George W. Ingalls Photograph Collection: Finding
Aid
Finding aid prepared by Suzanne Oatey.
The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens
Photo Archives
1151 Oxford Road
San Marino, California 91108
Phone: (626) 405-2191
Email: reference@huntington.org
URL: http://www.huntington.org
© 2014
The Huntington Library. All rights reserved.
Overview of the Collection
Title: George W. Ingalls Photograph Collection
Dates (inclusive): approximately 1869 - 1915
Bulk dates: 1870s
Collection Number: photCL 275
Collector:
Ingalls, George W., 1838-1921
Extent:
1,126 photographs in 36 boxes: 598 prints and copy prints, 475 glass negatives, and 53 copy transparencies + notes and ephemera
Repository:
The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens.
Photo Archives
1151 Oxford Road
San Marino, California 91108
Phone: (626) 405-2191
Email: reference@huntington.org
URL: http://www.huntington.org
Abstract: A collection of glass plate negatives and prints collected by Major George W. Ingalls, a United States Indian agent, 1872-1875,
who worked among Paiute and other tribes in the American West, as well as among
Great Plains, Great Basin and Eastern tribes relegated to Indian Territory. Many of the photographs were made in the early
1870s, including several original wet-plate glass negatives made by Powell expedition photographer
John K. Hillers, and by Charles M. Bell. The collection illustrates Indian reform practices of the late 19th century, including
views of Indian children attending seminary schools; portraits of tribal leaders in western suits;
missionaries and churches in Indian Territory. There are also portraits of Indian delegates in Washington D.C.; portraits
taken at Council meetings; and early views of Reno, Nevada.
Language: English.
Note:
Finding aid last updated on May 26, 2015.
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Administrative Information
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Preferred Citation
George W. Ingalls Photograph Collection. The Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
Provenance
Purchased from Mrs. Elizabeth A. Ingalls, 1923.
Technical Details
The glass negatives are various sizes: 4 1/8 x 6 1/2 inches, 5 x 7 inches, 5 x 8 inches, and 8 x 10 inches. There are both
wet plate and dry plate negatives; double-thick and plain glass; stereographs;
and some with broken edges or cracks. Note that there are some original exposures on glass (by John K. Hillers, Charles M.
Bell and possibly others), but many are also copies -- photographs of photographs or
other types of reproductions.
The prints are also a mixture of reproductions and originals. In cases where there is a negative and no print, a modern copy
print was made from the negative by the Huntington Library, ca. 1980s-1990s, and
interfiled with the other prints.
Biographical Note
George W. Ingalls was born in Massachusetts in 1838. He became a member of the Baptist Church, and as a young man went to
Illinois, where he worked as a merchandise clerk and proprietor. He married Jennie Roberts
in 1866, with whom he had three children. In 1870, he was working as a life insurance agent in Springfield, Ill., while also
becoming increasingly involved in Indian affairs through the American Baptist Home
Mission Society. In 1872, President Grant appointed Ingalls U. S. Indian Agent for Nevada, Utah and Southeast California.
In 1873, he was made U.S. Special Indian Commissioner, along with John Wesley Powell,
to investigate the condition of the Indians of the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin. Ingalls, Powell and photographer John
K. Hillers travelled from Kanab to St. George and then to Las Vegas in the fall of 1873
to photograph Paiute Indians.
In 1874, the U.S. government published the "Report of Special Commissioners J. W. Powell and G. W. Ingalls on the Condition
of the Ute Indians of Utah; the Paiutes of Utah, Northern Arizona, Southern Nevada, and
Southeastern California; the Go-Si-Utes of Utah and Nevada; the Northwestern Shoshones of Idaho and Utah; and the Western
Shoshones of Nevada…"
Ingalls, Powell and Hillers were together again in 1875, when Hillers was making photographs in Indian Territory, Oklahoma,
for the Smithsonian's display at the Centennial Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia.
Hillers' diary of 1875 mentions Ingalls several times.
In 1874, Ingalls was appointed the first agent in charge of the Union Agency of consolidated Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw
and Seminole Indian tribes. He resigned as agent in 1875, but continued with
religious and educational work among the Indians.
Ingalls' first wife died in 1875, and in 1879 he married Dr. Elizabeth Shaw, a graduate of Michigan University who was a missionary
physician among the Indians in Indian Territory.
Ingalls moved to Arizona in 1880 and organized the first Territorial Exposition of Arizona, 1883. He turned his attention
to mines and organizing civic expositions in Oregon, and eventually returned to Nevada
in 1901. He became Secretary of the Nevada Chamber of Commerce at Reno, and in 1909, was chosen probation officer of the
Juvenile Court. He resigned in 1912 and spent his time writing articles and giving
lectures on his experiences among the Indians. He lived his last years in San Diego, and then Redlands, California, where
he died in 1921.
