was exploited
for revolutionary purposes. The documents found in the Okhrana archives
on the revolutionary access to the foreign press indicate that this was
a source of perpetual concern and harassment to the Okhrana. (Also see
Index Numbers XXIVe, XXVIIa, and XXVIIb for information on this
subject.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIt, Folder 1
Dispatches concerning revolutionary use of the foreign press;
Russian translations of Burtsev's articles in the French press;
report on Burtsev's plan for a press campaign against the Russian
police; press used by French socialists during the Rips trial; list
of newspaper clippings in the Okhrana archives,
1894-1917
Box 205
u. Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Joseph Stalin)
Scope and Contents note
The documents on Dzhugashvili (Chapur, Koba, Soso, Stalin) found in the
Okhrana archives cover the period from 1911-1912 and consist of four
official Okhrana reports on Dzhugashvili, an Okhrana circular on that
individual, and a copy of an intercepted letter from Stalin in exile to
Moscow.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIu, Folder 1
Four Okhrana background reports on Dzhugashvili (Stalin), one
circular, and a copy of an intercepted letter from Dzhugashvili
(Stalin), in exile, to Moscow,
1911-1912
Boxes 205-207
XVIII. Revolutionary groups of national minorities of the Russian
Empire
Boxes 205-206
a. The Jewish Bund
Scope and Contents note
The Russian Jewish leftist party, the Bund, was both Marxist and
nationalist, hence popular among the Jewish working class. Its close
ties with Jewish workers in Western Europe, the United States, and
Canada brought the activities of this party under constant surveillance
by the Paris Okhrana.
Folders 1 and 2 contain 317 dispatches exchanged between
Headquarters and the Paris Office intelligence on the Bund leaders,
their movements and activities, and intercepted letters, which gave the
Okhrana inside information on the Bund's growing popularity. The flow of
intercepted mail ebbed to a trickle in 1905 and the Paris Office had to
intensify surveillance, including the penetration of the Bund. There are
numerous documents pertaining to the Bund's publications (
Bund,
Arbeiterstimme,
Jewish Worker)
in Yiddish and Polish until 1906, when the Central Committee resolved to
issue only one daily newspaper.
Folders 3 and 4 include for the most part Paris reports on meetings,
conventions and contacts with the Russian Social Democratic Workers
Party. After the 4th Congress of the Jewish Workers' Union, the Jewish
proletariat and many students were under the ideological influence of
the Bund. The Zionist movement was not only opposed but even attacked by
the Bund as the "reaction of the bourgeoisie." The liquidation of the
Bund Central Committee in Russia in 1913 put the onus of surveillance of
the Central Bureau and the Party's Committee Abroad on the Paris Office.
Hence numerous detailed reports on meetings and all activities of the
Bund were dispatched to Headquarters after that date.
There is also a translation of John Radcliffe's publication, in which he
quotes a homily delivered by a "prominent rabbi" in 1916. A report
discusses the strongly pro-German speech made in January 1916 by V.
Kossovskii in the larger cities of Switzerland.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 375, 377-378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 1
Dispatches on the activities of the Bund and its leaders in
general and intercepted mail,
1902-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 375
Index XVIIIa, Folder 2
Dispatches on the activities of the Bund and its leaders in
general and intercepted mail (cont'd.),
1913-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3a
Resolutions of the 4th General Jewish Trade Union in Russia
and Poland,
1901
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3b
Intelligence summary giving the organization principles of
the Bund,
1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3c
Transfer of the Bund's printing shop from London to
Geneva,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3d
Report on Kokochinskii,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3e
International society of Bund representatives in Basel
engaged in purchasing landowners' estates in Russia,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3f
Activities of the Amalgamated Organization of Workers'
"Fereins,"
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3g
Circular letter no. 111 of the Central Bureau of Workers'
"Ferein" groups,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3h
Circular letter of the Amalgamated Organization of Workers'
"Fereins,"
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3i
Okhrana chart of the structure of the Bund,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3j
Roster of members of the Bund Central Committee,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3k
Report on a Bund conference in Lemberg,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3l
Eighth Conference of the Bund (RSDWP),
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3m
Report of the Warsaw Committee of the Bund to the Central and
Foreign Committees,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3n
Review of revolutionary activities in Switzerland,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3o
Roster of members of the Foreign Committee of the Bund in
Geneva,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3p
Expanded meeting of the Bund Central Committee in
Warsaw,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3q
Report on the current state of affairs of the
Bund,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3r
Bund in New York: committee for a fund-raising
drive,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3s
Report on current activities of the Bund,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3t
Bund activity in various cities in the Russian
empire,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3u
Resolution of the Bund Central Committee Abroad,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3v
Vienna Conference of the Central and Foreign
Committees,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3w
Ninth Bund Conference in Vienna,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3x
Operations of the Amalgamated Organization of Workers'
"Fereins,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3y
Circular letter no. 145 of the Amalgamated Organization of
Workers' "Fereins,"
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 3z
Circular letter no. 147 of the Amalgamated Organization of
Workers' "Fereins"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 377
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4a
Circular letter no. 148 of the Amalgamated Organization of
Workers' "Fereins"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4b
Expanded conference of the Central and Foreign Committees in
Vienna,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4c
Current political activities of the Bund,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4d
Circular letter no. 150 of the Amalgamated Workers'
"Fereins,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4e
Circular letter of the Amalgamated Workers'
"Fereins,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4f
Geneva conference of the Central Bureau of the Amalgamated
Workers' "Fereins,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4g
Circular letter no. 152 of the Amalgamated Workers'
"Fereins,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4h
Bund on the Beilis trial,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4i
Circular letter no. 155 of the Amalgamated Workers'
"Fereins,"
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4j
Revolutionaries in Belgium,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4k
Ninth Conference of the Amalgamated Organization of Workers'
"Fereins" in Geneva,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4l
Circular letter no. 156 of the Amalgamated Organization of
Workers' "Fereins,"
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4m
Conference of United Jewish Unions abroad,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4n
Circular letter no. 157 of the Amalgamated Organization of
Workers' "Fereins"
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4o
Circular letter no. 159 of the Amalgamated Organization of
Workers' "Fereins,"
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4p
Bund organizations in Russia,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4q
Boston conference of the Jewish Socialist
Federation,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4r
Formation of the Jewish-Socialist Agitation Committee in New
York,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4s
Socialist Revolutionary P. Rutenberg sent to America to
convene a Jewish congress,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4t
Geneva Conference of the Bund Foreign Committee,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4u
Text of a sermon allegedly delivered by a rabbi on the
destiny of the Jews,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4v
Current activities of the Bund,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4w
Bund Committee Abroad's report at the 2nd International
Socialist Congress at Kienthal,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 4x
Bund organizations abroad,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 5
Pamphlets, newspaper clippings, agent reports, and mail
referring to Bund publications and activities
Access
Available on microfilm reel 378
Index XVIIIa, Folder 7
Reference: See operational card index file for references to
the Bund
Index XVIIIa, Folder 8
Reference: See "Review of Parties Affiliated with the Russian
Social Democratic Workers' Party" in XVIb(60, folder 1
Index XVIIIa, Folder 9
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 8, 1902, on
resolutions of the 5th Bund Conference, in XIIIc(2), folder
1
Box 206
b. The Zionist movement
Scope and Contents note
The Zionist movement started in Poland in 1897 and spread rapidly
throughout the world. Its prime aim being the awakening of national
pride among Jews and its final goal the regaining of Palestine by the
Jews, the movement gained the support of wealthy Jews of Western
European countries and the United States. The Paris Okhrana surveiled at
close quarters the activities of Zionists outside Russia, their
meetings, publications, and leaders.
The documents in Folder 1 include a report on the formation in London
of a progressive group called the Zionist-Socialists (1901), which
cooperated with the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party; a report on
currents existing within the Zionist organization; a report in August
1913 on the formation of the "World Union of Jews," initiated at
Frankfurt-am-Main and recruiting members from among wealthy Jews and
intellectuals; a report on the Poale Zion Congress in Cracow in October
1913; and a lengthy dispatch to Headquarters in January 1915 informing
on Germans seeking contacts with Zionist leaders in Berlin and Cologne,
promising the liberation of Jews in Russia and Poland and help for
Palestine by a victorious Germany against Jewish cooperation in
defeating the Allies; reports on the activities of the Zionists in the
international field, especially in the United States; report on the
Zionist student organisation Gehaver; and numerous circulars issued by
Headquarters.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIb, Folder 1
Dispatches concerning the Zionist movement and its leaders,
conferences, Zionist Socialists, Po'alei Zion, Agudos Israel,
etc.,
1901-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIb, Folder 2a
Miscellaneous papers, circulars, and reports on the Zionist
movement,
1897-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIb, Folder 2b
Zionism and the Jewish labor movement, an Okhrana brief for
the use of its officers and agents,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIb, Folder 2c
Basel conference of Zionist delegates from Russia prior to
the opening of the 10th Zionist Congress,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIb, Folder 2d
Report on the 10th Zionist Congress in Basel,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIb, Folder 2e
Circular report on the 11th Congress in Vienna,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIb, Folder 2f
Report on the pro-German tendency in Zionism,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIb, Folder 2g
Circular on the Zionist organization Gehaver,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIb, Folder 2h
Circular on the All-Russian Zionist Congress in
Moscow,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIb, Folder 2i
Proposed congress of Zionists in New York,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIb, Folder 2j
Zionist organization Gehaver,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIb, Folder 4
Reference: See the operational card index file for references
to Zionist organizations
Box 206
c. Jewish émigré problems for Russian security abroad
Scope and Contents note
All Jewish organizations, whether at home or abroad, created problems for
the Russian authorities, due to the vast contacts they had with the
world's Jewish circles. The pogroms and deportations of Jews and the
much publicized Beilis case had caused reaction abroad supported by many
Jewish revolutionaries emigrating from Russia. All this was placing the
Russian government under constant fire of criticism and demanded a keen
vigilance from the Paris Okhrana. The file consists of four folders
containing dispatches exchanged between Okhrana Headquarters and the
Paris Office, miscellaneous documents, copies of
The Worker's Friend and copies of
V
Pomoshch.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIc, Folder 1
Incoming and outgoing dispatches,
1898-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIc, Folder 2
Jewish propaganda pamphlets and statutes of Jewish student
associations,
1889-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIc, Folder 3
Newspaper clippings on the Beilis trial
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIc, Folder 4
Issues of
The Workers' Friend,
published in London, and
V
pomoshch
,
1905-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 379
Index XVIIIc, Folder 6
Reference: See Agent Farce's reports from London, 1902-1906,
in VIK, folder 23
Index XVIIIc, Folder 7
Reference: See booklets and pamphlets in Yiddish, London,
1903, in XVIIr(1)
Box 207
d. Activities in America: finances for Jewish
movements
Scope and Contents note
Jewish immigrants from Russia, especially those of leftist affiliations,
organized the Russian-Jewish Revolutionary Union in New York as early as
1899. They sought both moral and financial support for the similar
movement in their former homeland. Bund activities in the United States
preceded other Jewish activities, and in April 1914 the Federation of
Jewish Socialist Workers, organized by emissaries of the Russian Social
Democratic Workers Party, counted 92,000 members.
