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Guide to the California Dairy Industry History
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Title: California Dairy Industry History
Collection
Dates: 1856-1986 (bulk
1953-1978)
Collection number: Consult repository
Collector:
California State
Parks
Extent:
38.7 cubic feet in 52 boxes and 34.75
cubic feet of bound
volumes.
Repository:
California State
Parks
1416 9th Street, Room 943, Sacramento, Ca.
95814
Abstract: The
California Dairy Industry History Collection
contains documentary items extracted from a
large assemblage of materials
collected for use at an anticipated California Dairy Museum.
Between 1976 and
1981 California State Parks, in cooperation with the California
Dairy Museum
and Educational Foundation (CDMEF), participated in a joint venture to
create a
museum at Wilder Ranch State Park in Santa Cruz County. The museum was
intended
to showcase the contributions of the dairy industry to the social and
economic
development of California. In 1976 the CDMEF donated its collection of
dairy
machinery, equipment, and archival materials to the California State Parks. The
foundation also established an advisory committee to assist California State
Parks in managing the collection and in locating and acquiring additional
materials
for the proposed museum. In 1981 the State Parks Commission voted not
to fund the museum,
and the collection went into storage—first at Wilder Ranch
State Park and then at the
State Museum Resources Center in West Sacramento.
The archival collection described in
this guide covers the period of 1856 to
1986 with the bulk of the material dating
from 1930 to 1978..
Physical location: The collection resides
at California
State Parks Archives, Sacramento.
Language:
English
The collection is open for research.
Property rights reside with the
California
State Parks. Literary rights are retained by the creators of the
records and their
heirs. For permission to reproduce or to publish, please
contact California State
Parks.
[item],
California Dairy Industry History
Collection, California State Parks, Sacramento,
California.
The collection described in this finding
aid represents those
materials that are archival in nature. Artifacts
(including some very large pieces of
machinery) that are also identified by the
accession number 85-2 are not included in
this guide. For information on the
artifactual materials related to this collection
contact California State
Parks.
A Brief History of the California Dairy Industry
Cattle
first entered California with the Spanish missionaries in the late 1700’s. Milk
and cheese were consumed at the Franciscan Missions from San Diego to the
northernmost
mission at Sonoma. At times milk may even have been an essential
element of the
missionaries’ diet. Father Junipero Serra wrote in 1772 that
milk was their “chief
subsistence” at Mission San Carlos in Carmel, and other
records show that as early
as 1776 women were making cheese and butter at
Mission San Gabriel. But the first cattle in
California were of Mexican stock,
better suited for meat, hide and tallow than for
milk. As these herds grew, a
lucrative trade in tallow and hides developed. These goods
left California by
ship, and the Eastern merchants’ desire for these products in the
1830s
contributed to the growth of seaport trading communities at San Diego, Santa
Barbara, and Monterey. In the first few decades after the arrival of cattle in
California,
dairying was incidental to the more lucrative tallow and hide
trades. But as the herds
grew stronger and larger, dairying became more and
more popular.
The
first export of dairy products, however, probably happened much
farther north than
the centers of the tallow and hide trades. The Russians at
Fort Ross on the Sonoma
coast engaged in farming and dairying and shipped
butter, cheese, and locally grown
produce to fur-trapping settlements in Alaska
between the years of 1812 and 1841. After
the Russians left California in 1841,
John Sutter of Sacramento acquired most of the
materials at the fort, including
the small dairy herd, and he operated small dairies
on land at Mills Station
(modern-day Rancho Cordova, in the Sacramento area) and Yuba
City. But until
the great influx of fortune seekers in the 1850’s following the
discovery of
gold in California, dairying in the state was still primarily a domestic
activity, and not an economic one.
Many families who braved the overland
trek from the eastern United States brought with them cows to provide milk for
their
children and infants. In the Mother Lode mining communities dairy cattle
soon became
valuable commodities. In many cases, while husbands were mining,
wives managed the
family’s livestock and found that they could sell fresh milk
and butter at a favorable
price. Dairy herds began appearing in the Sierra
foothills to satisfy the Easterners’
desire for milk and butter; simple
pleasures that they had left behind when they
decided to seek their fortunes in
the untamed gold fields. As California’s population
swelled over succeeding
decades, the demand for milk increased proportionally.