In his later years, Ingalls wrote to the Smithsonian’s Bureau of Ethnology, asking for copies of specific photographs (many
of which are in this collection). In a July 25, 1914, letter, he wrote “… in 1873
and 4, I was with the late Major J. W. Powell, Special Indian Commissioner and served in making investigations of the condition
of Indians in Utah, Nevada, Northern Ariz., S. E. California & Southern
Idaho, and taking a census of same … Jack Hillers made photographs of Indians at the time … I desire 8x10 and stereoscopic
size for illustrating my experiences of 40 years among Indians and New Legends
never in print of Paiutes and Washoes. Have started a new crusade of Indians (Temperance)…and have 1,000 signers to Anti-Liquor
League. I want above named photos for use stated, also for lantern slides
for my lectures among Indians and Whites...” On May 30, 1919, Ingalls wrote from San Diego, California, requesting more photos
for a “revised new book on wild & civilized Indians … the following photographic
prints 8x10 size that were made under Mr. Jack Hillers 1871-2-3 when with J.W. Powell and G.W. Ingalls … also by Jack Hillers
- Oklahoma 1875 for G.W. Ingalls, Supt. 1875 in Oklahoma.” The BAE reply says:
“we have the original negatives of 80 subjects listed by you … we will have to have the works printed privately, 50 cents
each without regard to size - total: $40. The prints will be made on glossy b&w
paper suitable for engraving or copying.”
Sources consulted:
- Fleming, Paula Richardson.
Native American Photography at the Smithsonian: The Shindler Catalogue. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian, 2003.
- Ingalls, G. W., letters to Superintendent, Bureau of Ethnology, Dept. of Interior, 1914, 1915 and 1919. Source: National
Anthropological Archives, Bureau of American Ethnology
correspondence, Box 180, Letters received 1909-1949 -- Ingalls, G. W.
- Fowler, Don, ed.
"Photographed All the Best Scenery": Jack Hillers's Diary of the Powell Expeditions, 1871-1875. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1972.
Scope and Content
A collection of glass plate negatives and prints collected by Major George W. Ingalls, a United States Indian agent, 1872-1875,
who worked among Paiute and other tribes in the West, as well as among
Great Plains, Great Basin and Eastern tribes relegated to Indian Territory. Many of the photographs were made in the early
1870s and include photographs by John K. Hillers made during expeditions
with John Wesley Powell in 1873 and 1874; views of Indian children attending seminary schools; portraits of tribal leaders
in western suits; missionaries and churches in Indian Territory. There are
also portraits of Indian delegates in Washington D.C.; portraits taken at Council meetings; and early views of Reno, Nevada,
from the early 1900s.
The majority of tribes represented are from Great Basin and Great Plains regions, but there are also Southwest Indian photographs
by A. C. Vroman; and views of Northeast and Southeast Indian tribe
members living in Indian Territory or attending annual council meetings. Notably, there is a view of a skull showing an example
of head flattening (Folder 33, Item 1).
Many of the original prints have ink captions in Ingalls’ hand. Ingalls’ captions often mention if the Indians pictured are
Christians or otherwise “reformed.”
There are photographs of Indian graduates of seminary schools, and views of institutional buildings and
churches with native and non-native people. Missionary families are shown in their houses, as well as native preachers in
their new wooden houses. Additionally,
there are also descriptions in pencil on the backs of original prints and copy prints that are, for the most part, taken from
Ingalls’ original negative envelopes.
At some point after acquisition, Ingalls’ handwritten identifications
on the original negative envelopes were transcribed to the backs of the prints and the envelopes were discarded. A few still
survive, and are filed with the prints --see Folder 23 (3), to see an example.
This collection is a mixture of original and copy prints and negatives, as well as a few pieces of ephemera and some manuscript
photograph lists and possible lecture notes by Ingalls.
There are many original exposures among the glass negatives, which Ingalls may have received directly from the photographer(s).
Others are copies that Ingalls may have borrowed to be photographed for his own collection, or he received from elsewhere.
The Smithsonian's Bureau of Ethnology received letters from Ingalls asking
for copies of certain photographs, indicating he did receive some copies this way. A May 30, 1919, letter from Ingalls’ to
the BAE refers to Hillers’ photographs “for” him in Oklahoma, 1875,
supporting the idea that Hillers gave Ingalls some original negatives.
Related materials in the Huntington Library
Arrangement
The collection is organized into 4 series:
- Original and copy prints
- Ephemera and notes
- Glass negatives
- Copy negatives (transparencies)
The photographs are organized by tribe and listed loosely by geographic and cultural region: Southwest, Great Basin, California
and Plateau, Great Plains, Southeast, and Northeast.
Some sections include views of non-Indians, towns, and buildings taken in vicinity.
Following tribe names, there are sections for: Artifacts; U.S. Indian Agents and Missionaries; Miscellaneous and Unidentified.