Conditions created by World War I permitted the Jewish groups of all
political orientations to intensify their activities, and Okhrana
agents, supplied detailed information on movements of Jewish leaders and
publica- tions and the work of their organizations. Among numerous
reports, there are references to money received by two Jewish editors
from the Germans for an anti-Russian propaganda campaign (April 1915),
plans for the formation of a Jewish Legion for the occupation of
Palestine (August 1915) and a congress of American Zionists in Boston
(August 1916).
Access
Available on microfilm reels 379-380
Index XVIIId, Folder 1
Dispatches, notes, and intercepted mail,
1899-1916
Index XVIIId, Folder 2a
Jewish Socialist Labor Federation in New York,
1914
Index XVIIId, Folder 2b
Agent Bint's report on the foundation of a National Jewish
League in New York,
1915
Index XVIIId, Folder 2c
Philadelphia conference of the Jewish Socialist Federation in
America,
1915
Index XVIIId, Folder 2d
National Workers Conference in New York,
1915
Index XVIIId, Folder 2e
Bund conference in honor of A. Litvin,
1915
Index XVIIId, Folder 2f
New York Bund meeting in memory of "Bloody
Sunday,"
1915
Index XVIIId, Folder 4
Reference: See the operational card index file for references
to Jewish organizations in America and Europe
Boxes 207-209
XIX. Polish revolutionaries
Scope and Contents note
The Polish revolutionaries were organized mainly in the Social Democratic
Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, which cooperated closely with
the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party. Until their center of
activities was transferred from the Kingdom of Poland to Galicia, the P.S.P.
activities were under the surveillance of the Warsaw Okhrana. As the leaders
fled abroad (London, 1895), they became targets of the Paris Okhrana.
Prior to World War I, there were no important centers of Polish revolutionary
activities outside of Russian Poland and Austrian Galicia, although Polish
delegates attended conventions of the Russian Social Democratic Workers
Party abroad. It is the reports on these instances that make the Polish file
of the Paris Okhrana. During the war, the activities of Polish leftist and
conservative leaders were concentrated in Switzerland.
This collection is grouped roughly on early insurgents, the revolutionary
underground, and leaders. However, no clear-cut separation by topics is
possible, and the researcher in any phase of the Polish revolutionary
movement may find it necessary to consult all the folders under this
index.
The materials on early Polish revolutionaries are assembled mostly in Folders
Nos. 1 to 4, the first one presenting a comprehensive coverage of the
Padlewski case (the murder of General Seliverstov), and the subsequent ones
on Polish revolutionaries in London and Paris, including much confiscated
materials, letters and codes of 1890, and the reports of Polish agents of
the Okhrana.
The documents on Joézef Pilsudski and other important revolutionary leaders
are in Folders 5, 6, and 11. More material on the leaders can be culled
from Folders 10, 12, and 13, containing dispatches, circulars, and
other memoranda on Polish youth activities, student groups revolutionary and
terrorist organizations, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 380-384
Index XIX, Folder 1
The Padlewski case (murder of General Seliverstov),
1890-1893
Access
Available on microfilm reel 380
Scope and Contents note
Includes newspaper clippings and a bound collection of documents
concerning the assassin and fellow conspirators.
Index XIX, Folder 2
Miscellaneous reports,
1889-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 380
Scope and Contents note
Topics include: individuals active in the Polish Socialist Party; Polish
émigrés in Paris; Polish revolutionaries in exile; revolutionary codes
confiscated from Rapaport's apartment; letters and code in Polish found
in Mendelsohn's apartment; notes on Petrova confiscated from Polish
revolutionaries; confiscated Reinstein papers; Stepanov's notes; notes
and code confiscated at Sawitski's arrest. Also includes a code book.
Index XIX, Folder 3
Letters in Polish,
1887-1890
Access
Available on microfilm reel 380
Scope and Contents note
Includes those confiscated from Mendelsohn's apartment.
Index XIX, Folder 4
Reports of Polish agents to the Okhrana in Paris,
1892-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 380
Scope and Contents note
Reports by Wietrzyk and Bilewicz from London; Malankiewicz (Wierzbicki)
and Rzondtza (Gruszewski) from Paris; M. Rakowski ("Polish Azef"); and
an anonymous informer.
Index XIX, Folder 5
Circulars, dispatches and other materials on Pilsudski and other
Polish leaders,
1893-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 381
Scope and Contents note
Includes correspondence of the Grabski brothers in 1893.
Index XIX, Folder 6
Dispatches and other notes on Polish leaders concerning their
activities and contacts with Russian revolutionaries,
1891-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 381
Index XIX, Folder 7
Intercepted letters forward in dispatches to
Headquarters,
1894-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 382
Index XIX, Folder 8
Dispatches concerning Polish revolutionary and patriotic
publications,
1896-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 382
Index XIX, Folder 9
Polish issues in the foreign press: leaflets, clippings and
galley proofs
Access
Available on microfilm reel 382
Index XIX, Folder 10
Dispatches and other materials on Polish youth
activities,
1914-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 382
Scope and Contents note
Subjects include the Union of Polish Progressive Youth; Spojnia; Sokol
and Strzelec; Zycie in Lvov; Concordia in Leipzig; the Polish Alliance
of Revolutionary Youth; Independent Progressive Youth; Polonia in Munch;
the Polish Catholic League; and Polish children in Paris.
Index XIX, Folder 11
Activities of Polish leaders in the international field for
independent Poland,
1910-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 383
Scope and Contents note
Includes dispatches and circulars relating to political orientation of
Polish leaders and their actions in Allied and Central Powers camps.
Index XIX, Folder 12
Dispatches on Polish revolutionary organizations and the
independence movement,
1894-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reels 383-384
Scope and Contents note
Includes an 88-page summary prepared by Okhrana Headquarters in 1909.
Index XIX, Folder 13
Dispatches and notes on Polish terrorists, anarchists, and
socialists,
1894-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 384
Scope and Contents note
Includes materials on contacts between the Polish Socialist Party and the
Bund and a copy of
Bulletin juif from
January 1917.
Index XIX, Folder 14
Miscellaneous letters, books, and other materials,
1893-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 384
Scope and Contents note
Includes a drawing of a hand grenade, unidentified letters and notes,
copy of the
Illustrated Polish Weekly from
1915, stamps issued by the Polish Committee for Independence; and an
appeal in Russian for support of the Social Democratic Party from 1893.
Books include
Russisch-polnische
Beziehungen
(1893),
Czego chca?
socyaliséci?
(1902),
Syberya
(translation from Kennan); and
Listy
ulotne
. Newspapers include
Polonia
(no. 10, 1917);
Naprzód (nos. 31 and 51,
1904); and
Robotnicza Solidarnosc.
Index XIX, Folder 16
Reference: See the operational index file for references to
Polish national organizations
Index XIX, Folder 17
Reference: For a review of parties affiliated with the Russian
Social Democratic Workers' Party, 1910, see XVIb(6)
Index XIX, Folder 18
Reference: For intelligence summary no. 63, December 11, 1903,
for a survey of the Polish socialist movement in Galicia and elsewhere,
in XIIIc(2), folder 3
Index XIX, Folder 19
Reference: For intelligence summary no. 81, December 11, 1904, on
activities of the Polish organization Liga Narodowa, see XIIIc(2),
folder 4
Index XIX, Folder 20
Reference: For letters and raw reports from various agents in
London in French, Polish, and Russian )and particularly letters on
Dembski and others in the 1890s, see XIIIa
Index XIX, Folder 21
Reference: See Agent Farce's reports from London, 1902-1906, in
VIk, folder 23
Box 209
XX. Armenian groups
Scope and Contents note
The first mention of Armenian activity abroad appears in the Paris Okhrana
files in a draft report referring to "Young Armenia," a student organization
dating back to 1894 and to the existence of an Armenian Social Democratic
group in London. It underlines the characteristic feature of all Armenian
organizations, namely their prevailing nationalism, which Russian leftist
groups considered untimely and incongruous with the revolutionary cause. The
report also gives data on Armenian revolutionary publications (
Gaapara,
Gnchak,
Mshak,
Murcha), Armenian leaders active abroad and their contacts with
leftist elements, of Western Europe. Prince Viktor I. Nakashidze, an
anarchist, stands out as a strong supporter of the Armenian movement, as do
Mikhail Tsereteli, Georgii Dekanozi, Viktor Gogeliani, etc. Agent reports of
May 1907 give information on Georgians residing in Switzerland and Paris.
Reports from Headquarters send data on one of the most important Armenian
organizations -- the Dashnaktsutyun (Dashnakts'ut'iwn) -- and its leaders
(November 1907) publications (March 1908), and activities. Other reports in
this folder deal with the Droshakists, "Independent Georgia," Armenians in
Turkey, the Party of Unity and Progress, the Dashnaktsutyun by countries,
including America, Armenian student groups, terrorist plans, etc.
Folder 2 contains a collection of clippings on Turkish atrocities
committed against the Armenians, an Okhrana Headquarters brief on the
Caucasian revolutionary movement, a report on the Dashnaktsutyun congress in
Constantinople, Armenian revolutionary publications, resolutions adopted by
the Armenian Social Democratic Party "Gnchak," the student union of
Dashnakists in Paris and Berlin, and the agenda of the Vlllth Dashnaktsutyun
congress in Erzerum.
a. Organization and newspapers, nationalist and
socialist
Scope and Contents note
The first mention of Armenian activity abroad appears in the Paris
Okhrana files in a draft report referring to "Young Armenia," a student
organization dating back to 1894 and to the existence of an Armenian
Social Democratic group in London. It underlines the characteristic
feature of all Armenian organizations, namely their prevailing
nationalism, which Russian leftist groups considered untimely and
incongruous with the revolutionary cause. The report also gives data on
Armenian revolutionary publications (
Gaapara,
Gnchak,
Mshak,
Murcha),
Armenian leaders active abroad and their contacts with leftist elements,
of Western Europe. Prince Viktor I. Nakashidze, an anarchist, stands out
as a strong supporter of the Armenian movement, as do Mikhail Tsereteli,
Georgii Dekanozi, Viktor Gogeliani, etc. Agent reports of May 1907 give
information on Georgians residing in Switzerland and Paris. Reports from
Headquarters send data on one of the most important Armenian
organizations -- the Dashnaktsutyun (Dashnakts'ut'iwn) -- and its
leaders (November 1907) publications (March 1908), and activities. Other
reports in this folder deal with the Droshakists, "Independent Georgia,"
Armenians in Turkey, the Party of Unity and Progress, the Dashnaktsutyun
by countries, including America, Armenian student groups, terrorist
plans, etc.