Fluid milk is
more perishable than butter or cheese, so initially milk had to be
produced
within a short wagon ride of its consumers. Larger dairy herds first
emerged
close to California’s most populated areas to ensure that milk could be
supplied to the rapidly growing urban populations. According to the 1860
census, there were 264,000 people in California and 104,000 cows, and the
principal
dairy regions that year were the San Francisco Bay area and the
Sacramento Valley.
Because of the great demand for milk in San Francisco, and
because of the area’s good
rainfall and natural pasturage, the Bay Area became
the state’s first major dairy
center.
In the late 1850’s dairies in
Petaluma began shipping butter and cheese
down the coast by ship to the San
Francisco Bay area; however, this answered only a
fraction of the demand at the
time and the majority of dairy products were still being
shipped from the East
Coast. California’s cheese and butter industries saw dramatic growth
in the
second half of the century. In 1850 only 705 pounds of butter and 150 pounds of
cheese were produced in California, but by 1880 those numbers had increased to
16
million pounds and 3.7 million pounds respectively.
Today milk is
produced in
every state in the United States, but since 1980 more than half of
the total U.S. milk
production has come from only five states: California,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, and
Pennsylvania. In 2000 California produced
about twenty percent of the U.S. total,
surpassing Wisconsin as the nation’s
largest milk producer. Yet the total number of dairy
operations in California
declined steadily in the second half of the twentieth
century and now the state
has less than one-seventh the number of dairies as
Wisconsin. The average size
of California’s dairy herds, on the other hand, is about
seven times the
national average and almost nine times the Wisconsin average. In
2002
California produced 1.7 billion pounds of cheese, second only to Wisconsin, and
it also led the nation in production of butter, nonfat dry milk, cottage
cheese, and ice cream.
California’s success in dairying is due in large
part to
environmental factors. Its temperate climate mitigates the need to
house dairy cattle
in winter months, and also contributes to the production of
high quality alfalfa.
California’s geographic isolation, with the Sierra Nevada
and Rocky Mountain ranges as
obstacles to the transport of raw milk either east
or west, necessitated the rapid
development of in-state production and
processing capacities. The state’s phenomenal
population growth in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries created steady
demand for dairy
products, which stimulated the development of storage, packaging,
and delivery
systems. But the rise of California’s dairy industry from humble beginnings
to
national prominence is also a story of technological innovation, and
cooperation and organization by its dairymen.
In the last quarter of the
nineteenth century, just as California’s population exploded and its demand for
dairy products increased accordingly, several new technologies emerged to help
jumpstart
the state’s dairy industry. Mechanical cream separation,
pasteurization, a reliable
method of butterfat measurement and even the glass
milk bottle were all developed
between 1877 and 1892. Dairying in California
shifted from a domestic activity to a major
industry about 1890. Shortly before
that time the centrifugal cream separator, a
mechanical device for separating
cream from raw milk in large batches, made its
appearance in California, and
the first commercial creamery in the state opened in
Ferndale, California in
1899. The emergence of creameries created a division between
production and
manufacturing/marketing operations. Before 1900, California dairying was
primarily an integrated endeavor, and included growing feed for the cows,
producing the milk, skimming the cream, churning the butter and making the
cheese all
in one location—the dairy farm.
As the division of production
and processing
operations became the norm, other factors began reshaping the
dairy industry as well.
Dairy herd improvement associations aided the dairy
farmer in selectively breeding cows
that produced higher and higher volumes of
milk, with higher levels of butterfat.
Improvements in the treatment and
diagnosis of bovine diseases, and improvements in
milking machine technology in
conjunction with newly improved herds saw production explode
in the beginning
of the twentieth century. In order to take advantage of increased
demand for
dairy products and to protect themselves financially, dairy farmers
recognized
a need to bargain collectively with processors or to do their own
processing
and distributing collectively. Farmer-owned dairy cooperatives developed in
the
first decades of the twentieth century to provide members an assured market for
their milk and to help them negotiate prices, assemble, haul, manufacture,
process, and market milk and dairy products to wholesalers. A dairy cooperative
business is owned, operated, and controlled by the dairy farmers who benefit
from its
services.