Indexing Terms
Subjects
Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca, 1844?-1891 -- Photographs.
Ingalls, George W., 1838-1921 -- Photographs.
Joseph, Nez Percé Chief, 1840-1904 -- Photographs.
Journeycake, Charles, 1817-1894 -- Photographs.
Montezuma, Carlos, 1866-1923 -- Photographs.
Newlands, Francis G. (Francis Griffith), 1848-1917 -- Photographs.
Ouray, Ute Chief, approximately 1833-1880 -- Photographs.
Ross, William P. (William Potter), 1820-1891 -- Photographs.
Shanks, John P. C. (John Peter Cleaver), 1826-1901 -- Photographs.
Sitting Bull, 1831-1890 -- Photographs.
Washakie, approximately 1804-1900 -- Photographs.
Winema, Modoc Chieftainess, 1842-1932 -- Photographs.
Wovoka, approximately 1856-1932 -- Photographs.
Wright, Allen, active 1873-1880 -- Photographs.
University of Nevada, Reno -- History -- Photographs.
African Americans -- 1870-1880 -- Photographs. [TGM]
Apache Indians -- Photographs.
Arapaho Indians-- Photographs.
Arrowheads -- North America -- Photographs.
Artifacts -- Photographs.
Baptists -- Missions -- Indian Territory -- History.
Caddo Indians -- Photographs.
Cherokee Indians -- Photographs.
Cheyenne Indians -- Photographs.
Chickasaw Indians -- Photographs.
Chinook Indians – Craniology -- Photographs
Choctaw Indians -- Photographs.
Clergy -- United States -- History -- 19th century -- Photographs.
Comanche Indians -- Photographs.
Creek Indians -- Photographs.
Crow Indians -- Photographs.
Delaware Indians -- Photographs.
Delegations -- Washington (D.C.) -- 1870-1880 -- Photographs.
Delegations -- Washington (D.C.) -- 1880-1890 -- Photographs.
Expeditions & surveys -- West (U.S.) -- 1870-1890 -- Photographs.
Frontier and pioneer life -- United States -- West (U.S.) -- Photographs.
Hopi Indians -- Photographs.
Indian Territory. General Council -- Photographs.
Indians of North America -- Cultural assimilation--Indian Territory.
Indians of North America -- Education -- Photographs.
Indians of North America -- Great Basin. -- Photographs.
Indians of North America -- Great Plains. -- Photographs.
Indians of North America -- Indian Territory. -- Photographs.
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New-- Photographs.
Kiowa Indians -- Photographs.
Modoc Indians -- Photographs.
Navajo Indians -- Photographs.
Nez Perce Indians -- Photographs.
Off-reservation boarding schools -- Photographs.
Ojibwa Indians -- Photographs.
Osage Indians -- Photographs.
Ottawa Indians --Photographs.
Paiute Indians -- Photographs.
Pawnee Indians -- Photographs.
Ponca Indians -- Photographs.
Pueblo Indians -- Photographs.
Sac & Fox Nation, Oklahoma -- Photographs.
School children -- Photographs.
Seminole Indians -- Oklahoma -- Photographs.
Shoshoni Indians- - Photographs.
Sioux Nation -- Photographs.
Ute Indians -- Photographs.
Washoe Indians -- Photographs.
Winnebago Indians -- Photographs.
Eureka Springs (Ark.) -- History -- Photographs.
Fort Totten Indian Reservation (N.D.) -- Photographs.
Indian Territory. -- Photographs.
Nevada -- History -- Photographs.
Reno (Nev.) -- History -- Photographs.
Walpi (Ariz.) -- Photographs.
Truckee River (Calif. and Nev.). -- Photographs.
United States. Office of Indian Affairs. Osage Agency. -- Photographs.
United States. Office of Indian Affairs. Pine Ridge Agency. -- Photographs.
United States. Office of Indian Affairs. Union Agency. -- Photographs.
Forms/Genres
Glass negatives.
Photographs.
Cartes-de-visite.
Stereographs.
Portraits.
Ephemera.
Additional Contributors
Barry, D. F. (David Francis), 1854-1934, photographer.
Bell, C. M. (Charles Milton), approximately 1849-1893, photographer.
Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896, photographer.
Gentile, Carlo, 1835-1893, photographer.
Hillers, John K., 1843-1925, photographer.
Moorhouse, Lee, 1850-1926, photographer.
Randall, A. F. (A. Frank), photographer.
Savage, C. R. (Charles Roscoe), 1832-1909, photographer.
Shindler, A. Zeno (Antonio Zeno), 1823-1899, photographer.
Vroman, A.C. ( Adam Clark), 1856-1916, photographer.
Container List
Some images from this collection are digitized in the Huntington Digital Library.
Box 1, Folder 1
Hopi
Physical Description: 10 prints (1-9a).