Folder 2 contains a collection of clippings on Turkish atrocities
committed against the Armenians, an Okhrana Headquarters brief on the
Caucasian revolutionary movement, a report on the Dashnaktsutyun
congress in Constantinople, Armenian revolutionary publications,
resolutions adopted by the Armenian Social Democratic Party "Gnchak,"
the student union of Dashnakists in Paris and Berlin, and the agenda of
the Vlllth Dashnaktsutyun congress in Erzerum.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 385-386
Index XXa, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to Armenian revolutionary groups at
home and abroad,
1894-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reels 385-386
Index XXa, Folder 2
Briefs, reviews, reports and circulars for briefing on
Armenian revolutionary groups,
1909-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 386
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on revolutionary parties in Caucasus (1909);
socialists in Georgia (1909); and Dashnak, Gnchak, and other groups
in various countries abroad.
Index XXa, Folder 4
Reference: See operational card index file for references to
the Dashnaktsutyun Party
Index XXa, Folder 5
Reference: For Agent Kaplun's reports on Georgians in
Switzerland, see IIIf, folder 21
Index XXa, Folder 6
Reference: For Agent Farce's reports from London, 1902-1906,
see VIk, folder 23
b. Intelligence in connection with Tiflis robbery
Scope and Contents note
The Tiflis robbery, a major, but only one of a series of revolutionary
operations, was obviously instigated from abroad by Litvinov, Krasin,
and other Leninists, while the attack itself was perpetrated by the
local Armenian and Georgian revolutionary terrorists. The first 22
documents in this collection are general or minor reports on this act of
"expropriation". The subsequent six reports relate to Litvinov's
participation, the arrest of ringleader Kamo in Berlin, and the
revolutionary attempts to place in circulation the 500 ruble bank notes
from the Tiflis holdup.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 386
Index XXb, Folder 1
Dispatches and notes relating to intelligence in connection
with the robbery by revolutionaries in Tiflis,
1905-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 386
Index XXb, Folder 2
Reports on Litvinov's party of "expropriators," Kamo's arrest
in Berlin, a list of Armenian "expropriators," and revolutionaries
marketing stolen 500 ruble bank notes. Also includes clippings from
Bulgarian newspapers,
1906-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 386
Box 209
XXI. Finnish revolutionaries
Scope and Contents note
In 1899 Headquarters instructed the Paris Office to surveil in London the
activity of the "Committee on Finland," presided over by Harold Perrot. From
this date on, Finnish matters, especially smuggling arms and clandestine
publications to Finland, continued to enter the agenda of the Paris Okhrana.
Folder 1 contains a general collection of intelligence dispatches on the
subject. The documents in Folder 2 deal with specific subjects: Konni
Zilliacus and the northern route for arms smuggling to Finland and Russia, a
brief on the political situation in Finland (1909), a circular about German
support of the Finnish independence movement, etc.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 386
Index XXI, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to Finnish revolutionary
activities,
1899-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 386
Index XXI, Folder 2
Miscellaneous dispatches and reports,
1904-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 386
Scope and Contents note
Topics include surveillance of Zilliaeus, Finnish agitators, the Northern
underground for arms smuggling, a brief on the political situation in
Finland, agitation among university youth, and independence movements in
Finland supported by Germany.
Index XXI, Folder 4
Reference: See VIIIc for reports on the Finnish movement
(1916)
Box 210
XXII. Latvians and Lithuanians
Scope and Contents note
The main reason in placing Latvian and Lithuanian revolutionary groups in the
same file was their regional affiliation. (They are referred to by the
Russian authorities as the "Baltic Provinces". ) There are just a few direct
references to Lithuanians (and Estonians) in the files of the Paris Okhrana,
due to the fact that they did not form a separate national group within the
broad scope of the revolutionary movement. While cooperating with the
Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, they joined the Poles under the
banner of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and
Lithuania. Another reason for the lack of documents referring to Lithuanians
in the Paris Okhrana Office was that more prominent Lithuanian leaders were
active within the political boundaries of Russia, thus being a target for
local Okhrana networks.
The first mention of an organized Latvian group abroad dates to 1899, when a
chapter of their Social Democratic Party was formed in London. From then on
the activities of the Latvian Social Democratic Party in Russia had a strong
reflection on its exponents abroad living in larger cities of Western
Europe. Latvian revolutionaries established a close contact with all
national groups cooperating with the Russian Social Democratic Party and
kept it up to the outbreak of the October revolution. They attended all
important meetings and conventions of the RSDWP, proving themselves as
valuable planners and activists for the revolutionary cause. As terrorists,
the Latvians made an impressive record. They also smuggled into Russia
considerable quantities of clandestine publications and arms during the
revolution of 1905.
Latvian emigres in the United States organized several groups of the Social
Democratic Party, but only those active in San Francisco (1911) adhered to
the home structure of the Party. Others acted independently. Folder 1
contains the agenda for the 4th Congress of the Latvian Social Democratic
Party (March 1913), a trace of financial assistance from the German Social
Democrats (July 1913), and evidence that a Latvian Social Democratic group
in Boston, Massachusetts, built itself up to a membership of 370.
War conditions caused a cessation of activities of the Latvian Social
Democratic Bureau Abroad, and attempts to revive it in Stockholm failed.
Latvian contacts with Lithuanians during World War I became more lively and
close. Folder 2 includes documents referring to cooperation between
Latvian and Russian anarchists (Lapin and Teplov) for the purpose of
smuggling arms to Russia (1909), the political platform of the Latvian
Social Democratic Party, an Okhrana chart of the Latvian Social Democratic
Party, a summary report on the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party and
reports on its conventions, reports on resolutions and the organization of
the Bureau of Latvian Social Democratic Groups Abroad, and data on Pietr
Brede (Bredis, "Yeshka").
Index XXII, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to Latvians and Lithuanians in anarchist
groups in London,
1899-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reels 386-387
Index XXII, Folder 2
Dispatches and agent reports,
1909-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 387
Scope and Contents note
Includes Lopin's report on Latvian anarchists in London; the platform of
the Latvian Social Democratic Party; Agent Pilenas's reports on
anarchists in London; a brief on the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party;
report on the convention of the Estonian Social Democratic Party in
Finland; the case of Latvian communist Bredis-Brede, alias Yeshka
(Eshka); and circulars on the Fourth Congress of the Latvian Social
Democratic Party.
Index XXII, Folder 4
Reference: See operational card index file for references to the
Latvian Social Democratic and Socialist Revolutionary groups
Index XXII, Folder 5
Reference: For a review of parties affiliated with the Russian
Social Democratic Workers Party, 1910, see XVIb(6)
Index XXII, Folder 6
Reference: For letters and raw reports from various agents in
London, in French, Polish, and Russian, from 1891-1902, see
XIIIa
Index XXII, Folder 7
Reference: For documents on the Houndsditch murders and robbery,
see XVIb(5)
Box 210
XXIII. Ukrainian revolutionaries
a. General
Scope and Contents note
After their arrest and Siberian deportation at the turn of the century, a
few Ukrainian revolutionaries (Russov, Liakhotskii) fled abroad. In
Galicia, however, the revolutionary movement grew unhampered by Austrian
authorities and began to radiate across the border to Russian Ukraine.
After the 1905 revolution, Ukrainian revolutionary activities became
stronger, and all Russian leftist parties had their followers in the
main cities of the Ukraine (1908). "Pravda," the organ of the Ukrainian
Soiuz "Spilka," was published in Vienna, with Trotsky as its editor
(1908). In March 1914 an all-Ukrainian convention was held in Lvov with
representatives of Russian socialists.
The collection of dispatches in Folder 1 includes documents on how in
December 1914 the Ukrainian Soiuz was accused of accepting financial aid
from the Austrian government, yielding to it the control of all
activities; on "Bor'ba," published in Geneva as the organ of Ukrainian
Social Democrats following Lenin's political line; on the Berlin
organization, "Soiuz Osvobozhdeniia Ukrainy," headed by Petr Bendzia,
acting under the auspices of Germany; on Ukrainian national committees;
etc
Folder 2 contains documents on the organization of the Ukrainian
"Spilka" Party and "Pravda," members of the "Spilka" abroad, the
"Ukrainskaia Gromada" in Paris, and a survey of the Ukrainian movement
(1916).
Access
Available on microfilm reels 387-388, 170a
Index XXIIIa, Folder 1
Dispatches and notes pertaining to Ukrainian revolutionaries
and activities,
1900-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 387
Index XXIIIa, Folder 2
Dispatches and circulars,
1908-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 388
Scope and Contents note
Includes reports on the Social Democratic organ "Spilka," the
"Ukrainska Gromada," and the "Russian Nationalist-Socialist Party."
Also includes
Zapiska ob ukrainskom
dvizhenii,
a brief for Okhrana personnel.
Index XXIIIa, Folder 4
Reference: See operational card index file for references to
Ukrainian nationalist organizations
Index XXIIIa, Folder 5
Reference: For accounts of "Spilka" and by-laws of the Social
Democratic Union of the Ukraine, see XVIb(6)
b. Financial and other support from America
Scope and Contents note
The collection of documents under this subject heading includes the
manifesto of Ukrainians in Canada and reports "on their activities,
1915-1916 (the "Mazepa" group); data on M. Sichinskii, leader of a
"Mazepa" group in the United States; a report on the 3rd Convention of
the "Mazepa" organization in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in 1916; reports on
the "Ukrainian Congress in Canada" (1916-1917) and a new organization,
"Ukrainska Rada"; and a list of brochures published by "Ukrainska Rada"
(1917).
Access
Available on microfilm reel 388
Index XXIIIb, Folder 1
Dispatches and drafts of reports pertaining to the support of
Ukrainian immigrant activities in America and their support to the
revolutionaries,
1912-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 388
Index XXIIIb, Folder 2
Dispatches on Ukrainians in Canada, the Mazepa group, and
branches of the Russian National Union,
1914-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 388
Index XXIIIb, Folder 4
Reference: See the operational card index file for references
to Ukrainian national organizations
Boxes 210-215
XXIV. Revolutionary intelligence and propaganda
techniques
Boxes 210-211
a. Intelligence structure and security problems
Scope and Contents note
Their conspiratorial nature made all revolutionaries, particularly the
terrorist groups, smugglers of arms, "expropriators," and planners,
security conscious. Revolutionary doctrines required clandestine
activities, with every participant on constant alert and passing
information to leaders and comrades for their protection and for a safe
promotion of the cause. As the revolutionary campaigns increased in
intensity, the planners of acts needed advance intelligence for carrying
out operations; and with the realization of Okhrana penetrations and
betrayals, they developed their own counter-intelligence.
The materials under this subject file contain ample information on the
growth of the revolutionary counter-intelligence from, so to speak, the
grass roots, an extremely informal flow of information among leading
conspirators with the gradual emergence of Burtsev's and other
revolutionary services. These, aiming principally against the Okhrana,
also assumed executive and judicial powers to intimidate and liquidate
the opponent. Thus, it may be said that the revolutionary service was
the ideological forerunner of the Bolshevik Cheka and the OGPU. The
period covered by the collection extends from 1897 to 1917. The
documents consist of incoming and outgoing dispatches, telegrams,
perlustrated letters, and copies of intercepted letters pertaining to
Burtsev's revolutionary intelligence operations, the exposure of secret
Okhrana agents such as Yost, Kensitskii, Batushanskii, Metal'nikov,
Tsetlin, and others, the organization of revolutionary police in Paris
to combat the Okhrana, revolutionary investigation of suspected Okhrana
agents.