Concerned about the marketing of their cream, dairy
farmers in Tulare
County, California formed the Dairyman’s Cooperative Creamery
Association in 1910. The
association operated its own creamery to manufacture
butter, but left the marketing of
their product to a Los Angeles firm. The
following year the association merged with
the nearby Riverdale Cooperative
Creamery and they began marketing their own butter
in Los Angeles under the
“Challenge Butter” name. Today Challenge Butter is the
largest-selling butter
in the western United States. The Challenge Cream and Butter
Association
developed the first lab in California to sample and ensure butter quality,
and
their mechanical department developed the world’s first industrial metal churn,
an innovation which quickly spread worldwide.
In 1919 California’s dairy
industry faced a new threat. In January of that year, the State Legislature
began
considering two bills which would have had great impact on California’s
dairymen and
creamery operators. One would have permitted the manufacturers of
margarine to color
their product in imitation of butter; the other would have
permitted the manufacture
and distribution of a milk and coconut oil blend to
remain unregulated. The dairy
industry considered the first an affront to the
integrity of their beloved butter
and the latter to be a threat to the health
of California’s children. That month the
California Dairy Council was formed to
go before the Legislature as the official
representative of the industry. In
addition to its legislative efforts, the California
Dairy Council pledged to
“promote human welfare and efficiency, by cooperative and
united effort, in
educating the public to appreciate the importance of the dairy cow
and the
value of dairy products as human food.” Many other such organizations were
founded in California in the middle of the twentieth century with similar
promotional goals, including the California Milk Advisory Board, the League of
California
Milk Producers, the California Creamery Operators Association, and
the Dairy Institute
of California.
One of these organizations, the
California Dairy Industry Advisory
Board was created by an act of the State
Legislature in 1946 to provide substantial
and dependable funding for dairy
products research at the university level. In 1904
the California Livestock
Breeder’s Association introduced a bill before the State
Legislature calling
for the purchase of at least 250 acres of the best agricultural land
in the
state to build a “University Farm” that would be operated by the regents of the
University of California to advance the science of farming and dairying for the
benefit of California. In 1905 an appointed commission selected 786 acres near
Davisville
(now Davis), California for the site. The following year the
University occupied the
site. Courses in dairying began in the fall of 1908,
with twenty-five students studying
butter making. The “University Farm
Creamery” offered students the opportunity to see
all the operations conducted
in a commercial creamery from a practical point of view. The
University Farm
eventually became the University of California at Davis, one of the
nation’s
most prestigious universities for studying agriculture, medicine, and
engineering. The California Dairy Industry Advisory Board now operates through
the Dairy
Industry Division of the University.
The rise of California’s
dairy industry from
humble beginnings to national and even international
prominence is a story of
technological innovation, legislative efforts, and
masterful marketing, but most of all
the cooperative spirit and organizational
acumen of its dairymen.
The collection contains
the papers of
Herman Grabow (1898-1993), a cow tester, dairyman, radio personality,
journalist and lobbyist for the California Grange. Trained as a cow tester at
the
University of Minnesota, Grabow came to California in 1923, where he found
work as a
tester in Ventura County. After losing his dairy in the midst of the
Great Depression,
Grabow came to San Joaquin County where he acquired a spread
that was being sold for back
taxes. With financial help from Roosevelt's New
Deal, Grabow bought alfalfa seed and
twenty cows. By the late 1930s he was
well-established and had become Director of the
local artificial insemination
association. Beginning in the 1940’s, Grabow became a
farmer’s advocate,
working for forty years to advance the cause of the California dairy
industry
through legislation and promotion as a lobbyist for the California State
Grange
and as President of the California Dairymen, Inc. Grabow also published a
regular column on dairy-related topics in the California Farmer during the
1960s and
hosted a weekly radio program, "A Dairyman's Views on the News" on
KTRB in Modesto,
California from 1955 to 1960. He will be best remembered
(among dairymen in
particular) for his contributions to the passage of the
California Milk Pooling Act
(1969), which gave independent dairymen greater
protection from milk price
fluctuations.
The collection also contains material collected by Neil McPherson
(1904-1983). A native of Scotland, McPherson was a dairy farmer, a regional
representative for the American Jersey Cattle Club, and Industry Relations
Director of
the Dairy Council of California. His personal collection of dairy
artifacts and
documentary material, acquired through many years of visiting
California’s historic dairy
ranches and researching their histories, was the
impetus for the development of the
California Dairy Museum and Educational
Foundation, where McPherson served as the
founding and only curator from 1974
until his death 1983. In 1978, the American
Association for State and Local
History commended him for his “service and
scholarship in the promotion and
documentation of California’s dairy history,” and in
1983 The Dairyman magazine
bestowed on him the title of California Dairy Industry
Historian Laureate, and
proclaimed that “Seldom has one man contributed so much to
one industry’s rich
history.”