Scope and Content Note
Includes views of Walpi, Sichomovi and Hopi men and women by A. C. Vroman; captions in Vroman’s hand on mounts.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negative (copy) for (9)
Box 1, Folder 2
Navajo
Physical Description: 5 prints (1-5).
Includes copy prints of Navajo chief Manuelito, his wife, Juanita, and son, Segundo, by Charles M. Bell [see original prints
in Huntington Library collection photCL 190]; reproduction photograph of Chief Kitoni.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (1-5)
Box 1, Folder 3
Apache
Physical Description: 13 prints (1-10.2). 1 carte-de-visite.
People identified: Dr. Carlos Montezuma (childhood through adulthood); Esh-kin-tsay-gizah “Mike” (White Mountain Apache);
Al-chi-say (White Mountain Apache); San Juan (Mescalero Apache); Little Blond; Augustin Virgil (Jicarilla Apache). Some portraits
made during delegation to Washington, D.C., 1874. Photographers: Cosmopolitan Photographic Studio (Chicago); Gentile (Chicago);
Baker & Johnston (Evanston, Wyoming); A. Frank Randall; unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (1, 2, 4, 5a, 5c, 9) and glass negatives for (10-10.2)
Box 1, Folder 4
Paiute (Northern)
Physical Description: 23 prints (1-20), housed in 2 folders.
Mostly in Nevada. Includes portraits; woman weaving willow water bottle; men and women playing cards and gambling; locations
in Paiute legends.
People identified: G.W. Ingalls and Wovoka (or Jack Wilson), originator of the Ghost Dance; Son of the Moon or Wah-Quadzy;
Captain Dave Numana; “Old Winnemucca” Paiute Chief of Nevada; Sarah Winnemucca; Johnson Sides. Photographers: E.P. Butler;
Latto (Boston); Oakland Studio; unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (5, 6, 8, 18, 19, 20) and glass negatives for (1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12a, 13,
16)
Box 1, Folder 5
Washoe
Physical Description: 35 prints (1-31), housed in 2 folders.
Mostly in Nevada. Includes portraits, scenes of gambling; women applying pitch to woven water bottles; baskets; dwellings
and families. Also photographs of drawings of Washoe life and legends, animals and birds by an unknown artist.
People identified: Washoe basket weaver Sarah Mayo showing her baskets in a field on the Dressler Ranch, Carson Valley, Nevada,
ca. 1914; Pete Mayo; Richard E. Barrington; Lizzie May. Photographers: Terkelson & Henry, San Francisco; unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negative (copy) for (19) and glass negatives for (2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20)
Box 2, Folder 6 (1-17)
Reno, Nevada, ca. 1900. Street scenes; Court House; Truckee River and bridge; houses.
Box 2, Folder 6 (18-29)
University of Nevada, Reno, ca. 1900. General views of campus buildings built in 1890s.
Box 2, Folder 6 (30-45)
Nevada, various views. Francis G. Newlands residence in Reno; houses in Lake Tahoe. One view of G.W. Ingalls inside the
Chamber of Commerce, Reno; exhibit of Nevada Indian arts and crafts at Nevada State Fair, Reno, 1914; Truckee river; livestock.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (39, 41, 41.1) and glass negatives for (1-38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45)
Box 2, Folder 7
Paiute (Southern)
Physical Description: 27 prints (1-19), housed in 2 folders.
Mostly Nevada and Southern Utah. Photographs by John K. Hillers made during expeditions with John Wesley Powell, 1873-1874.
Views of wickiups; gambling; women carrying water; men with bows and arrows; portraits. Print (12a) has personal note about
a Paiute woman written by Ingalls on back. Several prints stamped with credit “Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American
Ethnology.”
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (1, 4, 5.1, 6a, 6b, 7, 8, 11, 12) and glass negatives for (2, 3, 9, 10, 13, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19)
Box 2, Folder 8
Shoshone
Physical Description: 22 prints (1-19), housed in 2 folders.
Mostly in Nevada, Utah. Includes studio portraits, dance scenes, dwellings, tepees. One photograph of Indians with Sheriff
Ferrel; writing in hand of Ingalls says: "The Aftermath or the four survivors of last Indian massacre of Nevada before mess
cleaned up at Reno. July 1910." One of the Shoshone girls was adopted and re-named Mary Josephine Estep, and there are several
photos of her growing up. Several photographs of Chief Washakie (Eastern Shoshone) with his council and his family. Photographers:
1 carte-de-visite by C. R. Savage; Baker & Johnston (Evanston, Wyoming); 2 stereographs published by O. C. Smith (Brooklyn,
New York).
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15) and glass negatives for (1)
Box 2, Folder 9
Ute
Physical Description: 18 prints (1-16)
Studio portraits of Colorado Ute Indians wearing traditional and western clothing. People identified: Henry Jim; Galota;
Buckskin Charley; Schavano (or Shavano); Ignacio; Chief Ouray and his wife, Chipeta. Includes portrait of Ignacio and Ouray
together. Photographer and location unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives for (1-16)
Box 3, Folder 10
Modoc
Physical Description: 18 prints (1-13).