There are also official MVD circulars giving Socialist Revolutionary
Party regulations pertaining to the security of party meetings, a report
on Burtsev's sources on the Okhrana as well as his methods of operation
-- surveillance, targets, agents, and his sources of information from
within the Okhrana.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 388-390
Index XXIVa, Folder 1
Dispatches and notes pertaining to revolutionary intelligence
structure and security precautions,
1897-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reels 388-389
Index XXIVa, Folder 2a
Card notations from Okhrana operational files on agents
investigated by Burtsev
Access
Available on microfilm reel 389
Index XXIVa, Folder 2b
Intercepted letters of revolutionaries (Fabrikant, Burtsev,
etc.),
1886-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 389
Index XXIVa, Folder 3
Perlustrated mail addressed to Natanson,
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 389
Index XXIVa, Folder 4
Perlustrated mail addressed to Agafonov,
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5a
Circular on the activities of the All-Russian Peasant Union
in Russia,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5b
Circular from Headquarters concerning Socialist Revolutionary
Party regulations pertaining to security at meetings,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5c
Circular concerning a resolution by the St. Petersburg
Socialist Revolutionary Party concerning armed uprisings,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5d
Burtsev's sources on the Okhrana,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5e
Early organization of revolutionary intelligence,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5f
Revolutionary surveillance, exposure, and trial of Okhrana
Agent Tsetlin,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5g
Mirtov's offer to operate against Burtsev's intelligence
network,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5h
Burtsev's methods of operation, surveillance, targets, and
agents,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5i
Burtsev's efforts to place his agents in the
Okhrana,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5j
Revolutionary investigation of agents Mass and
Franck,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5k
Burtsev's attempts to discover the new structure of the
Okhrana office in Paris,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5l
Agent Jollivet's ("Tourist") reports on Burtsev's
intelligence activities in Italy,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5m
Burtsev's anti-Okhrana intelligence activity in
Italy,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5n
Interest in Social Democratic circles in the arrest of
Medem,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5o
Documents on the Antonov-Aleksinskii case,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5p
Burtsev's sources of information from within the
Okhrana,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 5q
Documents and references to individual revolutionaries,
without Okhrana connections, who were suspected, investigated, or
tried as provocateurs,
1907-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVa, Folder 7
Reference: See day by day reports, from August 19-November 6,
1909, on the surveillance of Burtsev and his revolutionary
intelligence agents, in XVIId, folder 3
Index XXIVa, Folder 8
Reference: See reports on surveillance difficulties after the
defection of Okhrana agent M. Leroy and the creation of the
"revolutionary police," in IIIe, folder 6
Index XXIVa, Folder 9
Reference: See the personal folder on Agent Serose on the
position of Leroy in Burtsev's revolutionary police, in IIIe, folder
3
Index XXIVa, Folder 10
Reference: See Agent Richard's ("Jane") reports on Burtsev's
office, March-August 1914, in XIa, folder 2a
Index XXIVa, Folder 11
Reference: See the assignments and reports from Mme. Jollivet
and her son Raoul regarding Burtsev and Leroy, 1914-1915, in VIk,
folder 33
Box 211
b. Use of defectors from the Okhrana
Scope and Contents note
The collection contains dispatches exchanged between Headquarters and the
Paris Office referring to agents who defected from the Okhrana and
cooperated with the revolutionaries, such as Sorkin, Meilakhovich,
Yanitskii, Finkelman, Borisov, Leone, Joulia, Jollivet,
Pilenas-Wallenrod, Sushkov, and Tiercelin, and to important cases -- Lt.
Benson, Bakai, Menshchikov, Leroy, and Rips. Colonel von Kotten
recruited agent Rips in Russia and brought him to Paris for deep cover
work. It appears that Rips was actually a plant for the revolutionaries,
who wanted to assassinate von Kotten. The latter escaped with several
gun wounds, but the case came to court. Seven volumes of the proceedings
in court, where the revolutionaries mustered a strong defense, are
included in this set.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 390-391
Index XXIVb, Folder 1
Dispatches, circulars, and other materials pertaining to
defectors of the Okhrana,
1887-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVb, Folder 2
Clippings of articles written by Mikhail Bakai,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVb, Folder 3
Clipping containing an interview with Burtsev on Okhrana
defector Menshchikov
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVb, Folder 4
Ambassador Bakherakht's story on the case of Russian Army Lt.
Benson and his acquisition of a Swiss villa,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Index XXIVb, Folder 5
The case of Mikhail E. Bakai,
1908-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Scope and Contents note
Includes dispatches notes, notes, telegrams, and reports on his
background, exposure of Agent Kensitskii, relations with Burtsev,
etc.
Index XXIVb, Folder 6
The case of Leonid P. Menshchikov,
1910-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 390
Scope and Contents note
Includes dispatches, clippings, circulars, and reports on his
exposure of agents as a result of his defection, his memoirs, his
visit to the United States, etc.
Index XXIVb, Folder 7
The case of Maurice Leroy,
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 391
Scope and Contents note
Includes dispatches and reports on his defection and a photograph.
Index XXIVb, Folder 8
The case of Movsha (Mikhail) Rips,
1909-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 391
Scope and Contents note
Includes dispatches, reports, 7 volumes of stenographic notes of his
hearing before the French court for the attempted murder of Colonel
von Kotten.
Box 212
c. Penetration of the Okhrana
Scope and Contents note
The documents yielded by the Paris Okhrana archives on its penetration by
the revolutionaries indicate that the Okhrana's main concern in this
respect was Vladimir Burtsev, who succeeded in obtaining secret Okhrana
information directly from the St. Petersburg Headquarters (1906-1907)
and the Paris Office. He used the information to expose secret agents of
the Paris Office.
This file contains double agent Jollivet's report on Burtsev's sources in
the Okhrana as well as his report on Burtsev's intelligence activities.
(See XVIId and XXlVb for additional information.) The papers serve as
conclusive evidence that Burtsev periodically had access to secret files
of the Okhrana both in St. Petersburg and Paris. Attempts by the
revolutionaries to join the Okhrana as agents in order to obtain secret
information were not as successful as Burtsev's direct access to
classified Okhrana documents through regular Okhrana personnel.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 391-392
Index XXIVc, Folder 1
Reports and other notes pertaining to penetration of the
Okhrana by revolutionaries,
1887-1917
Index XXIVc, Folder 2a
Clippings from
Budushchee
concerning the exposure of deep cover agents by Kensitskii and
Dorozhko,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2b
Penetration by Burtsev of Swiss liaison with the
Okhrana,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2c
Okhrana circular of a list of names of those suspected by the
revolutionaries of being provocateurs,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2d
Burtsev's access to the Okhrana,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2e
Clippings about the exposure of Okhrana activities in the
French press,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2f
Clippings from the Italian press exposing Okhrana
activities,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2g
Burtsev's open letter to LePressence, head of the Civil
Liberties League in Paris, exposing Okhrana agents and
activities,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2h
Agent Jollivet's report on Burtsev's sources in the
Okhrana,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2i
Clipping from
Il Secolo about
Burtsev in Italy,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2j
Burtsev's intelligence source on the Okhrana in the police
department,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2k
Agent Jollivet's reports on Burtsev's intelligence
activities,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2l
Burtsev's announcement in Brussels newspapers on Okhrana
agents and their functions,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Scope and Contents note
Includes an article containing 29 names.
Index XXIVc, Folder 2m
Statements of State Counselor Berednikov in connection the
with indictment of his exposure to Okhrana personnel,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2n
Agent Poznanskii's suit against Burtsev,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2o
Exposure of Okhrana agent Yost (Iost),
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2p
Exposure of agent Kensitskii,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2q
Activities of Bakai's revolutionary police in
Paris
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2r
Burtsev's and Bakai's claims that they have access to the
police department of St. Petersburg,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2s
Burtsev's man Segal as an Okhrana agent,
1909-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2t
Report on Burtsev's attempts to penetrate the
Okhrana,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 2u
Reports on Burtsev's exposure of agent Mass through a St.
Petersburg source,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVc, Folder 3
Reference: See the notes in double agent Berg's folder in
XIa, folder 2d
Box 212
d. Documentation of revolutionary agents
Scope and Contents note
The documents in this file consist of incoming and outgoing dispatches
and raw agent reports covering the period from 1894 to 1916. The Russian
revolutionaries abroad were in constant need of documents and passports
in order to maintain contact with their co-conspirators in Russia.
Passports were either stolen from Russian consulates abroad or purchased
illegally from minor consular officials. Passports and other official
documents and stamps were also produced in revolutionary printing shops.
Another method of obtaining passports for illegal use was for one to be
reported missing to consular officials in order to receive a new
passport while the "lost" document then became ''available" after some
alterations. A factor that helped the revolutionaries greatly in their
forging operations was that no photograph of the legal owner was
contained in the Russian domestic or foreign passports of that period.
During the war there was a brisk trade in forged military service
exemption certificates abroad.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVd, Folder 1
Dispatches and notes pertaining to the documentation of
revolutionary agents,
1894-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVd, Folder 2a
Circulars pertaining to the theft of passport blanks and
government stamps by revolutionaries in Russia,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVd, Folder 2b
Request for instructions on how to handle possible fraudulent
requests for new passports,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVd, Folder 2c
Illegal use of a passport by a London anarchist,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVd, Folder 2d
Geneva Russian consulate employee Lilin stole a large supply
of passport blanks,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVd, Folder 2e
Basel as the center for false Russian passports,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVd, Folder 2f
Dispatches from the Russian consulate in Berlin about the use
of passport blanks by the revolutionaries,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVd, Folder 2g
Sale of false passports blanks in revolutionary circles in
Paris,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVd, Folder 4
Reference: For a list of passports, seals, and personal
documents, see circular no. 145031/382, November 18, 1916, in
XIIId(2), folder 61
Box 212
e. Propaganda outlets
Scope and Contents note
Revolutionary propaganda outlets involved the smuggling of propaganda
materials into Russia, their storage and distribution both in Russia and
abroad, public lectures and rallies, and the planting of anti-government
articles in the foreign press. During the war, revolutionary propaganda
was distributed among Russian prisoners of war in Germany and Austria.
All of these aspects of propaganda are reflected in the documents under
this classification. Also see Index Numbers VIIIb, XVIIt, and XXIVh for
further source materials.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 392-393
Index XXIVe, Folder 1
Dispatches and other papers pertaining to revolutionary
propaganda outlets,
1886-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 392
Index XXIVe, Folder 2a
Placard in French calling for a protest meeting of behalf of
Burtsev,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2b
Organization of an "Information Bureau" in Berlin for keeping
the socialist press abroad informed on happenings in
Russia,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2c
Report on Social Democratic propaganda outlets in St.