Also featured prominently in this collection are
materials
relating to one of California’s pioneer dairy families, the Steele family.
Cousins George (1825-1901) and Rensselaer (1808-1886) Steele immigrated to
California’s Sonoma County from the East Coast in 1855, followed by George’s
brothers
Edgar in 1856 and Isaac in 1857. Initially farmers rather than
dairymen, the family soon
discovered a lucrative market for cheese and butter
in San Francisco. In 1857 George and
Isaac took possession of land at Punta del
Reyes on the Marin County coast and
established a prosperous dairy operation
there. The Steeles produced a startling
forty-five tons of butter in 1861. That
year they added 15,000 acres to their dairy
operations with the acquisition of
land farther south at Año Nuevo on what was at that
time the Santa Cruz County
coast. In 1866 Edgar Steele moved from Marin County to San
Luis Obispo County
where he introduced dairy farming on an additional 45,000 acres, and
by 1870
the Steele’s combined net worth was estimated to be about $1.5 million.
Legal
disputes over land titles eventually forced the sale of some of their acreage,
but Isaac maintained the ranch at Año Nuevo until his death in 1903 and Isaac’s
grandson William Steele continued operation there until his death in 1956. In
1967
William’s widow, Catherine B. Steele made a gift of the Green Oaks ranch
to the
County of San Mateo to be used for historical and educational purposes.
| 1769 | Cattle first enter California from Mexico with the Spanish missionaries. |
| 1812-1841 | The Russian settlement at Fort Ross exports dairy products from California to Alaska. |
| 1848 | Gold is discovered at Coloma |
| 1850 | California becomes a state. Mass migrations of gold-seekers flood in. |
| 1856 | The Steele family of Marin county begin earliest major dairy operations in California. Gail Borden receives a patent for condensed milk in New York. Louis Pasteur begins bacteriological experiments in France leading to the development of the pasteurization process. |
| 1878 | The centrifugal cream separator is invented by Albert Delaval in Sweden. |
| 1886 | The glass milk bottle with reliable closure is invented by Harvey Thatcher in New York. |
| 1890 | Dr. Stephen Babcock of Wisconsin develops a simple method of determining butterfat content in milk. “Babcock Test” becomes the standard method of grading milk. Tuberculin testing of dairy herds introduced. |
| 1894 | Delaval patents his first mechanical milking machine. California State Dairy Bureau is established. |
| 1899 | The first commercial creamery in California opens in Ferndale, Humboldt County. |
| 1900-1910 | Cooperative dairies and creameries appear in Southern California. |
| 1902 | Homogenization of milk is invented. |
| 1904 | The ice cream cone is invented. |
| 1907 | Pasteurized milk becomes commercially practical. |
| 1908 | The University of California Agricultural College at Davis begins offering dairy classes. |
| 1918 | The Delaval mechanical milker utilizing controlled and uniform pulsations is introduced. |
| 1919 | The Dairy Council of California founded. |
| 1930-1935 | The continuous ice cream freezer is developed. The commercial homogenization of milk becomes practical. The widespread adoption of stainless steel containers in dairies and creameries becomes reality. |
| 1938 | The first farm bulk tanks for milk begin to replace milk cans. |
| 1946 | The California Dairy Industry Advisory Board is created. |
| 1948 | Ultra high temperature pasteurization is introduced. |
| 1964 | Plastic milk containers are introduced. |
| 1974 | The California Dairy Museum and Educational Foundation is established. |
Organization and Processing Notes
The California
Dairy
Industry History Collection is an artificial collection encompassing materials
acquired from various sources. Since the California State Parks’ acquisition of
the
bulk of this collection from the California Dairy Museum and Educational
Foundation
in 1978, a variety of efforts were made to catalog and organize the
material.
Unfortunately, none of these attempts resulted in the organizational
or descriptive tools
required to lend research functionality to the collection.
For example, a typed
inventory of the collection described items “from
McPherson’s home,” but the inventory
is undated, the author is not stated, the
material was not arranged, and only the
contents of a single box of documents
were described.