Studio portraits of individuals involved in the Modoc War of 1873: Tobey Riddle (or Winema), Frank Riddle and their son,
Jeff Riddle; Scarface Charley; Steamboat Frank; Shacknasty Jim; Captain Jack; U.S. Indian scouts Tecumseh, Dave Hill and George
Harney (Warm Spring Apache). Photographs by Charles M. Bell, Washington D.C., 1875.
Also included are group portraits of Modoc school children and white teachers, ca. 1875.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negative (copy) for (10) and glass negatives for (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 11a, 12, 12a). [Some original
wet-plate negatives by Charles M. Bell.]
Box 3, Folder 11
Arapaho
Physical Description: 12 prints (1-9b)
Photographs by John K. Hillers, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, 1875.
People identified: Chief Left Hand; Chief Big Mouth and his daughters; Bear Robe and wife; Chief White Man; Yellow Bear and
wife.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives for (1, 5, 6, 8, 9). All stereograph negatives except (6).
Box 3, Folder 12
Cheyenne
Physical Description: 26 prints (1-21), some stereographs, housed in 2 folders.
Photographs by John K. Hillers, except three by unidentified photographers. Most are group and single portraits of Cheyenne
delegates to the annual Grand Council, Okmulgee, Oklahoma, 1875. Several views of temporary encampments.
[Note: Sometimes Ingalls’ dates on backs of prints and his ledger captions differ by one year – 1874 or 1875].
People identified: G. W. Ingalls with group of Cheyenne, 1875; Phil McCusker, U.S. Interpreter, and wife “Minnehaha”; Little
Chief; Feathered Wolf; Plenty Horses; White Shield and son; Starving Elk; Little Bear and wife; Buffalo Meat; Chief Whirlwind
and wife; Wolf on the Hill and wife.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (13.1, 14, 15, 16.1) and glass negatives for (1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21)
Box 6, Folder 12 (22)
[large print] Cheyenne family group, with tent and pony hitched to travois. Print embossed “Smithsonian Institution, Bureau
of American Ethnology.”
Physical Description: 1 print
Box 3, Folder 13
Crow
Physical Description: 34 prints (1-21a), housed in 2 folders.
Studio portraits and candid photographs of families, dances and school children, mostly in Montana. Views of Indians and
whites at Baptist Mission. Two photographs of Crow delegates in Washington D.C. by Charles M. Bell.
People identified: Plenty Coups; Bull Tail, White Mouth and families; Shows-a-Fish and Theodore White Mouth; White Arm and
family; Rebecca Flathead; Pretty Shell and Pretty Beads (mother and child); Good Eye. Photographers: Charles M. Bell; Huffman,
Montana; unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21) and glass negatives
for (1, 2, 10, 11)
Box 3, Folder 14
Kiowa
Physical Description: 15 prints (1-12)
Kiowa Indians who became Baptist Church deacons; families on porch of new house; Indians at churches in Oklahoma; tepees;
dwellings; encampments; woman painting history on buffalo robe.
People identified: Deacon Podelly; Chief Big Tree; Pi-tal-ye (Sun Boy); Deacon Wind; Deacon Sinco; Samuel Akutone. Photographers/publishers:
John K. Hillers; Russell (Anadarko, OK); Hedrick (Taloga, OK); unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) and glass negatives for (3)
Box 4, Folder 15
Comanche
Physical Description: 6 prints (1-6). Some stereographs.
Photographs by John K. Hillers, made in camps in vicinity of Grand Council, Oklahoma, ca. 1874-1875. [Note: Sometimes Ingalls’
dates on backs of prints and his ledger captions differ by one year – 1874 or 1875].
People identified: Dangerous Eagle; Black Bear; Cheevers and wives; Tabenanaka and his wife.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives for (1-5)
Box 4, Folder 16
Pawnee
Physical Description: 4 prints (1-3).
Photographs by John K. Hillers. Portraits of Big Spotted Horse and Lone Chief, near Okmulgee, Oklahoma, 1875.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives for (1, 2)
Box 4, Folder 17
Nez Perce
Physical Description: 6 prints (1-6)
Chief Joseph portraits; his village in Idaho; and scene of dedication of monument to him in Washington, 1905. Also one view
of James Rhuben [Reuben?] with G. W. Ingalls.
Photographers: Lee Moorhouse; unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (1-6)
Box 4, Folder 18
Sioux
Physical Description: 21 prints (1-18)
Studio portraits of Sioux leaders and scenes on the Sioux Agency in North Dakota: a schoolhouse, U. S. Agent’s house; trade
store; Devil’s Lake; an Indian farm; Fort Totten and soldiers; native camps and views of dances.