Petersburg,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2d
Obituaries for three revolutionary martyrs,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2e
Report on the editor of an anti-militarist newspaper in
Genoa,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2f
Clippings from French and British press containing articles
on behalf of the revolutionaries,
1908-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2g
Smuggling of propaganda into Russia from London,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2h
Russian teachers' excursions into Europe and their exposure
to revolutionary propaganda,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2i
Opening of the Université Populaire Russe é Paris,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2j
Report on attempts by revolutionaries to propagandize the
crew of the Russian battleship "Slava" in Toulon,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2k
Zurich Socialist Revolutionary group dispatching propaganda
to Russia,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2l
Publication of Bakai's brochure in New York,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2m
Socialist Revolutionaries in Constantinople engaged in
smuggling illegal literature into Russia,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2n
Publication of special material in Brussels for propaganda
among Russian army officers,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2o
Report that Burtsev is to be sued for slander in
Paris,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2p
Report on shipment of illegal literature into
Russia,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2q
Article in Belgian newspaper
La
peuple
, with a Russian translation, exposing 29 names of
Okhrana agents,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2r
Burtsev's exposure of Bint and Sambain and the Feuger
blackmail case,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2s
Leftist press against the Okhrana and Krasil'nikov's
survey,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2t
Leaflets on the Zimmerwald Conference in French and
Russian,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2u
Article on the Russian occupation of Galicia
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2v
Report on the transportation of political contraband across
the Prussian border
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVe, Folder 2w
"Vers la dissolution de la Douma," article for the French
press
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Box 212
f. Liaison with European leftist groups
Scope and Contents note
The dispatches and raw reports included in this file, covering the period
between 1902 and 1916, indicate that the Russian revolutionary movement
abroad did involve liaison with German Social Democrats, Italian,
anarchists, and French socialists. Liaison was maintained for purposes
of influencing foreign governments in favor of the Russian revolutionary
cause and to obtain material support for the revolutionaries.
Parliamentary representatives of leftist foreign political groups were
engaged for interpellations and to prod the governments against the
Okhrana. The Russian revolutionary movement gained some influential
friends among foreign leftist writers and politicians: Anatole France,
Rebel, Jean Jaurès, and others.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVf, Folder 1a
Papers pertaining to intelligence and other underground
liaison with French, German, and Italian socialist and anarchist
groups,
1902-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVf, Folder 1b
Agent Woltz's surveillance reports on Benito Mussolini and
various French, Bulgarian, and Serbian revolutionaries,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVf, Folder 1c
Exclusion of police agents from Masonic lodges,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVf, Folder 1d
Minutes of the meeting of the French Socialist Committee of
Action,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Box 212
g. Early types of communist front organizations among Russian
émigrés
Scope and Contents note
Revolutionaries, particularly the Social Democrats, developed the
practices of joining non-political associations of the émigrés for the
purpose of converting them to their own political orientation and aims.
A score of professional, cultural, and other societies started by the
Russians abroad thus became tools and convenient spokesmen of the
Marxists, i. e. the prototypes of the subsequent communist front
organizations. This collection is fairly representative of the category.
Some such organizations were founded by the revolutionaries with the
outright purpose of supporting their aims, but under such names as
"Committee for Russian Prisoners and Exiles," "Fund for Free Press," and
other headings appealing for support on humane or democratic grounds.
Organizations such as "Mutual Assistance Funds," "Student Unions,"
"International Women's Conferences," the "Peace Movement," etc., all
patterns for subsequent communist fronts, had among the prime movers
such agitators as Lenin's wife Krupskaya and Alexandra Kollontai. The
Council of Russian Seamen's Unions, with the secretariat in England, was
under communist control from the very beginning of its existence.
The folders contain documents referring to still other organizations that
started out or gradually became communist fronts, as for instance the
"Union of Professional Russian Writers," the "Bibliotheque," or wartime
organizations to help prisoners of war in Germany.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVg, Folder 1
Dispatches and notes pertaining to organizations established
by revolutionaries among émigrés for allegedly non-political
purposes but serving Marxist or other revolutionary ends,
1905-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVg, Folder 2
Dispatches and other materials,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Scope and Contents note
Includes a book of receipts, by-laws of the Union of Professional
Writers from Russia, resolution on Aleksinskii, invitation forms,
records of a collection for a sick comrade, correspondence, etc.
Index XXIVg, Folder 3a
Headquarters circular concerning the "London Fund for Free
Press in Russia,"
1894
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVg, Folder 3b
The Peace League and Konni Zilliacus's trip to
London,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVg, Folder 3c
Subscribers' list of the Bibliothéque
(international),
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVg, Folder 3d
English language publication of the Committee to Help
Political Prisoners,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVg, Folder 3e
Dispatches and leaflets published by the Seamen's
Union,
1911-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVg, Folder 3f
Russian students at Karlsruhe: meetings and
resolutions,
1910-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVg, Folder 3g
Mutual assistance fund in Paris, the "émigré
Treasury,"
1912-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVg, Folder 3h
Circular on the International Women's Conference and delegate
Krupskaya,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Index XXIVg, Folder 3i
Society to Aid Prisoners of War in Germany and
Austria,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 393
Box 213
h. Smuggling to Russia of arms, publications, and
revolutionaries
Scope and Contents note
Arms smuggling into Russia, according to this collection of documents,
was at its peak during the Russo-Japanese War and the upheavals at its
aftermath, in 1905-1907. The bulk of this collection thus originated in
that period. Chief Garting in Paris spread the network of agents against
revolutionary smugglers to many European countries, concentrating
particularly in northern and Italian ports. His liaison with security
agencies and port authorities in various countries brought some good
results. The revolutionaries who engaged in smuggling during the peak
period were the Social Democrats (Bolsheviks) and the Bundists.
The first two folders of the collection, with chronological arrangement
of the documents, from 1894 to 1915 contain various dispatches, raw
reports, revolutionary agents, arms, and propaganda. Documents on
smuggling illegal literature are at the end of the second folder.
Folder 3 has a complete record of Okhrana surveillance over
gunrunning from Antwerp, one of the favorite ports for the
revolutionaries in 1905 and 1906. In Folders 4 and 5, specific
reports of the same period illustrate the efforts of Garting and his
agents in various other European centers and include individual agents'
and liaison reports in 1910.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 394-395
Index XXIVh, Folder 1
Dispatches, raw reports, and intelligence notes on smuggling
agents, arms, etc. into Russia,
1894-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 394
Index XXIVh, Folder 2
Dispatches, raw reports, and intelligence notes on smuggling
agents, arms, etc. into Russia (cont'd.),
1907-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 394
Index XXIVh, Folder 3
Complete record of Okhrana surveillance over gunrunning from
Antwerp,
1905-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reels 394-395
Index XXIVh, Folder 4a
Garting's report to Rataev regarding the organization of
surveillance over illegal gunrunning in Berlin,
1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 4b
Berlin Okhrana office investigation of the production of hand
grenades in Berlin,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 4c
Garting's report on the Bund's funds for arms purchases,
current methods and routes used by revolutionaries for smuggling
arms and political propaganda into Russia, and proposals to control
such contraband,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 4d
Okhrana reports on gunrunning (arms trafficking) from
Copenhagen,
1905-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 4e
Revolutionary arms shipments from various European
ports,
1905-1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 4f
Arms shipments from Sweden,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 4g
Garting reports on gunrunning (arms trafficking) in Germany,
France, Belgium and attempts to enlist British customs service in
control of revolutionary arms shipments,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 4h
Sofronskii and Wallach (Litvinov) engaged in purchasing arms
in Europe,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Scope and Contents note
Includes intercepted letters from Sofronskii.
Index XXIVh, Folder 4i
Garting's trip to Denmark and Sweden to investigate arms
smuggling,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 4j
Arms shipments from Hamburg,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 4k
Krause's information about an alleged ring of terrorists in
Dresden,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 4l
Police Captain Grénweller of Lébeck, Germany, on arms
smuggling,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 4m
Arms shipments from England,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5a
De Groot's reports on arms shipments from
Rotterdam,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5b
Arms shipments from Italy
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5c
Arms shipments from Amsterdam,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5d
Wallach (Litvinov) in Berlin to engage in smuggling machine
guns into Russia,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5e
Smuggling of arms through Mannheim,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5f
Surveillance over arms smuggling from Denmark and
Sweden,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5g
Headquarters' comments on the uselessness of Garting's agents
in discovering arms smuggling,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5h
Agent Sambain's reports on surveillance of smugglers in
Stockholm,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5i
Agent Neuhaus's reports from Memel (Klaipeda) on ships
suspected of smuggling arms,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5j
Agent Fontaine's reports from the German-Russian
border,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5k
Agent Durin's reports on arms traffickers from Wirballen
(Virbalis),
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5l
Movement of ships in Kiel suspected of arms
trafficking,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5m
Engineer Buckland in London offers information on
revolutionary arms smuggling,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Index XXIVh, Folder 5n
Report on arms smuggling into Russia
Access
Available on microfilm reel 395
Box 214
i. Terrorist techniques: bomb construction, deliveries, planning
attacks, liberation of prisoners
Scope and Contents note
Many revolutionary groups adopted terrorism as their principal strategy
and tactic. They resorted to violence to the degree that terrorism
became practically synonymous with revolution. A statistical table among
the survey in this collection shows that in the period from October 1907
to May 1910, revolutionary bands in Russia perpetrated 23,044 terrorist
acts, in which the number of officials and other persons killed was
4,322 and wounded 4, 465. These acts, particularly against important
officials, were inspired or actually committed by the conspirators
coming from abroad with arms. The purpose of assassination was not to
exterminate officials known as oppressors of the people or tyrannical in
their methods; there is evidence rather that the revolutionaries were
more concerned about killing off the more competent and popular high
officials in order to bring chaos in orderly government and confusion in
the public.
The collection of dispatches and various other documents in Folder 1,
arranged chronologically from 1887 to 1916, gives many specific cases;
but taken as a whole, it shows the general trend of the conspiracies.
The life of the Tsar was threatened more frequently than any other; he
was spared before the revolution, but not so some of the members of his
immediate family and members of his cabinet. The dispatches, raw
reports, and newspaper clippings describe the planning of
assassinations, plots, construction of bombs and work on explosives in
the laboratories of the revolutionaries. The role of such important
terrorist leaders as Gershuni, Savinkov, Chernov, Sazonov, Barthold, and
Gots is described.
Folders 2 and 3 are listed in the inventory by specific documents.