In addition, the
collection has been relocated more than once, and shows
evidence of having been
repackaged and resorted, eliminating the possibility of
reassembling the order
created by the original collector(s). It is also likely
that items were added to the
collection between 1977 and 2002, and records of
these accruals, where present, have
not been maintained or preserved. These
factors, as well as the undocumented
provenance of the materials, resulted in
the decision to process the collection as a
single entity. The total absence of
a usable original order necessitated the imposition
of a new overall
arrangement to improve accessibility and facilitate locating,
retrieving, and
filing the materials.
Researchers may note what appear to be
discrepancies or omissions in this finding aid regarding the numbering
conventions
used for boxes in the collection. To maintain an effective
intellectual arrangement of
the material, all items are listed within the
context of the series or subseries they
relate to, despite having been
physically relocated because of size, format, or
preservation need. The
notation “Moved to Box [box number]” guides the user to the
material.
The collection has been organized into the following series and
subseries:
- Series I: Organizations
- Subseries 1: American Dairy Association
- Subseries 2: California Dairy Industries Association
- Subseries 3: California Dairy Museum and Educational Foundation
- Subseries 4: California Milk Advisory Board
- Subseries 5: Dairy Council of California
- Subseries 6: University of California
- Subseries 7: Organizations, various
- Series II: Companies and Cooperatives
- Series III: California Dairy People
- Subseries 1: Herman J. Grabow Papers
- Subseries 2: Neil McPherson Collection
- Subseries 3: Steel Family Papers
- Subseries 4: California Dairy People, various
- Series IV: Machinery and Equipment
- Series V: Legislation and Regulation
- Subseries 1: California State Assembly
- Subseries 2: California State Senate
- Subseries 3: California State Department of Agriculture
- Subseries 4: Various Legislative and Regulatory Offices and Committees
- Series VI: Dairy Trade Journals and University Publications
- Series VII: Photographic Material
Arrangement
The
Dairy Industry History Collection in its totality
includes a large collection of
artifacts, including milk bottles, butter
churns, cream separators, cheese presses,
storage containers, milking machines,
and large pieces of dairying and processing of
equipment. The material in the
archival collection described in this guide includes
brochures, bulletins,
catalogs, ephemera, interviews, minutes, ledgers, receipts, press
releases,
advertisements, research reports, newspaper clippings, speeches,
testimonies,
transcripts, correspondence, publications, original histories,
non-original
documents (mostly photocopies), audio and video recordings, books,
journals,
slides, negatives, and photographic prints.
Arrangement
This collection records the development of California’s
dairy
industry in histories of and records from individual dairy farms,
cooperatives,
marketing organizations, processors, and distributors. Also
included is biographical
material relating to many dairy pioneers,
entrepreneurs, scientists, and statesmen
who contributed to the industry. The
role of California’s legislature in protecting and
regulating the dairy
industry is evinced through legislative bill files, and the
creation and
operation of the California Dairy Museum and Educational Foundation is
documented in newsletters, correspondence, minutes, and corporate documents.
The material in this collection covers the years 1856 to 1986 with the bulk of
the
material dating from 1953 to 1978.
Arrangement
During the
time period covered by this collection, many
cooperatives, marketing, and educational
organizations were formed.
Organizations represented in this collection include the
University of
California Agricultural College at Davis, the American Dairy Association,
California Dairy Council, the California Dairy Museum and Educational
Foundation, and the California Milk Advisory Board. Material spanning the
period
from 1909 to 1983 evince the contributions made by these and many other
organizations.
Arrangement
Several modern dairy technologies
emerged during the time
period covered by this collection. With items spanning the
period of 1851 to
1988, these innovations are revealed in the collection’s large
quantity of
vendor publications, equipment descriptions, technical drawings, and
patents.
Vendors that are well represented in the collection include Coast
Creamery
Equipment, Damrow Brothers Equipment, De Laval, and McHale Manufacturing.
Materials documenting the history and operations of these and other companies
include business records, articles of incorporation, ledgers, organizational
charts,
brochures, catalogs, and photographs.