People identified: Red Cloud; Running Antelope; Sitting Bull; family of Sitting Bull in front of his tepee; American Horse;
Spotted Tail. Photographers/publishers: Portrait of Red Cloud by Mathew Brady, 1872. Also D. F. Barry; unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (3, 4) and glass negatives for (1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14.1, 15, 16
17, 18)
Box 4, Folder 19
Osage
Physical Description: 13 prints (1-12)
Studio portraits; family and wickiup; subchiefs at Grand Council, 1875. Views of Industrial Boarding School, Osage Agency
in Indian Territory, and a group portrait of white agency employees, ca. 1880.
People identified: Strike Axe; Epe-saun-cee; War Eagle and Eagle Feather; Saucy Chief; Wash-en-pashie; Grey Bird; Two Giver;
Hle-ah-too-me (with baby).
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (6.1) and glass negatives for (1-12)
Box 4, Folder 20
Caddo
Physical Description: 1 print (1)
Temporary camp of Chief “George Washington,” showing him with two other Indian men and a white man standing under a canvas
shelter, ca. 1875. Photograph by John K. Hillers.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives for (1)
Box 4, Folder 21
Chippewa/Ojibwa
Physical Description: 10 prints (1-10)
Studio portraits of members of Ojibwa Delegation to Washington D.C., ca. 1880. Photographs attributed to Charles M. Bell.
People identified: [Identifications and spellings from Smithsonian image database] Edawigijig; Kis-ki-ta-wag; Wadwaiasoug;
Akewainzee; Oshawashkogijig; Nijogijig (Two Days); Oshoga (O-sho-ga); Wasigwanabi; Ogimagijig; Naw-gaw-nab.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives for (1-9)
Box 4, Folder 22
Sac and Fox
Physical Description: 24 prints (1-21)
Portraits; camp of Grey Eyes; bark houses; women with babies in cradleboards. Views of U. S. Agent’s house and family, with
croquet game in progress; school house and Indian schoolchildren.
People identified: Big Walker; Growing Horn and family; Keokuk Jr.; interpreters Robert Thrift and Mrs. McCoy; camp of Grey
Eyes. Photographers: Charles M. Bell; John K. Hillers; unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (10) and corresponding glass negatives for (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5a, 6, 6a, 7, 8, 9,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 21a)
Box 4, Folder 23-24
Choctaw/Chickasaw
Physical Description: 19 prints (fld. 23, 1-15); (fld. 24, 1-4). 2 cartes-de-visite.
Studio portraits of delegates and U.S.-educated Indian men and women; Council House building and group portraits of tribal
members; group portraits of Indian school girls; new homes and buildings built in Indian Territory.
People identified: Peter Pitchlyn; Allen Wright; Coleman Cole; Dan Tucker; S. W. Garvin; Ah-it-to-tub-by; D. O. Fisher; Samuel
A-ha-tone and Lone Wolf; residence of Smith Paul, Paul’s Valley, Oklahoma. Photographers: cartes-de-visite by A. G. DaLee
(Lawrence, Kansas) and J. T. Bradshaw (Quincy, Illinois). Also A. Zeno Shindler (1869 portrait of Choctaw delegate Allen Wright).
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for Folder 23 (15); Folder 24 (1) and glass negatives for Folder 23 (1, 2, 2a, 3,
6, 7, 8. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14); Folder 24 (2, 3, 4)
Box 5, Folder 25
Creek
Physical Description: 19 prints (1-18). Includes photographs of two lithographs.
Portraits; G. W. Ingalls and others at his headquarters at Union Agency, Oklahoma territory, ca. 1874; F. B. Severs trade
store at Okmulgee, with whites, Indians and African-Americans gathered in front; Ingalls and crowd at Grand Council of 1875
at Old Creek Council House. Also views of new stone Council House, boarding school and the Office of Creek Chief Samuel Checato,
with men posed in front.
People identified: Rev. Daniel Perryman; J. M. Perryman; Ward Coachman; Samuel Checato; G. W. Ingalls and General Shanks.
Photographers: 1 carte-de-visite by Stone & Hansard (Denison, TX); John K. Hillers; unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 13, 14, 14.1) and glass negatives for (5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15,
16, 17, 18)
Box 5, Folder 26
Seminole
Physical Description: 37 prints (1-33), includes photographs of lithographs, housed in 2 folders.
Portraits of Seminole ministers and college students; Baptist meeting house; churches. Views of John E. Brown, Secretary
of tribe, and his family outside home; and Gen. John Peter Cleaver Shanks with unidentified white man and black man.
Views of pioneer town of Eureka Springs, Arkansas, ca. 1875, showing wooden storefronts, saloon, trade stores, spring water
source, and townspeople gathered for photograph.