The role of Vera Figner's campaign to execute prison breaks in Russia is
referred to in several documents. On the technique of bomb construction
by Russian terrorists, see Volume I of the Prefecture de Police in Vb,
Folder 6. For the role of terrorist leaders, see also the folders
under Index Numbers XVIId, XVIIg, XVIIh, and XVIIi.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 396-400
Index XXIVi, Folder 1
Dispatches, notes, and newspaper clippings pertaining to
revolutionary terrorist techniques,
1887-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2a
Report on a plot to assassinate Tsar Nicholas II (Nikolai II)
formulated in Geneva by Afanasiev and members of the Polish
Socialist Revolutionary Party,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2b
Individuals intending to go to Russia to engage in
terrorism,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2c
Petr Rutenberg accused of murdering Georgii Gapon,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2d
School for training terrorists in Krakow operated by the
Polish Socialist Party,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2e
Newspaper clippings in German on bomb deposits of Russian
terrorists in Berlin,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2f
Averted attempt on the life of the Dowager Empress Mariia
Feodorovna,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2g
Assassins of General von Launitz,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2h
Newspaper clippings on terrorist acts and
anarchists,
1908-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2i
Rips's motives for attempting to assassinate Colonel von
Kotten,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2j
Plot to assassinate Tsar Nicholas II (Nikolai II) in Poltava
and a request to watch suspicious movements abroad,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2k
Report on the possible use of aircraft by revolutionaries to
commit acts of terror in Russia,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2l
Formation of a Socialist Revolutionary strong arm unit in
Sweden with the participation of Savinkov and Sletov,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2m
Statistics on Russian government officials killed between
1907 and 1910 by Russian revolutionaries,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2n
Report on terrorist Boris Barthold,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2o
Formation of a Socialist Revolutionary strong arm detachment
abroad,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 2p
Preparations for the murder of Stolypin and Tsar Nicholas II
(Nikolai II),
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 396
Index XXIVi, Folder 3a
The governor general of Warsaw received an anonymous letter
from Cologne exposing a plot against Tsar Nicholas II (Nikolai
II),
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3b
A Paris group collaborates with the Socialist Revolutionary
Party,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3c
Announcement of terrorists about an attempt on the life of a
prison official in Russia,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3d
Storage place for bombs in Chita,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3e
Bomb explosion in a Liege theater,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3f
Case of Widmann in Berlin offering information about a
planned act of terrorism,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3g
Formation of a Society for Active Assistance to Political
Prisoners and Exiles in Paris, which is to help organize prison
breaks,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3h
Bylaws of the Society for Struggle against Imprisonment and
Exile for Political Activities,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3i
Boris Bathold planning to go to Russia on a terrorist
mission,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3j
Appeal of the Krakow Union to Aid Political Prisoners for
funds to organize prison breaks,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3k
Terrorist group for the murder of Kasso,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3l
Reaction of the German press to the assassination attempt on
the Dowager Empress in Rostock,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3m
Attempt on the life of former Turkish minister Sherif Pasha
(Serif Pasa) in Paris,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3n
Formation of leagues to support political prisoners in Russia
by raising funds to organize prison breaks,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3o
Statement of Snezhkov on a plot to assassinate the
tsar,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3p
The case of Kirishek and six other Russians accused of
espionage, bomb construction, etc.,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3q
Hearings before the French tribunal in the case of Kirishek
and four other Russian terrorists,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3r
List of documents found in the possession of Kirishek and
other Russian anarchists on trial,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3s
A brief on Russian revolutionaries in France
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3t
Drawings for bomb construction with directions
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 3u
Revolutionary plan to assassinate Tsarina Mariia Feodorovna
in London
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVi, Folder 5
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 71, 1904, on the
assassination plot against Minister Pleve, in XIIIc(2), folder
4
Index XXIVi, Folder 6
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 94, 1904, on the
assassination plot against Minister Pleve, in XIIIc(2), folder
4
Index XXIVi, Folder 7
Reference: See incoming telegram no. 1064, 1903, requesting
information on the plans of the "Center" and the leaders of the
Fighting Unit concerning the assassination of Minister Pleve, in
XIIIc(3), folder 13
Index XXIVi, Folder 8
Reference: See incoming telegram no. 1085, 1903, ordering
that Sazonov (the eventual assassin of Pleve) be kept under constant
surveillance in Bern, in XIIIc(3), folder 13
Index XXIVi, Folder 9
Reference: See incoming telegram, June 17, 1904, on Finnish
revolutionary sentiment and attitude toward the attempt on the life
of Governor Bobrikov by a Finnish patient, in XIIIc(3), folder
16
Index XXIVi, Folder 10
Reference: See incoming telegram no. 329, 1904, announcing
Pleve's assassination and a physical description of the assassin, in
XIIIc(3), folder 17
Index XXIVi, Folder 10
Reference: For photographs of the types of bombs constructed
by Russian revolutionaries, see Volume I of the books prepared by
the French Sûreté, in Vb, folder 6
Box 214
j. Training of terrorists and propagandists' schools
Scope and Contents note
The documents included in this file cover the period from I906 to 1911
and pertain to Maksim Gorky's school on the island of Capri (1909),
military training of revolutionaries in Paris (1907), the terrorist
school in Paris (1910), the propagandists school organized by the Vpered
(Leninist) group in Bologna (1910), the anarchist school in Paris
(1911), and the first All-Party School of the Russian Social Democratic
Workers Party at Longjumeau (1911). Raw agent reports describe attempts
to establish the whereabouts of Savinkov's terrorist training school
(1911). Okhrana agent "Vladimirets," enrolled as a trainee in such a
school describes the program of study and Lenin's participation in it.
Several dispatches refer to the organization of military training by the
revolutionaries in preparation of armed uprisings in Russia.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 1
Miscellaneous dispatches and raw reports on the
indoctrination and training of terrorists and
propagandists,
1908-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 2a
Circular letter describing a revolutionary program of
training,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 2b
Report on a military training school for revolutionaries in
Paris,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 2c
Maksim Gorky's school for revolutionaries on the island of
Capri, Italy,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 2d
Break of Lunacharsky (Lunacharskii) and Bogdanov with Gorky,
whose Capri school had completely disintegrated,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 2e
Students from the Capri school listening to Lenin's lectures
in Paris,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 2f
Establishment of a terrorist school in Paris,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 2g
Propagandists' school of the Russian Social Democratic
Workers Party in Bologna,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 2h
Polish Socialist training school in Liege,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 2i
Anarchist school in Paris,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 2j
First All-Party School of the Russian Social Democratic
Workers Party in Longjumeau,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 2k
Okhrana penetration agent Vladimirets attending revolutionary
training school in France,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVj, Folder 2l
Agent Borisov-Dmitriev's reports from Liege, searching for
Savinkov's training center for terrorists,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Boxes 214-215
k. Infiltration of the armed forces
Scope and Contents note
This collection consists of incoming and outgoing dispatches, raw
reports, and revolutionary propaganda leaflets. The material deals with
revolutionary propaganda among Russian soldiers and sailors as well as
officers, both abroad and in Russia. In the folders are dispatches,
cables, and agent reports about the attempted mutiny on the Imperial
cruiser Askold, detailed reports concerning the uprising of Russian
soldiers at Gamp Delorme near Marseille (August 1916) and revolutionary
infiltration of seamen's unions, along with samples of revolutionary
propaganda disseminated among Russian prisoners of war in Germany and
Austria. The file also contains reports on the revolutionary plan for a
Russian officers congress abroad (1914), agent Weber's report on a
revolutionary officers clique in the Russian Army (1915), and a report
on the distribution of revolutionary propaganda on Russian ships docking
at Hull, England.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 397-398
Index XXIVk, Folder 1
Dispatches and notes pertaining to the penetration of the
armed forces,
1897-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 397
Index XXIVk, Folder 2a
Text of a revolutionary soldier's song and a revolutionary
leaflet for officers,
1903
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2b
Revolutionaries to distribute propaganda among Russian
prisoners of war in Japan,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2c
Revolutionary propaganda among troops in Turkestan Military
District,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2d
Viennese Koscicki offering his services to combat
revolutionary penetration of the army,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2e
Revolutionary propaganda on the Baltic fleet,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2f
Revolutionary membership in the armed forces,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2g
Report on revolutionary propaganda on the battleship
Slava,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2h
Reports on revolutionary penetration of the Baltic
fleet,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2i
Reports on illegal trade union of seamen abroad, with
Headquarters in Antwerp, and the Union of Black Sea
Seaman,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2j
Bitner and Fomin engaged in the dissemination of propaganda
among Russian soldiers; leaflets addressed to officers and
soldiers,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2k
Revolutionary penetration of naval units,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2l
Revolutionary propaganda among Russian prisoners of war in
Austria-Hungary,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2m
Reports on the Russian Seaman's Union,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2n
Revolutionary plan for a Russian officers congress
abroad,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2o
Revolutionary exploitation of disaffection in the army;
officers' clique,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2p
Cables, reports, and other materials on the attempted mutiny
on the Russian cruiser
Askold at Toulon,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2q
Criticism of the administration of Russian army units in
France,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2r
Illustrated supplement to
Russkii
vestnik
, no. 2,
1917 February
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2s
Appeal to the lower ranks in the theater of war from the
All-Russian Peoples' Organization,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2t
Pamphlet
V plenu, published in
Bern for distribution among prisoners of war in Germany,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2u
Russkii vestnik, no. 26,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2v
Protocol drafts on an uprising of Russian soldiers at Camp
Delorme near Marseille,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2w
Chicherin and the Jewish appeal against military
service
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 2x
Okhrana circulars on revolutionary publications inciting the
Russian armed forces,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVk, Folder 4
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 34, 1903, regarding
revolutionary propaganda on the Navy ship "Kronstadt," in XIIIc(2),
folder 2
Box 215
l. Political action
Scope and Contents note
The incoming and outgoing dispatches, raw reports, and pamphlets included
in this file cover the period from 1894-1917 and pertain to the
political action of Russian revolutionary groups abroad in influencing
foreign governments and political organisations. Outstanding cases, such
as Vladimir Burtsev's exploitation of the Leone-Fontana case to impress
the French government with the existence and operations of the Russian
secret political police in France and Burtsev's anti-Tsarist activities
in Italy, are covered by documents in this file. There are also
documents on revolutionary groups influencing Duma factions, political
action of student groups, revolutionary newspaper campaigns, action
through the International Socialist Bureau and the French and other
foreign socialist parties. (Also see XVIId, XVIIt, XXVIIa, and XXVIIb.)