Arrangement
The
collection also contains the personal and professional
papers of two men who contributed
to the story of California’s dairy history
and considerable material pertaining to
one of California’s founding dairy
families. Herman Grabow (1898-1993) founded the
Grabow Jersey Dairy in Escalon,
California in 1935, served as president of
California Dairymen Inc, and was the
Legislative Representative for the California
Grange from 1961 to 1978. Items
collected by Grabow and contained in this
collection include autobiographical
essays, correspondence, memorabilia, business
records, clippings, legislative
reports and committee minutes, photographs and
audio recordings documenting his
career as a dairyman or dairyman’s advocate during
the period from 1924 to
1988. Neil McPherson (1904-1983), a native of Scotland,
was instrumental in the
creation of the California Dairy Museum and Educational
Foundation in 1974 and
served as its founding curator until his death. Correspondence,
clippings,
original writings, histories, photographs, and notebooks spanning the
period
from 1867 to 1983 illustrate McPherson’s passion for dairying. Also collected
by McPherson and included in this collection are audio and video tapes, movie
film, and collected histories of many of California’s fifty-eight counties, and
descriptive material on several dairy cattle breeds. George and Rensselaer
Steele
emigrated to California in 1856 and began dairying in Sonoma County in
1857. For the next
one hundred years the Steele family operated dairies in
Marin, San Mateo and Santa
Cruz Counties. Materials documenting their
contributions to California’s dairy story
include correspondence, clippings,
receipts, invoices, photographs, and reminiscences
spanning the period from
1857 to 1967.
Arrangement
The California State Legislature’s role in the development
of the
State’s dairy industry is evidenced by copies of bills and resolutions,
committee
transcripts, publications, and reports issued between 1950 and 1975.
Likewise, annual
reports, bulletins, court briefs, publications, transcripts,
minutes and agendas
spanning the period from 1920 to 1980 document California’s
dairy regulation through
the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the California
Department of Agriculture, and the
State Dairy Bureau. A small quantity of
material from U.S. House and Senate
committees concerned with the dairy
industry is also included.
Arrangement
Lastly, this collection contains a large number of books,
magazines, student papers, and trade journals, with publication dates ranging
from 1890 to 1984, which address the entire spectrum of dairying, from the
selection
of cattle breeds to the marketing of processed products.
This collection is open for research
The
following terms have been used to index
the description of this collection.
Delaval, Albert
Grabow, Herman
McPherson, Neil
American Dairy
Association
Borden's Condensed Milk
Company
California. Dairy Industry
Advisory Board
California. Dairy Council
California. Dairy Bureau,
State
California Milk Advisory
Board
California. Milk
Stabilization,
Bureau of
California creamery
operators' association
Certified Milk Producers
Association of America
Cherry-Burrell Corporation.
DeLaval Separator Company
Ex-Cell-O Corporation
Frigidaire
Corporation
James
Manufacturing
Co
National Dairy Council
National Grange
National Milk Producers
Federation
Owens-Illinois Glass
Company
University of
California
University of California
(1868-1952). College of
Agriculture
Butter industry
Cheese
industry
Dairy cattle—Breeding
Dairy farming—California
Dairy farming—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Dairy farming—Periodicals
Dairy
inspection
Dairy laws—California
Dairy plants—Equipment and supplies
Dairy
products—Cooperative marketing
Dairy products industry
1850-1880.
Dairy products—Marketing
Dairying—Economic aspects—California
Dairying—Government policy
Ice cream industry
Margarine—Law and legislation
Milk Advertising
Milk Grading and standardization
Additional information on the history of the
dairy
industry in California can be found in the following publications:
Herbert, Rand,
A History of the California Creamery
Operator’s
Association,
Davis, California: 1984.
Hittell, John S.,
The Commerce and
Industries of the Pacific Coast
of North America,
San Francisco: A.L.
Bancroft and Company,
1882.
Jones, Robert
E.,
The Beginning of Dairying on the Pacific, Berkeley:
University of California, 1930.
Santos, Robert L.,
“Dairying in California Through 1910,” Southern California
Quarterly, 76 (Summer 1994), 175-194.
Steele, Catherine B.,
“The Steele Brothers: Pioneers in
California’s Great Dairy
Industry,”
California Historical Quarterly, 20,
(September 1941),
259-273.
Tinley, J.M.,
Public Regulation of Milk Marketing in California,
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1938.
Wickson, E.J.,
Dairying in California, issued by the United
States
Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington D.C.: United
States Government Printing Office, 1896.