People identified: James Factor; John Chupco; Rev. Mundy Durant (Black Baptist preacher); John Jumper and his new church;
Rebecca Jumper; John F. Brown and family; Gen. John Peter Cleaver Shanks. Photographers/publishers: John K. Hillers; unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (1, 2, 7, 9a, 24) and glass negatives for (4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10-23, 25-33)
Box 5, Folder 27
Winnebago
Physical Description: 4 prints (1-4)
Studio portraits of Winneshiek, Black Hawk and John Michael St. Cyr by Charles M. Bell, Washington D.C., 1875.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives for (1, 2, 4)
Box 5, Folder 28
Ottawa
Physical Description: 7 prints (1-7)
Native students with white teacher in front of school; portraits of native council members and ministers.
People identified: Isaac McCoy; William Hurr.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negative (copy) for (7) and glass negatives for (2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
Box 5, Folder 29
Wichita/Caddo and Wyandot
Physical Description: 4 prints (1-4)
Portrait of Buffalo Good, whom Ingalls calls “a Christian - Waco branch of Wichita Tribe, I.T.” with a personal story by
Ingalls written on back of the print. Also group portrait of Caddo school girls, 1877; church buildings in Indian Territory;
portrait of Wyandot girl.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (1, 2, 3) and glass negatives for (4)
Box 5, Folder 30
Delaware
Physical Description: 8 prints (1-7)
Portraits; houses; Delaware Indian Baptist church building in Indian Territory, northeast Oklahoma.
People identified: Charles Journeycake; his daughter, Mrs. Charles Armstrong, and granddaughter; Capt. Black Beaver; Cyrus
Miller; Fielding Halfmoon.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (1-5) and glass negatives for (6, 7)
Box 5, Folder 31
Ponca
Physical Description: 6 prints (1-4)
Studio portraits of Eagle Plume, White Eagle and a group of men in traditional clothing and regalia.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (4) and glass negatives for (1-3)
Box 6, Folder 32
Cherokee
Physical Description: 53 prints (1-51) 3 cartes-de-visite; 3 photographs of lithographs, housed in 3 folders.
Portraits of Cherokee Indians identified by Ingalls as missionaries, preachers and teachers. Several views of school and
seminary buildings; group portraits of students and teachers; children from “Orphan Asylum” in front of U.S. Agency office;
Cherokee National Female Seminary near Tahlequah, Oklahoma; Baptist Indian Institute and Theological school; scenery around
Tahlequah.
People identified: William P. Ross; his brother, D. H. Ross; J. A. Scales; Col. Jesse Chisholm; James Taylor; Daniel Gritts;
Rev. Levi Walkingstick; Huckleberry Downing; G. W. Hicks; Adam Lacie (or Lacy); Mark Bean and Pete Markam; John R. Vann; Letitia
Fields; Lydia Sixkiller; Mary Jones (daughter of a white missionary who was adopted by the Cherokee Council); Little Foot;
Rev. John Buttrick Jones and family. Photographer: John K. Hillers; unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (1, 2, 3, 9, 9.1, 15, 17, 22, 31, 33, 34, 35 36, 37, 38) and glass negatives for
(4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23-30, 32, 39-51)
Box 6, Folder 33
Artifacts
Physical Description: 19 prints (1-33), housed in 3 folders.
Displays of arrowheads, tools, stone implements, deerskin clothing, wampum, etc. from various locations. Note on back of
prints showing
display of clothing and artifacts says "collection sold by Mr. Ingalls to Golden Gate Park Museum." Two views of excavated
skulls, including
a skull found in a grave near The Dalles, Oregon, with an example of head flattening, which suggests the person was Chinook
(Folder 33, Item 1).
Items originate from Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, and Arizona, and some photos have descriptive notes by Ingalls.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (2-4, 9-15) and glass negatives for (1, 5-8, 18, 19)
Box 6, Folder 34
U.S. Indian Agents, Missionaries and Explorers
Physical Description: 9 prints (1-9). Includes stereograph negatives.
Studio portraits of Rev. James Wilbur and G. W. Ingalls; group portrait of missionaries and Indians in western suits. Also
included are four John K. Hillers photographs made during J. W. Powell’s 1873 expedition to the Southwest, which included
Ingalls. Pictured are Powell, Ingalls, James C. Pilling, J. E. Colburn, Thomas Moran, Nathan Adams, and Paiute Indians. Photographer:
John K. Hillers; unidentified.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (7) and glass negatives for 1-6)
Box 6, Folder 35 (1-22)
Miscellaneous and Unidentified
Physical Description: 22 prints (1-22)
Several unidentified people, possibly Ingalls’ family members. Includes portrait of a little boy, Merle Crawford, 1918,
(Klamath Indian from Oregon); portraits of unidentified Indians and non-Indians; photographic postcard of a plank house near
Placerville, California; man and woman in buggy, in Los Gatos, California, 1896.