Access
Available on microfilm reels 398-399
Index XXIVl, Folder 1
Documents pertaining to attempts made by revolutionaries to
exert political influence on foreign governments, the press, social
groups and political groups in the Russian Duma,
1894-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 398
Index XXIVl, Folder 2a
Text of a Bund appeal to the Russian people,
1905
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2b
Speech delivered by Starodvorskii in Paris at a meeting
attended by French dignitaries,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2c
Reaction of Russian student circles abroad to a new decree in
Russia,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2d
Martov and Rappoport appeal to Jaurés and Dumas (Socialist
deputies) protesting against the Russian political police in
France,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2e
Burtsev's trips to Italy to bring up the question of the
Russian political police in Italy to the Italian
parliament,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2f
Meeting of Lenin, Kamenev, and Radomyslskii (Zinovyev) in
Krakow on the eve of a new session of the Russian Duma,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2g
Protests of Russian émigrés against the passage of a new bill
in the United States barring the entry of terrorists, anarchists,
etc. into the country,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2h
Messages exchanged between Vanderwelde, a representative of
the International Socialist Bureau, and members of the Social
Democratic faction of the State Duma,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2i
Political campaign leaflets from Kiev,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2j
Report on the revolutionary newspapers and pressure on the
Duma,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2k
Paris Russian revolutionaries in support of Germany in the
war,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2l
Ex-Duma member Aleksinskii participating in the newspaper
Russkaia volia,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2m
Revolutionary leaders in favor of defeating
Russia,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2n
Roster of Russian revolutionary defeatists and their
demands,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2o
Paris revolutionaries' appeal to the Duma for amnesty for
political émigrés abroad,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 2p
Joint revolutionary manifesto on the occasion of the
dissolution of the Duma
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXIVl, Folder 4
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 162, November 1905,
on Social Democratic preparations for the Duma campaign, in
XIIIc(2), folder 6
Boxes 215-216
XXV. Financing of the revolutionaries
Box 215
a. American support: immigrant groups
Scope and Contents note
American financial support for the revolutionaries came from a few
wealthy Americans who embraced the cause of freedom in Russia and
contributions from a considerable number of workingmen's societies and
lodges of the Russian, Jewish, Ukrainian, and other immigrants. A lively
and popular campaign for liberalization of Russia was started with
George Kennan's publications and lectures on his Siberian travels.
The documents collected in Folder 1 refer to the activities of
Russian organizations in the United States and Canada for the collection
of funds in support of the revolutionaries. In these papers,
Headquarters and the Paris Office exchange information on leaders and
movements in America. The papers in Folder 2 pertain to efforts of
the leaders of the Jewish Bund, anarchists, Social Democrats, and
Socialist Revolutionaries to channel financial help to European
revolutionary groups through their respective organizations in the
United States. This action gained momentum prior to and at the beginning
of World War I but faded away in 1915, except for the Bund, backed by
the American Federation of Jewish Workers. One report (February 1916)
states that two anarchists in Chicago received $10, 000 from the Germans
against their promise to blow up the offices of Russian military
missions in the United States.
Access
Available on microfilm reels 399-400
Index XXVa, Folder 1
Dispatches and notes pertaining to American support of the
Russian revolutionaries, immigrant groups, and
organizations,
1891-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 399
Index XXVa, Folder 2a
New York meeting of the Society to Aid Revolutionary
Russia,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2b
Report from the Russian Embassy in Washington on activities
of Russian revolutionaries in America,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2c
Letter of a Russian informer in Pennsylvania,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2d
Tasks of the revolutionaries in the United States,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2e
Goldfarb's Bundist trip to America,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2f
Mass meeting in memory of the Paris Commune in New York
organized by the Russian section of the American Socialist
Party,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2g
Federation of Russian Workers (anarchists) in
America,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2h
Proposed congress of the Federation of Russian Workers in
America,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2i
List of socialist newspapers published in New
York,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2j
Resolution of the Boston Society to Aid Political Exiles and
Prisoners,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2k
Financial report of the Anarchist Red Cross in New
York,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2l
Russian émigré Workers' House in New York,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2m
Pittsburgh Conference of Russian Workers' Unions,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2n
Conference of Federated Organizations of New York (Golos
truda),
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2o
New York meetings of the Society to Aid Political Exiles in
Siberia,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2p
Report on May 1 demonstration in New York,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2q
Congress of the Anarchist Red Cross in New York,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2r
Conference of Russian Social Democratic Groups in America
held in New York,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2s
Report on revolutionary organization in Boston,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2t
Baltimore Congress of the Federation of Unions of Russian
Workers in the United States and Canada,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2u
Report on anarchists in New York and Chicago,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2v
Arrival of former Duma member in America to raise money for
war victims and Lithuanian students,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2w
New Haven Conference of the Unions of Russian Workers in the
United States and Canada,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2x
Oberuchev in New York to raise funds to aid Russian prisoners
of war,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2y
New York meeting of the Society to Aid Political Exiles in
Siberia,
1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVa, Folder 2z
Correspondence between Russian revolutionaries abroad
(France, Belgium, England) with Russian immigrants in the United
States,
1895
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Box 215
b. Russian domestic and foreign sources to aid the
revolutionaries
Scope and Contents note
Folder 1 contains a general collection of documents on the activities
of the revolutionaries at home and abroad to secure funds for their
cause. In Folders 2 and 3, the dispatches (titled individually in
the inventory to each folder) refer to the results of the constant
campaigns for funds. Money was collected from all and any sources
available -- wealthy individuals, legacies, collections and meetings,
lectures, sale of literature, membership dues, etc. Money was needed to
maintain the revolutionary leaders and fighting terrorist unit for the
purpose of arms and explosives, publications, and operational expenses
of all sorts.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to Russian domestic and foreign sources
to aid the revolutionaries,
1895-1917
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2a
Account of a committee to help political prisoners in
Russia,
1893
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2b
A Czech offering information on revolutionaries
counterfeiting money,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2c
Revolutionaries attempting to get a share of a large estate
left by Nikolai Schmidt,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2d
Appeal of the International Committes to Aid Unemployed
Workers in Russia,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2e
Fiscal support of the Paris Group for Collaboration with the
Socialist Revolutionaries,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2f
Intercepted letter giving the financial statement of a
revolutionary organization,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2g
Appeal of the Central Committee to a number of lecturers in
order to raise funds; Burtsev's financial difficulties,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2h
Concerts and plays of the London anarchist club to aid the
revolutionaries,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2i
Rich merchant Michael Treitner giving large sums to Socialist
Revolutionaries,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2j
Vera Figner's Paris Committee to Aid Political Prisoners in
Russia,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2k
Rumors that the Japanese government offered Russian
revolutionaries large sums of money in 1905 for sabotage work in
Russia,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2l
Organization of a Treasury to Aid Political Convicts and
Prisoners in Liege,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2m
Financial report of the Paris Group for Collaboration wit the
Socialist Revolutionary Party,
1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2n
Rich merchant Semigradova in Kiev contributing large sums to
revolutionaries,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2o
Financial reports of the Oblast' Committee of Socialist
Revolutionary organizations abroad and of the Brussels Socialist
Revolutionary group,
1910-1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2p
Son of rich merchant Fedotov giving financial help to the
revolutionaries,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2q
Financial statement of the Sazonov Library of the Paris
Socialist Revolutionary Group,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2r
Lausanne meeting of the Committee to Aid Convicts; funds to
be sent to Vera Figner,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2s
Offer of 150,000 francs made to Savinkov for terrorist
acts,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2t
Lecture by Aleksinskii to raise funds for the Vpered
group,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2u
Committee of the Zurich émigré Treasury,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 2v
Report on an alleged offer of funds made to Savinkov for
terrorist purposes,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3a
Funds received by Boris Savinkov for terrorist
purposes,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3b
Financial report of the Paris Socialist Revolutionary
Group,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3c
Arrival of Moscow millionaire Shakhov in Paris to help
revolutionaries,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3d
Rich woman Sharzhinskaia and the interest of the
revolutionaries in her money,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3e
Financial aid from Moscow tea merchants, the Vysotskii
family,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3f
Indications that Nathanson received 30,000 rubles for
terrorist purposes,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3g
Antwerp Union of Russian Sailors headed by
Anichkin,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3h
Coupons to raise money for the Latvian Social Democratic
Party,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3i
Fund-raising activities of the Latvian Social Democratic
Party,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3j
Berlin students raising money to help political prisoners in
Russia,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3k
Memo requesting identification of individual who donated
30,000 rubles to the Fighting Unit,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3l
Irregularities in the funds of the revolutionary
treasury,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3m
Barthold to get a sum of money for terrorist
purposes,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3n
Zurich and Basel societies to aid political prisoners in
Russia,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3o
Basel meeting of the "Locan Union to Aid Exiles,"
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3p
Fundraising lecture in Zurich,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3q
Appeal for funds of the "Union of Russian Seaman" in
London,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3r
Vera Figner's Geneva "Group to Aid Political Exiles and
Prisoners,"
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3s
Donations by Moscow millionaires, the Morozovs,
1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3t
Bern Conference of émigré Treasuries in
Switzerland,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 3u
Appeal of the Central Secretariat of émigré Treasuries in
Switzerland,
1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 400
Index XXVb, Folder 5
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 133, April 14, 1905,
on the organization of a mutual insurance fund for members of
Socialist Revolutionary and Social Democratic groups, in XIIIc(2),
folder 6
Box 215
c. Expropriation, counterfeiting, and banditries
Scope and Contents note
"Expropriations," after the uprisings of 1905, became the policy,
strategy, and tactics of the revolutionaries in general, particularly of
the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party. As a proletarian party, the
latter was always in greater need of funds than the Socialist
Revolutionaries, who had in their ranks a larger proportion of
well-to-do members than Lenin's group. In essence, "expropriations" were
nothing more than banditries serving as a source of funding the
revolution and at the same time hurting the regime, creating chaos, and,
with propaganda, serving as another slogan against capitalist
oppression.
Folder 1 contains a number of dispatches exchanged between
Headquarters and the Paris Office and pertaining to acts of
expropriation and banditry committed by the Russian revolutionaries from
1893 to 1915. The documents in Folder 2 refer to specific banditries
on a large scale, such as the Tiflis robbery (April 1907), Tashkent
(1906) and Odessa (1907). There is also a brief (in German) prepared by
the Munich police on Kamo-Mirskii's efforts to exchange Russian bank
notes stolen at Tiflis (see XXVIIc), reports on the counterfeiting of
bank notes (Leventhal), etc. A set of clippings from London newspapers
on the attempted robbery at Houndsditch completes the file.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 1
Miscellaneous documents pertaining to expropriations by the
revolutionaries,
1893-1915
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2a
Popov affair and description of a swindle with Russian
stocks,
1893
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2b
Aleksandr Belentsov, participant of a Moscow bank holdup, in
Zurich,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2c
Brothers Kereselidze and Nestor Magalov, who stole 315,000
rubles from a state treasury in Tiflis,
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2d
Extradition of participants in the Tiflis holdup from
Switzerland,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2e
Circular announcing rewards for the apprehension of
individuals involved in stealing 544,000 rubles from Tashkent and
Aulieatinsk finance offices,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2f
Revolutionary plans to commit a large-scale robbery in a
Caucasian city,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2g
Bank robberies in Odessa,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2h
Attack on a train en route from Tiflis to Batumi,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2i
Kamo's role in the Tiflis holdup; his plans for other
expropriations,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2j
Brief on the Tiflis robbery prepared in German by the Munich
police,
1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2k
Disposition of the money stolen in the Verkhnedneprovsk
holdup,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2l
Litvinov's and Krassin's talks on counterfeiting bank notes
following the Tiflis holdup,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2m
Disposition of the money from the Tiflis holdup,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2n
Agent Tsetlin and her suit against the revolutionaries for
stealing her money,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2o
Robert Leventhal engaged in counterfeiting Russian currency
in Paris,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2p
Dispatch of revolutionaries for an expropriation
job,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2q
Reports on the suspected participants of the Tiflis
holdup
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 2r
Eight clippings referring to the attempted Houndsditch
robbery
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVc, Folder 4
Reference: For a letter from Munich on the Tiflis robbery,
see Vd, folder 1
Index XXVc, Folder 5
Reference: See outgoing telegram no. 145, 1910, regarding the
proposed plan of the revolutionaries to destroy money from the
Tiflis holdup, in XIIIb(2), folder 8
Box 216
d. Extortion and blackmail
Scope and Contents note
Contains various documents referring to acts of blackmail and extortion,
perpetrated by the revolutionaries, or in their name. There is also a
list of Russians arrested in Lausanne (April 1908) in connection with
extortion letters sent to S. Shiro. Folder 2 has documents
pertaining to various cases of blackmail and extortion, such as Persitz,
Prince Trubetskoi, Ganeshin, Troitskii, Kokovashin, and Fontaine, and
also samples of threatening letters (1902-1912).
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVd, Folder 1
Dispatches pertaining to extortion and blackmail,
1906-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVd, Folder 2a
Report on Agent Persitz, engaged in extortion from
diplomats,
1902
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVd, Folder 2b
Revolutionary posing as Prince Trubetskoi,
1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVd, Folder 2c
The Ganeshin case (attempts of the revolutionaries to swindle
him),
1906
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVd, Folder 2d
Attempts of revolutionaries to swindle Aleksandra Chuksina in
Moscow,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVd, Folder 2e
Attempts of swindler Kokovashin to extort 350,000 rubles from
the Russian government,
1907
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVd, Folder 2f
Blackmail in connection with former agent Paul
Fontaine,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVd, Folder 2g
Sample extortion letters sent by revolutionaries,
1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVd, Folder 2h
Documents pertaining to former agent Louis Feuger,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Scope and Contents note
Includes his letter to the MVD minister requesting re-employment.
Index XXVd, Folder 4
Reference: See notes on double agent Julieta, in
XIa
Box 216
XXVI. Communications of the revolutionaries
a. Code systems
Scope and Contents note
The use of codes was not well developed by the revolutionaries.
Intercepted mail often illustrates the use of code words and
expressions, but full use of codes in digits was obviously rare. As some
examples in the folders illustrate, they were of a simple, easily
deciphered variety.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVIa, Folder 1a
Codes used in correspondence by the
revolutionaries,
1895-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVIa, Folder 1b
Decoded letters,
1903-1904
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVIa, Folder 3
Reference: See intelligence summary no. 57, 1903, for a list
of the codes of different revolutionary organizations not yet broken
by the Okhrana, in XIIIc(2), folder 2
Index XXVIa, Folder 4
Reference: For the code system used by early Polish
revolutionaries, see the papers on Rapoport and Savitski, in
XIX
b. Secret writing
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
Index XXVIb, Folder 1
Intercepted letters of the revolutionaries, written with
invisible chemicals, which were later developed,
1904-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 401
c. Couriers
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIc, Folder 1
Couriers of the revolutionaries,
1903, 1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
d. General
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVId, Folder 1
Dispatch informing that the address of a Paris restaurant is
being used by the revolutionaries for mail,
1911
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Box 216
XXVII. Methods of black propaganda, threats, poison pen
letters
a. Burtsev's exploitation of the case of Francisco
Leone
Scope and Contents note
The year 1913 was a turning point in the history of the Paris Okhrana
Office. Burtsev succeeded in completely exposing the Russian secret
police network in that city, thereby forcing the Paris Okhrana to change
its organizational structure and operational methods. One of the cases
used by Burtsev in his anti-Okhrana campaign was that involving
Francesco Leone, who was fired by the Paris Okhrana and went over to
Burtsev, giving him the information he acquired as an agent. The
documents in this file clearly reflect the great concern of Krasilnikov
for the security of his organization against the Burtsev-Leone
conspiracy.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIIa, Folder 1
Dispatches discussing the repercussions of Leone's turning to
Burtsev,
1913-1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIIa, Folder 2
Notes on the dismissal of postmaster Christiani of Fezzano,
Italy, for aiding the Okhrana with mail interceptions,
1914
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIIa, Folder 3
Agents' reports on Leone's turning to Burtsev,
1912-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIIa, Folder 4
Newspaper clippings on the Russian police in Paris and Italy
based on Leone's revelations,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
b. Burtsev's campaign against Garting
Scope and Contents note
In early 1909 the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Burtsev succeeded in
exposing the Chief of the Paris Okhrana Office, Baron Arkadii
Mikhailovich Garting, as one Heckelman-Landesen who, in 1890, was
convicted by a French court to five years imprisonment for illegal
possession of explosives. The documents in this file cover the period
from November 26, 1908, to February 10, 1910, and consist primarily of
frantic dispatches from Garting to the home office in St. Petersburg
about Burtsev's persecution.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIIb, Folder 1
Dispatches concerning Burtsev's campaign against Garting of
the Paris Okhrana,
1908-1910
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIIb, Folder 3
Reference: See outgoing telegram, 1909, on the effect of
Burtsev's exposure of Garting's position, in XIIIb(2), folder
7
Index XXVIIb, Folder 4
Reference: See outgoing telegram, 1909, with Garting's pleas
for help against Burtsev's campaign against him, in XIIIb(2), folder
7
Index XXVIIb, Folder 5
Reference: See outgoing telegram, 1909, asking Headquarters
to direct the Paris Embassy to advise the French press that Garting
and Landesen are not the same person, in XIIIb(2), folder
7
c. Exploitation of Kamo's case against Russian and German
security organs
Scope and Contents note
The earliest document in this file on Semen Ter-Petrosian ("Kamo,"
"Dmitrii Mirskii") is an outgoing dispatch dated October 12, 1907,
referring to "Kamo" as a young but highly active and daring
revolutionary terrorist greatly valued by all Bolsheviks, including
Lenin and "Nikitich." The report points out that "Kamo" was a key figure
in the purchase of arms for revolutionaries in collaboration with
Litvinov. Another report gives brief biographical sketch of that
individual along with his career as a holdup artist of major proportions
and a description of his great friendship with Lenin. When "Kamo" was
arrested in Berlin in an apartment stocked with bombs and explosives,
which he shared with a secret Okhrana agent, the Social Democratic
circles succeeded in initiating a campaign accusing the Okhrana agent of
planting the explosives in the apartment as an act of provocation,
thereby causing considerable embarrassment to the Okhrana. "Kamo"
successfully feigned insanity and was committed to a German asylum. The
documents in this file also indicate that "Kamo" organized and
participated in two holdups in Georgia, in Tiflis and on the Georgian
Military Road. (See Index Numbers XXVb and XXVc for further information
concerning the Georgian holdups. )
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIIc, Folder 1
Headquarters circular, dispatches, and other materials on
Simon Ter-Petrosian (Kamo, Dmitrii Mirskii),
1907-1908
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Scope and Contents note
Includes documents on his activities as a terrorist, his arrest in
Berlin, and his commitment to a mental institution in Germany.
d. Threats upon the lives of security personnel, communist
intimidation
Scope and Contents note
The Russian revolutionaries abroad utilized intimidation and threats to
extort funds and to control the activities or to do away with certain
government leaders and police officials. (See XXIVi, XXVc, and XXVd for
additional information.) The documents in this file pertain to the
murder of agent "Iost"- Chizhikov, the alleged suicide of agent
Lisovskii, Burtsev's action against Garting and the Paris Okhrana, the
terrorist Emma, accounts of the attempted assassination of Okhrana
Colonel von Kotten by Rips, and the assassination of Colonel Karpov.
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIId, Folder 1
Dispatches concerning the murder of Agent Chizhikov ("Yost,"
"Est"),
1908-1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIId, Folder 2
Reports on the alleged suicide of Agent Lisovskii,
1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIId, Folder 3
Burtsev's action against Garting and against the Paris
Okhrana in general,
1909-1912
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIId, Folder 4
Terrorist Emma and her access to a Riga prison,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIId, Folder 5
Accounts of the attempt on the life of staff agent von Kotten
by Rips,
1909-1913
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIId, Folder 6
Notes and telegrams referring to the assassination of Colonel
Karpov,
1909
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXVIId, Folder 7
Dispatches, notes, and reports on various matters,
1905-1916
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Boxes 217-227, 237-238,
245
XXVIII. Miscellaneous
Access
This portion of the collection was not microfilmed.
Scope and Contents note
An assembly of various items preserved as found in the shipment by Ambassador
Maklakov. They remain with the collection as part of the original archive.
Items include unused stationery, papers, pencils, and erasers, and other
items found in the desk drawers of Okhrana Chief Krasil'nikov; stamps for
office use and sealing wax, folders of maps and European city plans;
telephone book, dictionaries, and a collection of calling cards.
Index XXVIII, Box 217
Office stamps for classifying, dating, serializing of documents,
etc.
Index XXVIII, Box 217
Pencils, pens, and sealing wax
Index XXVIII, Box 218
Personal telephone directory (some entries), alphabetized
portfolio (empty)
Index XXVIII, Box 218
Three printers' cuts of unidentified photographs
Index XXVIII, Boxes 218, 238
Unused stationary of the Russian Embassy in Paris and the M.V.D.
(Okhrana) office; official envelopes, one with the seal A.N.; unused
scrap paper pad; loose paper
Index XXVIII, Box 218
Assortment of medical prescriptions for Chief
Krasil'nikov
Index XXVIII, Box 219
Empty portfolio for Russian bank notes
Index XXVIII, Box 219
Four empty folders for filing incoming and outgoing
dispatches
Index XXVIII, Box 220
Erasers, tape, thread, items from writing desk drawer
Index XXVIII, Box 220
Collection of calling cards
Index XXVIII, Box 220
Three desk blotters and a ruler
Index XXVIII, Boxes 221-225, Map case
Miscellaneous papers, pamphlets and publications
Scope and Contents note
Includes letters of credit from the Crédit Lyonnais, post card albums,
travel guidebooks to various countries and cities, and foreign language
grammar books.
Index XXVIII, Box 225, Map case
Assorted maps and city plans of Europe
Index XXVIII, Box 226
Panoramic photographs of Switzerland, Russian Red Cross in
Stockholm pamphlet, and
Monitore
Italo-Russo,
no. 6, 1917
Box 237
"Source Materials from the Okhrana Archives Pertaining to
Political Intervention of the Central Powers in the Russian
Revolutionary Movement," by Arsene G. Yourieff,
circa 1916
Box 238
French manuscript on Socialist Revolution,
1908
Box 238
Annotated piece of wood,
undated
Box 228
XXIX. Inventories
Access
Available on microfilm reel 402
Index XXIX, Folder 1
Packing list for the contents of 17 boxes prepared for shipping
on August 31, 1920