Related Material
Corresponding glass negatives (copies) for (6-8, 12, 14, 17, 18) and glass negatives for (1-5, 9-11, 19, 20)
Box 6, Folder 36
G. W. Ingalls business card; two envelopes addressed to Ingalls.
Box 6, Folder 37-38
"List of Negatives of Indians and Scenes Illustrating Indian Life" – manuscript lists by G. W. Ingalls
Two undated copies (15 pgs. and 13 pgs.) containing part handwritten and part typescript list of tribes, names and other descriptions.
Some, but not all of these photographs are in this collection.
Box 6, Folder 39
Partial list of photographs with photographer's names (2 pages) – manuscript list by G. W. Ingalls
Brief descriptions, some with photographer's names noted --"Hillers," "Armstrong," "Beale" – which research shows is a misspelling
for photographer Charles M. Bell.
Box 6, Folder 40
Key to contact sheets of photographs (4 pages) – manuscript list by G. W. Ingalls
Brief descriptions of photographs.
Box 6, Folder 41
"Description – Ponca Indian Group" (3 pages) – manuscript notes by G. W. Ingalls
Possibly lecture notes by Ingalls, with stories of Ponca Indians Standing Bear and his brother, Big Snake, ca. 1870s.
Glass Negatives
Access Information
Access to the glass negatives is restricted. Arrangements for viewing negatives must be made in advance with the Curator of
Photographs.
Scope and Content Note
Glass negatives in 28 boxes. The glass negatives are various sizes: 4 1/8 x 6 ½ inches, 5 x 7 inches, 5 x 8 inches, and 8
x 10 inches and are arranged to correspond
to the organization of the prints, with broken glass negatives housed in boxes 27-28.
Neg. Box 1
Glass negatives: Folder 1 (1-9), 2 (1-4), 3 (1-10a)
Neg. Box 2
Glass negatives: Folder 4 (1-20)
Neg. Box 3
Glass negatives: Folder 5 (1-18)
Neg. Box 4
Glass negatives: Folder 5 (19-31)
Neg. Box 5
Glass negatives: Folder 6 (1-12)
Neg. Box 6
Glass negatives: Folder 6 (13-24)
Neg. Box 7
Glass negatives: Folder 6 (25-35)
Neg. Box 8
Glass negatives: Folder 6 (36-45), 7 (1-4a-c)
Note
See box 10 for the corresponding negatives for 6 (41), 7 (3, 9-10, 13-19), 8 (1).
Neg. Box 9
Glass negatives: Folder 7 (5.1-19), 8 (1-19), 10 (1)
Neg. Box 10
Glass negatives: Folder 6 (41), 7 (2-19), 8 (1), 9 (1-19)
Neg. Box 11
Glass negatives: Folder 9 (10-16), 10 (2-12a), 11 (1-6)
Neg. Box 12
Glass negatives: Folder 11 (7-9), 12 (1-17)
Neg. Box 13
Glass negatives: Folder 12 (18-21), 13 (1-18)
Neg. Box 14
Glass negatives: Folder 13 (19-22a), 14 (1-10), 15 (1-5)
Neg. Box 15
Glass negatives: Folder 16 (1-2), 17 (1-6), 18 (1-13)
Neg. Box 16
Glass negatives: Folder 18 (14-18), 19 (1-12), 20 (1), 21 (1-3)
Neg. Box 17
Glass negatives: Folder 21 (4-10), 22 (1-9)
Neg. Box 18
Glass negatives: Folder 22 (10-21a), 23 (1-10)
Neg. Box 19
Glass negatives: Folder 23 (11-15), 24 (1-4), 25 (1-13)
Neg. Box 20
Glass negatives: Folder 25 (14-18), 26 (1-14)
Neg. Box 21
Glass negatives: Folder 26 (15-33), 27 (1-4), 28 (1-2)
Neg. Box 22
Glass negatives: Folder 28 (3-7), 29 (1-4), 30 (1-7), 31 (1-4), 32 (1-5)
Neg. Box 23
Glass negatives: Folder 32 (6-32)
Neg. Box 24
Glass negatives: Folder 32 (33-51), 33 (1-7)
Neg. Box 25
Glass negatives: Folder 33 (8-9), 34 (1-9), 35 (1-5)
Neg. Box 26
Glass negatives: Folder 35 (6-20)
Neg. Box 27
Broken glass negatives: Folder 4 (5-6), 7 (2, 5.1, 6b), 9 (4, 12), 19 (3), 22 (12, 21)
Neg. Box 28
Broken glass negatives: Folder 3 (10, 10a), 10 (9), 19 (2), 22 (18, 21a), 24 (2), 27 (3), 31 (3), 32 (31, 38, 41)
Copy negatives (transparencies)
Access Information
Access to the copy negatives is restricted. Arrangements for viewing negatives must be made in advance with the Curator of
Photographs.
Scope and Content Note
53 copy negatives (transparencies) in 2 boxes, made by the Huntington Library, ca. 1980s-2000, are in cold storage.
